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Thiyagu C, NarendraKumar U. Flammability and vibrational study of graphene incorporated epoxy/ramie/glass hybrid nanocomposite. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenniappan Thiyagu
- School of Mechanical Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore India
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2
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Dang L, Lv Z, Liu X. Influences of
4ZnO
·
B
2
O
3
·
H
2
O
whisker based intumescent flame retardant on the mechanical, flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Dang
- School of Chemical Engineering Qinghai University Xining China
| | - Zhihui Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering Qinghai University Xining China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Technology Research and Development Center of Comprehensive Utilization of Salt Lakes Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining China
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3
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Role of Copper Oxide on Epoxy Coatings with New Intumescent Polymer-Based Fire Retardant. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25245978. [PMID: 33348597 PMCID: PMC7766729 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy resins (EP) have been used as a thermos-setting material in the field of coating, casting, bonding agent, and laminating. However, a major drawback associated with its use is the lack of good flaming properties, and it is responsible for heavy smoke along with hazardous gases considerably limiting its uses in various fields. In this study, N-ethanolamine triazine-piperizine, a melamine polymer (ETPMP), was established as a new charring-foaming agent and was successfully synthesized with ethanolamine, piperizine, cyanuric chloride, and melamine as precursor molecules via the nucleophilic substitution reaction method. Elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis were applied to approve the synthesis of ETPMP and confirmation of its structure and characterization. The epoxy coating of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) was equipped by introducing ETPMP, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and copper oxide (CuO) in multiple composition ratios. CuO was loaded at various amounts into the IFR-coating system as a synergistic agent. The synergistic action of CuO on IFR coatings was scientifically examined by using different analytical tests such as vertical burning test (UL-94V), limited oxygen index (LOI), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that small changes in the amount of CuO expressively amplified the LOI results and enhanced the V-0 ratings in the UL-94V test. The TGA data clearly demonstrate that the inclusion of CuO can transform the thermal deprivation behavior of coatings with a growing char slag proportion with elevated temperatures. Information from cone calorimeter data affirmed that CuO can decrease the burning factors by total heat release (THR) together with peak heat release rate (PHRR). The SEM images indicated that CuO can enrich the power and compression of the intumescent char that restricts the movement of heat and oxygen. Our results demonstrate a positive influence of CuO on the epoxy-headed intumescent flame retardant coatings.
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4
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Influence of Antimony Oxide on Epoxy Based Intumescent Flame Retardation Coating System. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112721. [PMID: 33212915 PMCID: PMC7698405 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylenediamine modified Ammonium polyphosphate (EDA-MAPP), and Charring-Foaming Agents (CFA) was prepared via a simple chemical approach and further utilizes for the preparation of Epoxy resin based intumescent flame retardation coatings. The ratio belongs to MAPP and CFA was fixed at 2:1 ratio. Comparative thermo gravimetric analysis TGA study of Modified Ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) and Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) investigated. Sb2O3 was introduced into flame retardation coating formulation at various amounts to evaluate the synergistic action of Sb2O3 along with flame retardant coating system. The synergistic action of Sb2O3 on flame retardation coating formulation was studied by vertical burning test (UL-94V), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Limited Oxygen Index (LOI), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR). The UL-94V results indicated that adding Sb2O3 effectively increased flame retardancy and meets V-0 ratings at each concentration. The TGA results revealed that the amalgamation of Sb2O3 at each concentration effectively increased the thermal stability of the flame retardant coating system. Cone-calorimeter study results that Sb2O3 successfully minimized the combustion parameters like, Peak Heat Release Rate (PHRR), and Total Heat Release (THR). The FTIR result shows that Sb2O3 can react with MAPP and generates the dense-charred layer which prevents the transfer of heat and oxygen.
