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Xiu Y, Bobrin VA, Corrigan N, Zhang J, Boyer C. Effect of Macromolecular Structure on Phase Separation Regime in 3D Printed Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300236. [PMID: 37289980 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the fabrication of 3D-printed polymer materials with controlled phase separation using polymerization induced microphase separation (PIMS) via photoinduced 3D printing is demonstrated. While many parameters affecting the nanostructuration in PIMS processes are extensively investigated, the influence of the chain transfer agent (CTA) end group, i.e., Z-group, of macromolecular chain transfer agent (macroCTA) remains unclear as previous research has exclusively employed trithiocarbonate as the CTA end group. Herein, the effect of macroCTAs containing four different Z-groups on the formation of nanostructure of 3D printed materials is explored. The results show that the different Z-groups lead to distinct network formation and phase separation behaviors between the resins, influencing both the 3D printing process and the resulting material properties. Specifically, less reactive macroCTAs toward acrylic radical addition, such as O-alkyl xanthate and N-alkyl-N-aryl dithiocarbamate, result in translucent and brittle materials with macrophase separation morphology. In contrast, more reactive macroCTAs such as S-alkyl trithiocarbonate and 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylpyrazo dithiocarbamate produce transparent and rigid materials with nano-scale morphology. Findings of this study provide a novel approach to manipulate the nanostructure and properties of 3D printed PIMS materials, which can have important implications for materials science and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xiu
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Valentin A Bobrin
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Nano- to macro-scale control of 3D printed materials via polymerization induced microphase separation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3577. [PMID: 35732624 PMCID: PMC9217958 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although 3D printing allows the macroscopic structure of objects to be easily controlled, controlling the nanostructure of 3D printed materials has rarely been reported. Herein, we report an efficient and versatile process for fabricating 3D printed materials with controlled nanoscale structural features. This approach uses resins containing macromolecular chain transfer agents (macroCTAs) which microphase separate during the photoinduced 3D printing process to form nanostructured materials. By varying the chain length of the macroCTA, we demonstrate a high level of control over the microphase separation behavior, resulting in materials with controllable nanoscale sizes and morphologies. Importantly, the bulk mechanical properties of 3D printed objects are correlated with their morphologies; transitioning from discrete globular to interpenetrating domains results in a marked improvement in mechanical performance, which is ascribed to the increased interfacial interaction between soft and hard domains. Overall, the findings of this work enable the simplified production of materials with tightly controllable nanostructures for broad potential applications.
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Shi X, Zhang J, Corrigan N, Boyer C. Controlling mechanical properties of 3D printed polymer composites through photoinduced reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01283e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization has been exploited to design silica-nanoparticle-incorporated photocurable resins for 3D printing of materials with enhanced mechanical properties and complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Shi
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Joubert F, Cheong Phey Denn P, Guo Y, Pasparakis G. Comparison of Thermoresponsive Hydrogels Synthesized by Conventional Free Radical and RAFT Polymerization. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12172697. [PMID: 31450750 PMCID: PMC6747592 DOI: 10.3390/ma12172697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We compared the influence of the polymerization mechanism onto the physical characteristics of thermoresponsive hydrogels. The Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) hydrogels were successfully synthesized using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) and free radical polymerization (FRP). The gels were prepared while using different crosslinker feed and monomer concentration. The swelling, dye release, and hydrolytic stability of the gels were investigated in water, or in representative komostrope and chaotrope salt solutions at room temperature and at 37 °C. It was found that the swelling ratio (SR) of the RAFT gels was significantly higher than that of the FRP gels; however, an increased crosslinking density resulted in a decrease of the SR of the RAFT gels as compared to the corresponding gels that are made by FRP, which indicates the limitation of the cross-linking efficiency that is attained in RAFT polymerization. Additionally, an increased monomer concentration decreased the SR of the RAFT gels, whereas a similar SR was observed for the FRP gels. However, the SR of both RAFT and FRP gels in NaSCN and Na2SO4 solutions were similar. Finally, the rate of dye release was significantly slower from the RAFT gels than the FRP gels and the hydrolytic stability of the RAFT gels was lower than that of FRP gels in water, but maintained similar stability in Na2SO4 and NaSCN solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Joubert
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | | | - Yujie Guo
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - George Pasparakis
