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Wang L, Li Y, Yan C, Li X, He J, Yang R. Preparation of Montmorillonite-Melamine Cyanurate and Inhibition of the Emission of Phosphine from PA6/Aluminum Hypophosphate. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2946. [PMID: 39458774 PMCID: PMC11511171 DOI: 10.3390/polym16202946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2024] [Revised: 10/17/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to mitigate the release of toxic phosphine from aluminum hypophosphite in twin-screw processing, montmorillonite-melamine cyanurate was prepared by three methods: (1) mechanical intercalation, (2) water intercalation and (3) in situ intercalation. The sheet spacing of montmorillonite was increased from 1.140 nm to 1.141 nm, 1.208 nm and 1.217 nm for these three methods, respectively, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) proved that melamine cyanurate was successfully inserted into the montmorillonite sheets. The montmorillonite-melamine cyanurate from in situ intercalation can best inhibit the release of PH3 from aluminum hypophosphite, and the peaks of phosphine, mean values of phosphine and integral of phosphine were reduced by 81.9%, 72.1% and 72.2%, respectively. The mode of action of montmorillonite-melamine cyanuric inhibition of the emission of phosphine from aluminum hypophosphite can be attributed to the physical absorption of montmorillonite and the chemical bonding of melamine cyanurate. In addition, in situ intercalation can slightly improve flame retardancy, attributed to incomplete exfoliation of montmorillonite sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiangmei Li
- National Enginneering Research Center for Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (L.W.); (Y.L.); (C.Y.); (J.H.); (R.Y.)
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2
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Cui Y, Liu Y, Gu D, Zhu H, Wang M, Dong M, Guo Y, Sun H, Hao J, Hao X. Three-Dimensional Cross-Linking Network Coating for the Flame Retardant of Bio-Based Polyamide 56 Fabric by Weak Bonds. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1044. [PMID: 38674963 PMCID: PMC11054862 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Weak bonds usually make macromolecules stronger; therefore, they are often used to enhance the mechanical strength of polymers. Not enough studies have been reported on the use of weak bonds in flame retardants. A water-soluble polyelectrolyte complex composed of polyethyleneimine (PEI), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and melamine (MEL) was designed and utilized to treat bio-based polyamide 56 (PA56) by a simple three-step process. It was found that weak bonds cross-linked the three compounds to a 3D network structure with MEL on the surface of the coating under mild conditions. The thermal stability and flame retardancy of PA56 fabrics were improved by the controlled coating without losing their mechanical properties. After washing 50 times, PA56 still kept good flame retardancy. The cross-linking network structure of the flame retardant enhanced both the thermal stability and durability of the fabric. STPP acted as a catalyst for the breakage of the PA56 molecular chain, PEI facilitated the char formation and MEL released non-combustible gases. The synergistic effect of all compounds was exploited by using weak bonds. This simple method of developing structures with 3D cross-linking using weak bonds provides a new strategy for the preparation of low-cost and environmentally friendly flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Cui
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (Y.C.); (D.G.); (H.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (Y.C.); (D.G.); (H.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Dongxu Gu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (Y.C.); (D.G.); (H.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Hongyu Zhu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (Y.C.); (D.G.); (H.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Meihui Wang
- Systems Engineering Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing 100010, China; (M.W.); (M.D.); (Y.G.)
| | - Mengjie Dong
- Systems Engineering Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing 100010, China; (M.W.); (M.D.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yafei Guo
- Systems Engineering Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing 100010, China; (M.W.); (M.D.); (Y.G.)
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Binzhou Huafang Engineering Technology Research Institute, Binzhou 256617, China;
| | - Jianyuan Hao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (Y.C.); (D.G.); (H.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Xinmin Hao
- Systems Engineering Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing 100010, China; (M.W.); (M.D.); (Y.G.)