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5
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You GY, He HW, Feng B, Tang YY, Fan FF, Cheng ZQ, Yang CJ, Liang C. Synthesis and characterization of a novel Schiff base and its enhancement on flame retardancy of epoxy resins. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Highly Efficient Composite Flame Retardants for Improving the Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, Smoke Suppression, and Mechanical Properties of EVA. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13051251. [PMID: 32164212 PMCID: PMC7085045 DOI: 10.3390/ma13051251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer has been used extensively in many fields. However, EVA is flammable and releases CO gas during burning. In this work, a composite flame retardant with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), a charring–foaming agent (CFA), and a layered double hydroxide (LDH) containing rare-earth elements (REEs) was obtained and used to improve the flame retardancy, thermal stability, and smoke suppression for an EVA matrix. The thermal analysis showed that the maximum thermal degradation temperature of all composites increased by more than 37 °C compared with that of pure EVA. S-LaMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, S-CeMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, and S-NdMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA could achieve self-extinguishing behavior according to the UL-94 tests (V-0 rating). The peak heat release rate (pk-HRR) indicated that all LDHs containing REEs obviously reduced the fire strength in comparison with S-MgAl. In particular, pk-HRR of S-LaMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, S-CeMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA and S-NdMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA were all decreased by more than 82% in comparison with pure EVA. Furthermore, the total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and production rate of CO (COP) also decreased significantly. The average mass loss rate (AMLR) confirmed that the flame retardant exerted an effect in the condensed phase of the composites. Meanwhile, the combination of APP, CFA, and LDH containing REEs allowed the EVA matrix to maintain good mechanical properties.
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7
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Qi H, Liu S, Chen X, Shen C, Gao S. The flame retardant and thermal performances of polypropylene with a novel intumescent flame retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Qi
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Material Science and EngineeringWuhan University of Technology Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Sawen Liu
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Material Science and EngineeringWuhan University of Technology Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuling Chen
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Material Science and EngineeringWuhan University of Technology Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Shen
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Material Science and EngineeringWuhan University of Technology Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Shanjun Gao
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Material Science and EngineeringWuhan University of Technology Wuhan People's Republic of China
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8
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Nageswara Rao T, Naidu TM, Kim MS, Parvatamma B, Prashanthi Y, Heun Koo B. Influence of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Char Forming Agent Polymer on Flame Retardancy of Intumescent Flame Retardant Coatings. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 10:E42. [PMID: 31878012 PMCID: PMC7022803 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized by a precipitation method, and a new charring-foaming agent (CFA) N-ethanolamine triazine-piperazine, melamine polymer (ETPMP) was synthesized via nucleophilic substitution reaction by using cyanuric chloride, ethanolamine, piperazine, and melamine as precursor molecules. FTIR and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) studies were employed to characterize and confirm the synthesized ETPMP structure. New intumescent flame retardant epoxy coating compositions were prepared by adding ammonium polyphosphate (APP), ETPMP, and ZnO NPs into an epoxy resin. APP and ETPMP were fixed in a 2:1 w/w ratio and used as an intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) system. ZnO NPs were loaded as a synergistic agent in different amounts into the IFR coating system. The synergistic effects of ZnO NPs on IFR coatings were systematically evaluated by limited oxygen index (LOI) tests, vertical burning tests (UL-94 V), TGA, cone calorimeter tests, and SEM. The obtained results revealed that a small amount of ZnO NPs significantly increased the LOI values of the IFR coating and these coatings had a V-0 ratings in UL-94 V tests. From the TGA data, it is clear that the addition of ZnO NPs could change the thermal degradation behaviors of coatings with increasing char residue percentage at high temperatures. Cone calorimeter data reported that ZnO NPs could decrease the combustion parameters including peak heat release rates (PHRRs), and total heat release (THR) rates. The SEM results showed that ZnO NPs could enhance the strength and the compactness of the intumescent char, which restricted the flow of heat and oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tentu Nageswara Rao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Gyeongnam, Korea; (T.N.R.); (M.S.K.)
| | - T. Manohra Naidu
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India;
| | - Min Soo Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Gyeongnam, Korea; (T.N.R.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Botsa Parvatamma
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gayathri P.G Courses, Gotlam, Vizianagaram, AP 535003, India;
| | - Y. Prashanthi
- Department of Chemistry, Mahatma Gandhi University, Nalgonda 508254, Telangana, India;
| | - Bon Heun Koo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Gyeongnam, Korea; (T.N.R.); (M.S.K.)
