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Chen H, Guo Y, Chen X, Dawadunzhu, Liu T, Zhang Y, Chen W, Feng M. Fluorescence Lifetime of Chlorophyll α in Oxidized Edible Vegetable Oil. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:1841-1849. [PMID: 37646873 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
To promote the application of time-resolved fluorescence in oxidation determination of edible vegetable oil, fluorescence lifetime of chlorophyll α in oxidized edible vegetable oils was recorded and analyzed by simulated microenvironment experiments and spectral methods. It was showed that fluorescence lifetime of chlorophyll α decreased with the increase of polarity in the early stage of oxidation, and increased with the increase of viscosity in the later stage of oxidation. Conjugation effect and hydrogen bonding existed in the microenvironment of oxidized edible vegetable oil were considered to be the factors leading to the increase of fluorescence lifetime. The change mechanism of fluorescence lifetime in oxidized edible vegetable oil was supplied, which was considered to be strong support for the application of time-resolved fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210038, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Yunhao Guo
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210038, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiu Chen
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210038, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Dawadunzhu
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210038, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Teng Liu
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210038, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yuheng Zhang
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210038, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- School of Software Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 210038, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meiqin Feng
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210038, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Kamer DDA. Synergistic formulation approach for developing pea protein and guar gum enriched olive oil-in-water emulsion gels as solid fat substitutes: Formulation optimization, characterization, and molecular simulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128718. [PMID: 38101676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to optimize the formulation of olive oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion gels by incorporating Pea Protein (PP) and Guar Gum (GG) as alternative options for solid fats. The optimum rheological (consistency index, apparent viscosity, recovery) and texture (firmness) properties of the emulsion gels were obtained using a mixture of 2 % PP, 1 % GG, 60 % Olive Oil (OO), and 37 % Water (W). The blend of PP2/GG1 showed the highest results for recovery and firmness, 111.27 % and 33.89 g, respectively. PP/GG blend emulsion gels exhibited higher absolute ζ-potential values, ranging between -72.3 and -77.4 mV. The polydispersity index (PDI) ranged from 0.185 to 0.535, with the most uniform distributions found in the PP/GG blend emulsion gels. Strong phase separation resistance indicated strong stability of PP-GG complex emulsion gels. Higher PP concentrations decreased emulsion oxidation. FTIR and XRD research showed that PP and GG interact strongly, indicating good compatibility. The free binding energy of the most stable configuration of the molecules was -6.8 kcal mol-1, indicating a high affinity. PP interacted with GG through 9 amino acid residues, with notable residues being Asp 224, Thr 235, Ala 332, Ile 334, and Arg 336, and their respective interaction distances ranged between 2.69 Å and 3.87 Å.
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Nikam AN, Roy A, Raychaudhuri R, Navti PD, Soman S, Kulkarni S, Shirur KS, Pandey A, Mutalik S. Organogels: "GelVolution" in Topical Drug Delivery - Present and Beyond. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:489-518. [PMID: 38757691 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128279479231231092905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Topical drug delivery holds immense significance in dermatological treatments due to its non-invasive nature and direct application to the target site. Organogels, a promising class of topical drug delivery systems, have acquired substantial attention for enhancing drug delivery efficiency. This review article aims to explore the advantages of organogels, including enhanced drug solubility, controlled release, improved skin penetration, non-greasy formulations, and ease of application. The mechanism of organogel permeation into the skin is discussed, along with formulation strategies, which encompass the selection of gelling agents, cogelling agents, and additives while considering the influence of temperature and pH on gel formation. Various types of organogelators and organogels and their properties, such as viscoelasticity, non-birefringence, thermal stability, and optical clarity, are presented. Moreover, the biomedical applications of organogels in targeting skin cancer, anti-inflammatory drug delivery, and antifungal drug delivery are discussed. Characterization parameters, biocompatibility, safety considerations, and future directions in optimizing skin permeation, ensuring long-term stability, addressing regulatory challenges, and exploring potential combination therapies are thoroughly examined. Overall, this review highlights the immense potential of organogels in redefining topical drug delivery and their significant impact on the field of dermatological treatments, thus paving the way for exciting prospects in the domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajinkya Nitin Nikam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Amrita Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Ruchira Raychaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Prerana D Navti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Soji Soman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Sanjay Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Krishnaraj Somayaji Shirur
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Abhijeet Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
