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Rakhman A, Diharjo K, Raharjo WW, Suryanti V, Kaleg S. Improvement of Fire Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) Composite Prepared from Combination of Active Nano Filler of Modified Pumice and Commercial Active Fillers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010051. [PMID: 36616399 PMCID: PMC9823742 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites have great potential to replace metal components in vehicles by maintaining their mechanical properties and improving fire resistance. Ease of form, anti-corrosion, lightweight, fast production cycle, durability and high strength-to-weight ratio are the advantages of GFRP compared to conventional materials. The transition to the use of plastic materials can be performed by increasing their mechanical, thermal and fire resistance properties. This research aims to improve the fire resistance of GFRP composite and maintain its strength by a combination of pumice-based active nano filler and commercial active filler. The nano active filler of pumice particle (nAFPP) was obtained by the sol-gel method. Aluminum trihydroxide (ATH), sodium silicate (SS) and boric acid (BA) were commercial active fillers that were used in this study. The GFRP composite was prepared by a combination of woven roving (WR) and chopped strand mat (CSM) glass fibers with an unsaturated polyester matrix. The composite specimens were produced using a press mold method for controlling the thickness of specimens. Composites were tested with a burning test apparatus, flexural bending machine and Izod impact tester. Composites were also analyzed by SEM, TGA, DSC, FT-IR spectroscopy and macro photographs. The addition of nAFPP and reducing the amount of ATH increased ignition time significantly and decreased the burning rate of specimens. The higher content of nAFPP significantly increased the flexural and impact strength. TGA analysis shows that higher ATH content had a good contribution to reducing specimen weight loss. It is also strengthened by the lower exothermic of the specimen with higher ATH content. The use of SS and BA inhibited combustion by forming charcoal or protective film; however, excessive use of them produced porosity and lowered mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andry Rakhman
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
| | - Kuncoro Diharjo
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
| | - Wijang Wisnu Raharjo
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
| | - Venty Suryanti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
| | - Sunarto Kaleg
- Research Center for Transportation Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
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Environmentally Friendly Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Halogen-Free Coatings for Wood Fire-Retardant Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224959. [PMID: 36433089 PMCID: PMC9693554 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood and wood-based products are extensively used in the building sector due to their interesting combination of properties. Fire safety and fire spread, however, are of utmost concern for the protection of buildings. Therefore, in timber structures, wood must be treated with fire-retardant materials in order to improve its reaction to fire. This article highlights the flame retardancy of novel hybrid organic-inorganic halogen-free coatings applied on plywood substrates. For this purpose, either a huntite-rich mineral (H5) or its modified nano-Mg (OH)2 type form (H5-m), acting as an inorganic (nano) filler, was functionalized with reactive oligomers (ROs) and incorporated into a waterborne polymeric matrix. A water-soluble polymer (P (SSNa-co-GMAx)), combining its hydrophilic nature with functional epoxide groups, was used as the reactive oligomer in order to enhance the compatibility between the filler and the matrix. Among various coating compositions, the system composed of 13% polymeric matrix, 73% H5 and 14% ROs, which provided the best coating quality and flame retardancy, was selected for the coating of plywood on a larger scale in one or two layers. The results indicated that the novel plywood coating systems with the addition of ecological coating formulations (WF-13, WF-14 and WF-15), prepared at two layers, reached Euroclass B according to EN13501-1, which is the best possible for fire systems applied to wood.
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Wu M, Yu G, Chen W, Dong S, Wang Y, Liu C, Li B. A pulp foam with highly improved physical strength, fire-resistance and antibiosis by incorporation of chitosan and CPAM. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118963. [PMID: 34973778 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bio-inspired borate cross-linked pulp foam (PF) with high porosity and low density can be widely used in many fields. However, PF is flammable, and lack of mechanical strength and antibacterial activity. To solve these issues, an ultra-strong PF was prepared by incorporation of chitosan and cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM). Results showed that the obtained PF exhibited highly improved mechanical properties (the compressive strength (485 kPa at a strain of 50%) was over 6 times higher compared with the borate cross-linked PF without chitosan and CPAM, and it was even higher than most of the reported cellulose-based porous materials). Also, the prepared PF has good performance on fire-retardance (hard to light), thermal insulation, antibiosis and sound absorption, due to the synergistic actions of borate, chitosan and CPAM. Additionally, spent liquor in preparing PF could be fully recycled, and thus this sustainable approach has potential for large-scale production of high-performance PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Guang Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Sheng Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Yiran Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, PR China.
| | - Bin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China.