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9
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Araby S, Su X, Meng Q, Kuan HC, Wang CH, Mouritz A, Maged A, Ma J. Graphene platelets versus phosphorus compounds for elastomeric composites: flame retardancy, mechanical performance and mechanisms. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:385703. [PMID: 31207589 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab2a3d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are widely used but their flammability remains a serious issue causing fatalities and property damage. Herein we present an investigation into the effectiveness of graphene platelets (GnPs) to simultaneously improve the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM). EPDM was melt compounded respectively with GnPs and a commercial flame retardant (ammonium polyphosphate, APP) to produce two groups of composites. Although both fillers were well dispersed in EPDM, GnPs significantly improved the mechanical properties of EPDM whilst APP compromised some of the mechanical properties particularly at high fractions. This difference was attributed to the filler particle size and interfacial bonding. Through cone calorimetry testing, 21 wt% char yield was recorded for the EPDM/GnP composite at 12.0 vol%, in comparison with 8 wt% for the EPDM/APP composite. APP was able to lower the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and specific mass loss rate (MLR), but unfortunately it decreased the ignition time and fire performance index (FPI). By contrast, GnPs has been found to increase ignition time by 29% and FPI by 62%, while still achieved the same level of reductions in PHRR and specific MLR, demonstrating clear advantages over APP. During combustion the highly thermally stable GnPs bonded with the viscous, degraded EPDM macromolecules, forming a thick solid char layer which prevented the transport of heat and smoke, contributing to its superior flame retarding performance over APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Araby
- School of Engineering and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Benha Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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Synthesis of a Novel Phosphorous-Nitrogen Based Charring Agent and Its Application in Flame-retardant HDPE/IFR Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11061062. [PMID: 31248169 PMCID: PMC6631776 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a novel phosphorous-nitrogen based charring agent named poly(1,3-diaminopropane-1,3,5-triazine-o-bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphate) (PDTBP) was synthesized and used to improve the flame retardancy of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) together with ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) showed that PDTBP was successfully synthesized. Compared with the traditional intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system contained APP and pentaerythritol (PER), the novel IFR system (APP/PDTBP, weight ratio of 2:1) could significantly promote the flame retardancy, water resistance, and thermal stability of HDPE. The HDPE/APP/PDTBP composites (PE3) could achieve a UL-94 V-0 rating with LOI value of 30.8%, and had a lower migration percentage (2.2%). However, the HDPE/APP/PER composites (PE5) had the highest migration percentage (4.7%), lower LOI value of 23.9%, and could only achieve a UL-94 V-1 rating. Besides, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and fire hazard value of PE3 were markedly decreased compared to PE5. PE3 had higher tensile strength and flexural strength of 16.27 ± 0.42 MPa and 32.03 ± 0.59 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the possible flame-retardant mechanism of the APP/PDTBP IFR system indicated that compact and continuous intumescent char layer would be formed during burning, thus inhibiting the degradation of substrate material and improving the thermal stability of HDPE.
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11
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Liu C, Zhang L, Mu L, Zuo D, Wang Y, Wu W. Synergistic effects between a triazine-based charring agent and aluminum phosphinate on the intumescent flame retardance of thermoplastic polyether ester. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2019.1601497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Sino-German Joint Research Centre of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Luchong Zhang
- Sino-German Joint Research Centre of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lingxiao Mu
- Sino-German Joint Research Centre of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Danyang Zuo
- Sino-German Joint Research Centre of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yating Wang
- Sino-German Joint Research Centre of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wei Wu
- Sino-German Joint Research Centre of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
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12
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Liu H, Li S, Zhang Z, Li B, Xu M. An efficient and convenient strategy toward fire safety and water resistance of polypropylene composites through design and synthesis of a novel mono‐component intumescent flame retardant. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Li
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Miaojun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
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Yang R, Ma B, Zhao H, Li J. Preparation, Thermal Degradation, and Fire Behaviors of Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene with a Charring Agent Containing Pentaerythritol and Triazine. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yang
- School
of Materials Science
and Engineering and Jiangsu Collaborative
Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Binbin Ma
- School
of Materials Science
and Engineering and Jiangsu Collaborative
Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School
of Materials Science
and Engineering and Jiangsu Collaborative
Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jinchun Li
- School
of Materials Science
and Engineering and Jiangsu Collaborative
Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Liu JC, Xu MJ, Lai T, Li B. Effect of Surface-Modified Ammonium Polyphosphate with KH550 and Silicon Resin on the Flame Retardancy, Water Resistance, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Chao Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory
of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College
of Science, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao-Jun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory
of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College
of Science, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Lai
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory
of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College
of Science, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory
of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College
of Science, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People’s Republic of China
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You G, Cheng Z, Tang Y, He H. Functional Group Effect on Char Formation, Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Phosphonate–Triazine-based Compound as Flame Retardant in Epoxy Resin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geyun You
- Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhiquan Cheng
- Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yuying Tang
- Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hongwu He
- Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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