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Ciuffarin F, Alongi M, Peressini D, Barba L, Lucci P, Calligaris S. Role of the polyphenol content on the structuring behavior of liposoluble gelators in extra virgin olive oil. Food Chem 2023; 412:135572. [PMID: 36724719 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The role of polyphenols in affecting the structural and rheological properties of oleogels was investigated. Polyphenols were selectively removed from extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), and the resulting oils at three different polyphenol levels were gelled by using 10% (w/w) of monoglycerides (MG), rice wax (RW), sunflower wax (SW), and a mixture of β-sitosterol/γ-oryzanol (PS). The structural characteristics of oleogels were assessed by visual appearance, rheology, polarized light microscopy, calorimetry, XRD, and FTIR. Polyphenol content differently affected oleogel characteristics depending on network features. While EVOO-polyphenols did not influence PS- and SW-based oleogels, they reinforced MG- and RW-based oleogel network. As polyphenol content increased, the critical stress and melting temperature also increased, concomitantly with changes in crystal morphology. This was attributed to the capacity of polyphenols to form additional junction points in the crystalline network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ciuffarin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Marilisa Alongi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Donatella Peressini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Luisa Barba
- Institute of Crystallography, National Council of Research, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Lucci
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Sonia Calligaris
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Sanches SCDC, Ré MI, Silva-Júnior JOC, Ribeiro-Costa RM. Organogel of Acai Oil in Cosmetics: Microstructure, Stability, Rheology and Mechanical Properties. Gels 2023; 9:gels9020150. [PMID: 36826320 PMCID: PMC9956281 DOI: 10.3390/gels9020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Organogel (OG) is a semi-solid material composed of gelling molecules organized in the presence of an appropriate organic solvent, through physical or chemical interactions, in a continuous net. This investigation aimed at preparing and characterizing an organogel from acai oil with hyaluronic acid (HA) structured by 12-hydroxystearic acid (12-HSA), aiming at topical anti-aging application. Organogels containing or not containing HA were analyzed by Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy, polarized light optical microscopy, thermal analysis, texture analysis, rheology, HA quantification and oxidative stability. The organogel containing hyaluronic acid (OG + HA) has a spherulitic texture morphology with a net-like structure and absorption bands that evidenced the presence of HA in the three-dimensional net of organogel. The thermal analysis confirmed the gelation and the insertion of HA, as well as a good thermal stability, which is also confirmed by the study of oxidative stability carried out under different temperature conditions for 90 days. The texture and rheology studies indicated a viscoelastic behavior. HA quantification shows the efficiency of the HA cross-linking process in the three-dimensional net of organogel with 11.22 µg/mL for cross-linked HA. Thus, it is concluded that OG + HA shows potentially promising physicochemical characteristics for the development of a cosmetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Inês Ré
- IMT Mines Albi-Carmaux, CNRS UMR 5302, Centre RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, Université de Toulouse, CEDEX 09, 81013 Albi, France
| | - José Otávio Carréra Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory R&D Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Roseane Maria Ribeiro-Costa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-91-3201-7203
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Mohamed MBM, Dahabiyeh LA, Sahib MN. Design and evaluation of molecular organogel based on folic acid as a potential green drug carrier for oral route. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:367-373. [PMID: 36094171 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2118316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The low molecular weight organogels are interesting carriers for pharmaceutical compounds. However, their uses are limited due to the toxicity burden of the organic solvent used. Hence, this study aimed to prepare organogel using folic acid (FA) in different concentrations as a gelator for propylene glycol (PG) biocompatible solvent. METHODS The simple mixing method followed by incubation in a water bath at 90 °C was used to prepare organogels. Then, formulations were assessed using different methods including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dropping method, attenuated total reflectance - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), oscillatory rheology studies, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and in vitro dissolution study. RESULTS Gel formation and its consistency were highly depending on FA concentration. The results showed that increasing the concentration of FA in the organogel led to accelerating the gelation process, and the least amount of FA that could gel the PG was 0.25% w/w. However, higher concentrations were needed to create an organogel with excellent properties. The DSC and dropping studies revealed stable organogels formulations at body temperature. The ATR-FTIR showed interactions between the pteridine ring of FA and PG. The strain amplitude and frequency sweep tests demonstrated an increase in storage modulus values as the concentration of FA increased at 37 °C, which were frequency independent at high frequencies. In addition, the SEM exposed the fabrics like the structure of these organogels. Furthermore, the in vitro dissolution of organogel was pH-dependent, with a high possibility of taking place in the large intestine. CONCLUSION FA/PG organogel formulation is a promising carrier for drug and nutraceuticals compound for the oral delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lina A Dahabiyeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Tang C, Wan Z, Chen Y, Tang Y, Fan W, Cao Y, Song M, Qin J, Xiao H, Guo S, Tang Z. Structure and Properties of Organogels Prepared from Rapeseed Oil with Stigmasterol. Foods 2022; 11:939. [PMID: 35407025 PMCID: PMC8997424 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This work used the natural ingredient stigmasterol as an oleogelator to explore the effect of concentration on the properties of organogels. Organogels based on rapeseed oil were investigated using various techniques (oil binding capacity, rheology, polarized light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) to better understand their physical and microscopic properties. Results showed that stigmasterol was an efficient and thermoreversible oleogelator, capable of structuring rapeseed oil at a stigmasterol concentration as low as 2% with a gelation temperature of 5 °C. The oil binding capacity values of organogels increased to 99.74% as the concentration of stigmasterol was increased to 6%. The rheological properties revealed that organogels prepared with stigmasterol were a pseudoplastic fluid with non-covalent physical crosslinking, and the G' of the organogels did not change with the frequency of scanning increased, showing the characteristics of strong gel. The microscopic properties and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that stigmasterol formed rod-like crystals through the self-assembly of intermolecular hydrogen bonds, fixing rapeseed oil in its three-dimensional structure to form organogels. Therefore, stigmasterol can be considered as a good organogelator. It is expected to be widely used in food, medicine, and other biological-related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caili Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development, Changsha 410045, China