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Wang S, Liu G, Wan W, Li X, Li J, Wang C. Acetamide-Caprolactam Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Electrolyte for Stable Zn-Metal Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306546. [PMID: 37801323 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs) are promising for grid-scale energy storage. However, conventional AZIBs face challenges including hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), leading to high local pH, and by-product formation on the anode. Hereby the hydrogen bonds in the aqueous electrolyte are reconstructed by using a deep eutectic co-solvent (DES) made of acetamide (H-bond donor) and caprolactam (H-bond acceptor), which effectively suppresses the reactivity of water and broadens the electrochemical voltage stability window. The coordination between Zn2+ and acetamide-caprolactam in DES-based electrolytes produces a unique solvation structure that promotes the preferential growth of Zn crystals along the (002) plane. This will inhibit the formation of Zn dendrites and ensure the uniform deposition of Zn-ions on the anode surface. In addition, it is found that this DES-based electrolyte can form a protective membrane on the anode surface, reducing the risks of Zn corrosion. Compared to conventional electrolytes, the DES-based electrolyte shows a long-term stable plating/stripping performance with a significantly improved Coulombic efficiency from 78.18% to 98.37%. It is further demonstrated that a Zn||VS2 full-cell with the DES-based electrolyte exhibits enhanced stability after 500 cycles with 85.4% capacity retention at 0.5 A g-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihe Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Ganxiong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Wang Wan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Xueyang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
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4
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Guo X, Liu L, Feng H, Li D, Xia Z, Yang R. Flame Retardancy of Nylon 6 Fibers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092161. [PMID: 37177307 PMCID: PMC10181247 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As synthetic fibers with superior performances, nylon 6 fibers are widely used in many fields. Due to the potential fire hazard caused by flammability, the study of the flame retardancy of nylon 6 fibers has been attracting more and more attention. The review has summarized the present research status of flame-retarded nylon 6 fibers from three aspects: intrinsic flame-retarded nylon 6, nylon 6 composites, and surface strategies of nylon 6 fibers/fabrics. The current main focus is still how to balance the application performances, flame retardancy, and production cost. Moreover, melt dripping during combustion remains a key challenge for nylon 6 fibers, and the further developing trend is to study novel flame retardants and new flame-retardancy technologies for nylon 6 fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Linjing Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Kingfa Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Haisheng Feng
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dinghua Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhonghua Xia
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Mashayekhi R, Ehsani M, Ahmadi S, Khajavi R, Khonakdar HA. Synthesis of star-shaped polyamide-6/SiO2 nanocomposites by in situ anionic polymerization through reactive extrusion. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-021-00994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Construction of Charring-Functional Polyheptanazine towards Improvements in Flame Retardants of Polyurethane. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020340. [PMID: 33440778 PMCID: PMC7826771 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing flame retardants have been extensively applied due to their low toxicity and smoke-suppression properties; however, their poor charring ability restricts their applications. Herein, a representative nitrogen-containing flame retardant, polyheptanazine, was investigated. Two novel, cost-effective phosphorus-doped polyheptazine (PCN) and cobalt-anchored PCN (Co@PCN) flame retardants were synthesized via a thermal condensation method. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated effective doping of P into triazine. Then, flame-retardant particles were introduced into thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) using a melt-blending approach. The introduction of 3 wt% PCN and Co@PCN could remarkably suppress peak heat release rate (pHRR) (48.5% and 40.0%), peak smoke production rate (pSPR) (25.5% and 21.8%), and increasing residues (10.18 wt%→17.04 wt% and 14.08 wt%). Improvements in charring stability and flame retardancy were ascribed to the formation of P-N bonds and P=N bonds in triazine rings, which promoted the retention of P in the condensed phase, which produced additional high-quality residues.