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The Flame Retardancy of Polyethylene Composites: From Fundamental Concepts to Nanocomposites. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215157. [PMID: 33167598 PMCID: PMC7664228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE) is one the most used plastics worldwide for a wide range of applications due to its good mechanical and chemical resistance, low density, cost efficiency, ease of processability, non-reactivity, low toxicity, good electric insulation, and good functionality. However, its high flammability and rapid flame spread pose dangers for certain applications. Therefore, different flame-retardant (FR) additives are incorporated into PE to increase its flame retardancy. In this review article, research papers from the past 10 years on the flame retardancy of PE systems are comprehensively reviewed and classified based on the additive sources. The FR additives are classified in well-known FR families, including phosphorous, melamine, nitrogen, inorganic hydroxides, boron, and silicon. The mechanism of fire retardance in each family is pinpointed. In addition to the efficiency of each FR in increasing the flame retardancy, its impact on the mechanical properties of the PE system is also discussed. Most of the FRs can decrease the heat release rate (HRR) of the PE products and simultaneously maintains the mechanical properties in appropriate ratios. Based on the literature, inorganic hydroxide seems to be used more in PE systems compared to other families. Finally, the role of nanotechnology for more efficient FR-PE systems is discussed and recommendations are given on implementing strategies that could help incorporate flame retardancy in the circular economy model.
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Arslan F, Dilsiz N. Flame resistant properties of LDPE/PLA blends containing halogen‐free flame retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Figen Arslan
- Department of Chemical EngineeringInstutite for Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Gazi University 06570 Ankara Turkey
| | - Nursel Dilsiz
- Department of Chemical EngineeringInstutite for Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Gazi University 06570 Ankara Turkey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringGazi University 06570 Ankara Turkey
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Bellayer S, Jimenez M, Barrau S, Bourbigot S. Fire retardant sol–gel coatings for flexible polyurethane foams. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02094a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Untreated flexible polyurethane foams used in upholstered products are prone to rapid fire growth. Sol–gel process was evaluated to flame retard it. A successful intumescent formulation gave 60% reduction of the peak of heat release rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bellayer
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET)
- Team Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP)
- R2Fire Group
- CNRS-UMR 8207
- ENSCL
| | - M. Jimenez
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET)
- Team Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP)
- R2Fire Group
- CNRS-UMR 8207
- ENSCL
| | - S. Barrau
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET)
- Team Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP)
- Mechanic of Complex Macromolecular Systems Group
- CNRS-UMR 8207
- ENSCL
| | - S. Bourbigot
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET)
- Team Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP)
- R2Fire Group
- CNRS-UMR 8207
- ENSCL
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Jimenez M, Lesaffre N, Bellayer S, Dupretz R, Vandenbossche M, Duquesne S, Bourbigot S. Novel flame retardant flexible polyurethane foam: plasma induced graft-polymerization of phosphonates. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08289g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foams has become an issue due to very severe regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Jimenez
- UMET-ISP-R2FIRE
- UMR 8207
- 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex
- France
| | | | | | - Renaud Dupretz
- UMET-ISP-R2FIRE
- UMR 8207
- 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex
- France
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Laufer G, Kirkland C, Morgan AB, Grunlan JC. Exceptionally Flame Retardant Sulfur-Based Multilayer Nanocoating for Polyurethane Prepared from Aqueous Polyelectrolyte Solutions. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:361-365. [PMID: 35581838 DOI: 10.1021/mz400105e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many current flame retardant (FR) strategies for polymers contain environmentally harmful compounds and/or negatively impact processing and mechanical properties. In an effort to overcome these issues, a effective flame retardant nanocoating comprised of positively charged chitosan (CH) and anionic poly(vinyl sulfonic acid sodium salt) (PVS) was deposited onto flexible polyurethane foam using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. This coating system completely stops foam melt dripping upon exposure to the direct flame from a butane torch. Furthermore, 10 CH-PVS bilayers (∼30 nm thick) add only 5.5% to the foam's weight and completely stop flame propagating on the foam due to the fuel dilution effect from non flammable gases (e.g, water, sulfur oxides, and ammonia) released from the coating during degradation. Cone calorimetry reveals that this same coated foam has a 52% reduction in peak heat release rate relative to an uncoated control. This water-based, environmentally benign nanocoating provides an effective postprocess flame retardant treatment for a variety of complex substrates (foam, fabric, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Laufer
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Christopher Kirkland
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Alexander B. Morgan
- Energy Technology
and Materials Division, University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, Ohio 45469, United States
| | - Jaime C. Grunlan
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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