| | - Zheng Wan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development, Changsha 410045, China
| | - Yilu Chen
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yiyun Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development, Changsha 410045, China
| | - Wei Fan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development, Changsha 410045, China
| | - Yong Cao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingyue Song
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingping Qin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development, Changsha 410045, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Shiyin Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development, Changsha 410045, China
| | - Zhonghai Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development, Changsha 410045, China
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Oleogelation of extra virgin olive oil by different oleogelators affects the physical properties and the stability of bioactive compounds. Food Chem 2022; 368:130779. [PMID: 34411852 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) was gelled with 10% monoglycerides, (MG), rice wax (RW), γ-oryzanol, and β-sitosterol (PS), or ethylcellulose (EC). The oleogel structure and the stability of bioactive compounds were investigated during storage up to 120 days at 20, 30, and 40 °C. All samples were self-standing but presented different structures. PS produced the firmest gel, whereas EC caused the lowest firmness and rheological values. Structural properties did not change during storage, except for EC oleogel. Structuring triggered a depletion in phenolic content and α-tocopherol, which was more pronounced when a higher temperature was required for oleogel preparation (MG ~ RW < PS < EC). However, during storage phenolics and α-tocopherol decreased following zero-order kinetics with a higher susceptibility in unstructured oil, suggesting in all cases a protective effect of the gel network.
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Vyas J, Raytthatha N, Shah I, Upadhyay U. Bigels: A newer system – An opportunity for topical application. HAMDAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/hmj.hmj_33_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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10
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Li T, Xie R, Chen W, Schofield AB, Clegg PS. Complex High-Internal Phase Emulsions that can Form Interfacial Films with Tunable Morphologies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:9802-9808. [PMID: 34342454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) were considered as an important functional material and have been the focus of intense development effort, but their fundamental attributes have hardly been altered at either the microcosmic or macroscopic level, which severely limits their practical applications in various areas. In this work, we report a general strategy for creating complex HIPEs that can form interfacial films at liquid interfaces. Double HIPEs and Janus HIPEs are both realized for the first time. They feature complex microscopic patterns with short-range anisotropy and exhibit non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow behavior. By taking advantage of their response to a high-pH subphase, interfacial films can be successfully obtained, which are tunable in thickness and morphologies under compression. Complex HIPEs can greatly expand the applications of liquid materials, and the interfacial films of droplets represent an important step toward producing 2D soft materials with a unique functionality that can be broadly applied to biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, P. R. China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ruipei Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, P. R. China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Andrew B Schofield
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, U.K
| | - Paul S Clegg
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, U.K
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Ashkar A, Sosnik A, Davidovich-Pinhas M. Structured edible lipid-based particle systems for oral drug-delivery. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107789. [PMID: 34186162 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oral administration is the most popular and patient-compliant route for drug delivery, though it raises great challenges due to the involvement of the gastro-intestine (GI) system and the drug bioavailability. Drug bioavailability is directly related to its ability to dissolve, transport and/or absorb through the physiological environment. A great number of drugs are characterized with low water solubility due to their hydrophobic nature, thus limiting their oral bioavailability and clinical use. Therefore, new strategies aiming to provide a protective shell through the GI system and improve drug solubility and permeability in the intestine were developed to overcome this limitation. Lipid-based systems have been proposed as good candidates for such a task owing to their hydrophobic nature which allows high drug loading, drug micellization ability during intestinal digestion due to the lipid content, and the vehicle physical protective environment. The use of edible lipids with high biocompatibility paves the bench-to-bedside translation. Four main types of structured lipid-based drug delivery systems differing in the physical state of the lipid phase have been described in the literature, namely emulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and oleogel-based particles. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of the different structured edible lipid-based oral delivery systems investigated up to date and emphasizes the contribution of each system component to the delivery performance, and the oral delivery path of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areen Ashkar
- Laboratory of Lipids and Soft Matter, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Alejandro Sosnik
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Maya Davidovich-Pinhas
- Laboratory of Lipids and Soft Matter, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; Russell-Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel..