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Chen S, Ai L, Zhang T, Liu P, Liu W, Pan Y, Liu D. Synthesis and application of a triazine derivative containing boron as flame retardant in epoxy resins. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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8
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Lu S, Zhou W, Yang M, Chen G, Hong W, Yu D, Zheng Z, Chen X. Preparation and flame-retardant mechanism of polyheptazine/PA6 nanocmposites. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Malkappa K, Ray SS. Thermal Stability, Pyrolysis Behavior, and Fire-Retardant Performance of Melamine Cyanurate@Poly(cyclotriphosphazene- co-4,4'-sulfonyl diphenol) Hybrid Nanosheet-Containing Polyamide 6 Composites. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:9615-9628. [PMID: 31460052 PMCID: PMC6648528 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel halogen-free highly cross-linked supramolecular poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4'-sulfonyl diphenol) (PZS)-functionalized melamine cyanurate (MCA) (MCA@PZS) hybrid nanosheet fire-retardant (FR) was synthesized and thoroughly characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. The polyamide 6 (PA6) composites comprising MCA, PZS, and the MCA@PZS hybrids were prepared via the melt-blending technique. The thermogravimetric analysis combined with FTIR and mass spectroscopy revealed that during thermal degradation, the PA6/MCA@PZS composites released less toxic gases and small organic volatile compounds than the neat PA6 and composites containing MCA or PZS solely. Moreover, compared to neat PA6, the PA6 composite with a 5 wt % MCA@PZS hybrid exhibited enhanced fire retardation properties, with a 29.4 and 32.1% decrease in the peak heat and total heat release rates, respectively. Besides, the PA6 composites with MCA@PZS-5% content achieved a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. Finally, based on the obtained results from gaseous and condensed phases, the possible mechanism responsible for improved FR properties of the PA6/MCA@PZS composites was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuruma Malkappa
- DST-CSIR
National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- DST-CSIR
National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028 Johannesburg, South Africa
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10
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Hou W, Fu Y, Zeng C, Liu N, Yin C. Enhancement of flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polyamide 6 by incorporating melamine cyanurate combined with attapulgite. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hou
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Energy StorageTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China
- School of Material Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Yifan Fu
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Energy StorageTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China
- School of Material Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Cen Zeng
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Energy StorageTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China
- School of Material Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Na Liu
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Energy StorageTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China
- School of Material Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Cuiyu Yin
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Energy StorageTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China
- School of Material Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China
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11
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Šehić A, Vasiljević J, Demšar A, Leskovšek M, Bukošek V, Medved J, Čolović M, Jerman I, Simončič B. Polyamide 6 composite fibers with incorporated mixtures of melamine cyanurate, carbon nanotubes, and carbon black. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Šehić
- AquafilSLO d.o.o.; Letališka 15, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Jelena Vasiljević
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering; University of Ljubljana; Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Andrej Demšar
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering; University of Ljubljana; Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Mirjam Leskovšek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering; University of Ljubljana; Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Vili Bukošek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering; University of Ljubljana; Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Jožef Medved
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering; University of Ljubljana; Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Marija Čolović
- National Institute of Chemistry; Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Ivan Jerman
- National Institute of Chemistry; Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Barbara Simončič
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering; University of Ljubljana; Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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12
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Wang H, Zhou X, Abro M, Gao M, Deng M, Qin Z, Sun Y, Yue L, Zhang X. Mussel-Inspired General Interface Modification Method and Its Application in Polymer Reinforcement and as a Flame Retardant. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:4891-4898. [PMID: 31458705 PMCID: PMC6641865 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the remarkable adhesion of mussels, the mimicking of natural adhesive molecules has been widely used for surface modification. In the present study, an economical and easily available biomimic material named as tannic acid-Fe3+ (TA-Fe3+) was first directly used as a surface modifier, carbonization agent, smoke inhibitor, and flame-retardant synergist. Compared with the flame-retardant magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), TA-Fe3+-modified Mg(OH)2 endowed polyamide 6 (PA 6) with improved mechanical performance and flame-retardant properties. The flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant properties were tested by the limiting oxygen index and cone calorimeter tests. The flame-retardation mechanism was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The tensile strength could increase up to 90%, and the modified flame retardant was found to have higher UL-94 grade with the same dosage of flame-retardant additives. The peak heat release rate, total heat release, peak of smoke production rate, and total smoke production were significantly reduced. The synergistic effect between TA-Fe3+ and Mg(OH)2 was also discussed. This study provides new insights into the direct utilization of a biomimicking adhesive molecule, TA-Fe3+, to realize simultaneous composite reinforcement and flame-retardant property enhancement. Meanwhile, because of the extensive synergies of flame-retardant metal oxide with iron element and the universal growth characteristics of TA-Fe3+, it has potential applications in the preparation of various flame-retardant polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- College
of Environmental Engineering, North China
Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing 101601, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- College