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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Gao Y, Newland B, Zhou D, Matyjaszewski K, Wang W. Controlled Polymerization of Multivinyl Monomers: Formation of Cyclized/Knotted Single-Chain Polymer Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:450-460. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Ben Newland
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung; Dresden Germany
- Brain Repair Group; Cardiff University; Cardiff UK
| | - Dezhong Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Wenxin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
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Gao Y, Newland B, Zhou D, Matyjaszewski K, Wang W. Kontrollierte Polymerisation von Multivinyl-Monomeren: Bildung einer cyclischen/verknoteten Einzelketten-Polymerarchitektur. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Irland
| | - Ben Newland
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung; Dresden Deutschland
- Brain Repair Group; Cardiff University; Cardiff Großbritannien
| | - Dezhong Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Irland
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Wenxin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Irland
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Gauss P, Ligon-Auer SC, Griesser M, Gorsche C, Svajdlenkova H, Koch T, Moszner N, Liska R. The influence of vinyl activating groups on β-allyl sulfone-based chain transfer agents for tough methacrylate networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gauss
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060 Vienna Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photopolymers in Digital and Restorative Dentistry; Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Samuel Clark Ligon-Auer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060 Vienna Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photopolymers in Digital and Restorative Dentistry; Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Markus Griesser
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060 Vienna Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photopolymers in Digital and Restorative Dentistry; Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Christian Gorsche
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060 Vienna Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photopolymers in Digital and Restorative Dentistry; Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Helena Svajdlenkova
- Polymer Institute of the Slovakian Academy of Science; Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Norbert Moszner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photopolymers in Digital and Restorative Dentistry; Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060 Vienna Austria
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG; Bendererstrasse 2, 9494 Schaan Liechtenstein
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060 Vienna Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photopolymers in Digital and Restorative Dentistry; Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060 Vienna Austria
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Oh J, Seo M. Photoinitiated Polymerization-Induced Microphase Separation for the Preparation of Nanoporous Polymer Films. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:1244-1248. [PMID: 35614821 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on the use of photoinitiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization for the facile fabrication of cross-linked nanoporous polymer films with three-dimensionally (3D) continuous pore structure. The photoinitiated polymerization of isobornyl acrylate (IBA) in the presence of 2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid (CTA) and 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone as a photoinitiator proceeded in a controlled manner, yet more rapidly compared to thermally initiated polymerization. When polylactide-macroCTA (PLA-CTA) was used, PLA-b-PIBA with high molar mass was obtained after several minutes of irradiation at room temperature. We confirmed that microphase separation occurs in the PLA-b-PIBA and that nanoporous PIBA can be derived from the PLA-b-PIBA precursor by selective PLA etching. To fabricate the cross-linked nanoporous polymer, IBA was copolymerized with ethylene glycol diacrylate (EGDA) in the presence of PLA-CTA to produce a cross-linked block polymer precursor consisting of bicontinuous PLA and P(IBA-co-EGDA) microdomains, via polymerization-induced microphase separation. We demonstrated that nanoporous P(IBA-co-EGDA) monoliths and films with 3D continuous pores can be readily obtained via this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Oh
- Graduate
School of Nanoscience
and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungeun Seo
- Graduate
School of Nanoscience
and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Scherf R, Müller LS, Grosch D, Hübner EG, Oppermann W. Investigation on the homogeneity of PMMA gels synthesized via RAFT polymerization. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Moad G. RAFT (Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer) crosslinking (co)polymerization of multi-olefinic monomers to form polymer networks. POLYM INT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering Bag 10; Clayton South Victoria 3169 Australia
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11
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Henkel R, Vana P. The Influence of RAFT on the Microstructure and the Mechanical Properties of Photopolymerized Poly(butyl acrylate) Networks. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rouven Henkel
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstr. 6 D-37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Philipp Vana
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstr. 6 D-37077 Göttingen Germany
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