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Alpaslan D, Ersen Dudu T, Aktas N. Evaluation of poly(agar-co-glycerol-co-castor oil) organo-hydrogel as a controlled release system carrier support material. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Pang M, Shi Z, Lei Z, Ge Y, Jiang S, Cao L. Structure and thermal properties of beeswax-based oleogels with different types of vegetable oil. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2020. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.0806192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Beeswax-based oleogels with different types of vegetable oil, including camellia oil (CO), soybean oil (SO), sunflower oil (SFO), or flaxseed oil (FO), were prepared and their structure and thermal properties were evaluated. The critical concentration of oleogel obtained from each of CO, SO, and SFO at 25 °C was 3% (w/w), and that from FO was 4%. Thermal measurements revealed similar thermodynamic curves for oleogels in different lipid phases. X-Ray diffraction showed orthorhombic perpendicular subcell packing and characteristic peaks of the β’ form. Furthermore, a morphology analysis of the crystals showed that they were needle shaped. Fourier transform-infrared spectra revealed that beeswax-based oleogels were formed via non-covalent bonds and may be stabilized with physical entanglements. The oleogels showed oil type-dependent oxidative abilities, but they were all stable and showed no obvious changes in peroxide value during 90 days of storage at 5 °C.
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Shanmugarajan TS, Selvan NK, Uppuluri VNVA. Development and Characterization of Squalene-Loaded Topical Agar-Based Emulgel Scaffold: Wound Healing Potential in Full-Thickness Burn Model. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2020; 20:364-373. [PMID: 32502363 DOI: 10.1177/1534734620921629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Full-thickness burns pose a major challenge for clinicians to handle because of their restricted self-healing ability. Even though several approaches have been implemented for repairing these burnt skin tissue defects, all of them had unsatisfactory outcomes. Moreover, during recent years, skin tissue engineering techniques have emerged as a promising approach to improve skin tissue regeneration and overcome the shortcomings of the traditional approaches. Although previous literatures report the wound healing effects of the squalene oil, in the current study, for the first time, we developed a squalene-loaded emulgel-based scaffold as a novel approach for potential skin regeneration. This squalene-loaded agar-based emulgel scaffold was fabricated by using physical cross-linking technique using lecithin as an emulsifier. Characterization studies such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed the amorphous nature, chemical interactions, and cross-linked capabilities of the developed emulgel scaffold. The squalene-loaded emulgel scaffold showed excellent wound contraction when compared with the agar gel and negative control. In case of the histopathology and recent immunohistochemistry findings, it was clearly evidenced that squalene-loaded emulgel promoted faster rate of the revascularization and macrophage polarization in order to enhance the burn wound healing. Moreover, the findings also revealed that the incorporation of squalene oil into the formulation enhances collagen deposition and accelerates the burnt skin tissue regeneration process. Finally, we conclude that the squalene-loaded emulgel scaffold could be an effective formulation used in the treatment of the burnt skin tissue defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Shanmugarajan
- Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies, Chennai, India
| | - N Kalai Selvan
- Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies, Chennai, India
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Thakur K, Mahajan A, Sharma G, Singh B, Raza K, Chhibber S, Katare OP. Implementation of Quality by Design (QbD) approach in development of silver sulphadiazine loaded egg oil organogel: An improved dermatokinetic profile and therapeutic efficacy in burn wounds. Int J Pharm 2020; 576:118977. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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17
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Satapathy M, Quereshi D, Hanh Nguyen TT, Pani D, Mohanty B, Anis A, Maji S, Kim D, Sarkar P, Pal K. Preparation and characterization of cocoa butter and whey protein isolate based emulgels for pharmaceutical and probiotics delivery applications. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2019.1583577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monalisha Satapathy
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Dilshad Quereshi
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Thi Thanh Hanh Nguyen
- Department of International Agricultural Technology & Institute of Green Bioscience and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Arfat Anis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samarendra Maji
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
| | - Doman Kim
- Department of International Agricultural Technology & Institute of Green Bioscience and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Preetam Sarkar
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