of Environmental Engineering, North China
Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing 101601, P. R. China
| | - Masroor Abro
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ming Gao
- College
of Environmental Engineering, North China
Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing 101601, P. R. China
| | - Meigui Deng
- College
of Environmental Engineering, North China
Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing 101601, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Qin
- College
of Environmental Engineering, North China
Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing 101601, P. R. China
| | - Yingjuan Sun
- College
of Environmental Engineering, North China
Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing 101601, P. R. China
| | - Lina Yue
- College
of Environmental Engineering, North China
Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing 101601, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- College
of Environmental Engineering, North China
Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing 101601, P. R. China
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13
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Liu T, Wang R, Dong ZF, Zhu ZG, Zhang XQ, Liu JG. Role of caged bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphate alcohol in flame retardancy of PA6 and mechanism study. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Rui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Zhen-Feng Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Zhi-Guo Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiu-Qin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Ji-Guang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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14
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Li Y, Liu K, Xiao R. Preparation and characterization of flame-retarded polyamide 66 with melamine cyanurate by in situ polymerization. Macromol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-017-5081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Zhang B, Han J. Morphology control of zinc hydroxystannate microcapsules by
sol–gel method and their enhanced flame retardancy properties
for polyvinyl chloride composites. JOURNAL OF SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 81:442-451. [DOI: 10.1007/s10971-016-4196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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16
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Huang H, Zhang K, Jiang J, Li J, Liu Y. Highly dispersed melamine cyanurate flame-retardant epoxy resin composites. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Kai Zhang
- China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621900 China
| | - Jun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
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17
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Guo Z, Wang C, Li J, Yao Q. Micro-intumescent flame retardant polyamide 6 based on cyclic phosphate grafting phenol formaldehyde. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zibin Guo
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ningbo Zhejiang 315201 PR China
| | - Chengle Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ningbo Zhejiang 315201 PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ningbo Zhejiang 315201 PR China
| | - Qiang Yao
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ningbo Zhejiang 315201 PR China
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18
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Ge H, Tang G, Hu WZ, Wang BB, Pan Y, Song L, Hu Y. Aluminum hypophosphite microencapsulated to improve its safety and application to flame retardant polyamide 6. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 294:186-194. [PMID: 25867591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) is an effective phosphorus-containing flame retardant. But AHP also has fire risk that it will decompose and release phosphine which is spontaneously flammable in air and even can form explosive mixtures with air in extreme cases. In this paper, AHP has been microencapsulated by melamine cyanurate (MCA) to prepare microencapsulated aluminum hypophosphite (MCAHP) with the aim of enhancing the fire safety in the procedure of production, storage and use. Meanwhile, MCA was a nitrogen-containing flame retardant that can work with AHP via the nitrogen-phosphorus synergistic effect to show improved flame-retardant property than other capsule materials. After microencapsulation, MCA presented as a protection layer inhibit the degradation of AHP and postpone the generation of phosphine. Furthermore, the phosphine concentration could be effectively diluted by inert decomposition products of MCA. These nonflammable decomposition products of MCA could separate phosphine from air delay the oxidizing reaction with oxygen and decrease the heat release rate, which imply that the fire safety of AHP has been improved. Furthermore, MCAHP was added into polyamide 6 to prepare flame retardant polyamide 6 composites (FR-PA6) which show good flame retardancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, 59 Hudong Road, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, PR China
| | - Wei-Zhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Bi-Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
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Sha K, Hu YL, Wang YH, Xiao R. Preparation of flame retardant polyamide 6/melamine cyanurate via in situ polymerisation and its characterisation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1179/1432891714z.000000000804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Sha
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Y. L. Hu
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Y. H. Wang
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - R. Xiao
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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You G, Cheng Z, Peng H, He H. The synthesis and characterization of a novel phosphorus-nitrogen containing flame retardant and its application in epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geyun You
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Zhiquan Cheng
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Hao Peng
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Hongwu He
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 China
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Abstract
Melamine cyanurate, an organic crystalline complex was, synthesized by evaporation of an aqueous solution containing equimolar quantities of melamine and cyanuric acid. The synthesized compound has been subjected to various characterizations like Powder XRD, FT-IR, TG-DTG, SEM, and SHG. The presence of sharp diffraction peaks in the XRD confirms that the products are highly crystalline. The average particle size was calculated using the Debye-Scherrer formula, and it was found to be 3.067 μm. Thermal behavior of the grown crystal has been studied by TG-DTG analysis. From TG-DTG, it is found that the title crystal possesses good thermal stability. The activation energy was calculated using the Broido, Coats-Redfern, and Horowitz-Metzger methods. A sharp peak exothermic peak at 405.40°C was assigned as the melting point of the title material. SEM reveals the morphology of the synthesized salt. No detectable signal was observed during the Kurtz-Perry technique.
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