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18
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Singh B, Kumar R. Designing biocompatible sterile organogel–bigel formulations for drug delivery applications using green protocol. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05480k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Present article discusses the formation of a bigel formulation for drug delivery applications via a newly developed green approach using gamma radiation induced crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Himachal Pradesh University
- Shimla-171005
- India
| | - Rajender Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Himachal Pradesh University
- Shimla-171005
- India
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19
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Shakeel A, Farooq U, Iqbal T, Yasin S, Lupi FR, Gabriele D. Key characteristics and modelling of bigels systems: A review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 97:932-953. [PMID: 30678982 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bigels are interesting semisolid formulations with better properties for different applications such as cosmetics and pharmaceutical systems. Due to the mixing of two phases of different nature (polar and apolar), bigels possess some interesting features like ability to deliver hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, better spreadability and water washability, improved permeability of drugs, enhanced hydration of stratum corneum and ability to manipulate the drug release rate. The main objective of this review article is to provide a thorough insight into the important characteristics of bigels together with the discussion on modelling of bigel systems to relate their properties with individual constituents and different parameters. Moreover, some important applications of bigels are also discussed by considering some examples from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Shakeel
- Department of Chemical, Polymer & Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore 54890, Pakistan; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Rivers, Ports, Waterways and Dredging Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Ujala Farooq
- Department of Chemical, Polymer & Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore 54890, Pakistan.
| | - Tanveer Iqbal
- Department of Chemical, Polymer & Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore 54890, Pakistan.
| | - Saima Yasin
- Department of Chemical, Polymer & Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore 54890, Pakistan.
| | - Francesca R Lupi
- Department of Information, Modeling, Electronics and System Engineering (D.I.M.E.S.), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 39C, I-87036 Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Domenico Gabriele
- Department of Information, Modeling, Electronics and System Engineering (D.I.M.E.S.), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 39C, I-87036 Rende, CS, Italy.
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20
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Effect of silicone oil on the microstructure, gelation and rheological properties of sorbitan monostearate-sesame oil oleogels. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 13:485-497. [PMID: 32104422 PMCID: PMC7032103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleogels contain oil or a non-polar liquid which is gelled with an agent called an organogelator. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of silicone oil (cyclopentasiloxane) to the gelation process and to the properties of sorbitan monostearate (SMS)-sesame oil oleogel and compared with that of SMS-sesame oil oleogel and SMS-cyclopentasiloxane oleogel. Three different oil phases; sesame oil phase, cyclopentasiloxane phase and a mixture of cyclopentasiloxane and sesame oil, were used to prepare oleogels with SMS gelator. The critical gelling concentrations (CGC) for oleogels were determined using different concentration of SMS in a range of 5%-22% (w/w). The characterization of the developed oleogels was done using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), polarized light microscope, rheometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The addition of cyclopentasiloxane reduced the CGC of SMS-sesame oil oleogel from 20% to 10% (w/w). In microscopic characterization, the oleogels with a mixture of oil phases showed the longer and thicker three-dimensional gel network than that of oleogels with sesame oil and cyclopentasiloxane. FTIR studies demonstrated that this network formation was mainly due to hydrogen bonding. Rheological measurements revealed that the combination of cyclopentasiloxane and sesame oil produced strong gel with higher complex modulus values and longer linear viscoelastic region than oleogels prepared with sesame oil and cyclopentasiloxane. In addition, oleogels with the combination of the two oils had higher enthalpy (ΔH m) and entropy (ΔS m) thus could increase thermodynamic stability of the oleogels. Therefore, the addition of cyclopentasiloxane can improve the physical, thermal properties and stability of SMS-sesame oil oleogel, provide greater sensory profile and better product aesthetics. The developed oleogel can be a novel carrier for topical drug delivery.
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21
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Karimineghlani P, Palanisamy A, Sukhishvili SA. Self-Healing Phase Change Salogels with Tunable Gelation Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:14786-14795. [PMID: 29633618 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemically cross-linked polymer matrices have demonstrated strong potential for shape stabilization of molten phase change materials (PCM). However, they are not designed to be fillable and removable from a heat exchange module for an easy replacement with new PCM matrices and lack self-healing capability. Here, a new category of shapeable, self-healing gels, "salogels", is introduced. The salogels reversibly disassemble in a high-salinity environment of a fluid inorganic PCM [lithium nitrate trihydrate (LNH)], at a preprogrammed temperature. LNH was employed as a high latent heat PCM and simultaneously as a solvent, which supported the formation of a network of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) chains via physical cross-linking through poly(amidoamine) dendrimers of various generations. The existence of hydrogen bonding and the importance of low-hydration state of PVA for the efficient gelation were experimentally confirmed. The thermal behavior of PCM salogels was highly reversible and repeatable during multiple heating/cooling cycles. Importantly, the gel-sol transition temperature could be precisely controlled within a range of temperature above LNH's melting point by the choice of dendrimer generation and their concentration. Shape stabilization and self-healing properties of the salogels, taken together with tunability of their temperature-induced fluidization make these materials attractive for thermal energy storage applications that require on-demand removal and replacement of used inorganic PCM salt hydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Karimineghlani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Texas A&M University , 3003 TAMU, 209 Reed McDonald , College Station , Texas 77843-3003 , United States
| | - Anbazhagan Palanisamy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Texas A&M University , 3003 TAMU, 209 Reed McDonald , College Station , Texas 77843-3003 , United States
| | - Svetlana A Sukhishvili
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Texas A&M University , 3003 TAMU, 209 Reed McDonald , College Station , Texas 77843-3003 , United States
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22
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Paul SR, Qureshi D, Yogalakshmi Y, Nayak SK, Singh VK, Syed I, Sarkar P, Pal K. Development of Bigels Based on Stearic Acid-Rice Bran Oil Oleogels and Tamarind Gum Hydrogels for Controlled Delivery Applications. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suprio R. Paul
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela 769008 India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology; Amity University; Noida 201313 India
| | - Dilshad Qureshi
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela 769008 India
| | - Yamini Yogalakshmi
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela 769008 India
| | - Suraj K. Nayak
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela 769008 India
| | - Vinay K. Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela 769008 India
| | - Irshaan Syed
- Department of Food Process Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela 769008 India
| | - Preetam Sarkar
- Department of Food Process Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela 769008 India
| | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela 769008 India
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23
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Fayaz G, Goli SAH, Kadivar M, Valoppi F, Barba L, Balducci C, Conte L, Calligaris S, Nicoli MC. Pomegranate seed oil organogels structured by propolis wax, beeswax, and their mixture. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goly Fayaz
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan Iran
| | - Sayed Amir Hossein Goli
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan Iran
| | - Mahdi Kadivar
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan Iran
| | - Fabio Valoppi
- Istituto di Cristallografia; ConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche; Trieste Italy
| | - Luisa Barba
- Istituto di Cristallografia; ConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche; Trieste Italy
| | | | - Lanfranco Conte
- Dipartimento di ScienzeAgroalimentari; Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine; Udine Italy
| | - Sonia Calligaris
- Dipartimento di ScienzeAgroalimentari; Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine; Udine Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Nicoli
- Dipartimento di ScienzeAgroalimentari; Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine; Udine Italy
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24
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Obeng M, Milani AH, Musa MS, Cui Z, Fielding LA, Farrand L, Goulding M, Saunders BR. Self-assembly of poly(lauryl methacrylate)-b-poly(benzyl methacrylate) nano-objects synthesised by ATRP and their temperature-responsive dispersion properties. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2228-2238. [PMID: 28252143 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02656g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembling poly(lauryl methacrylate)-b-poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PLMAx-PBzMAy) diblock copolymers were synthesised for the first time using solution atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP). The PLMA degree of polymerisation (x) was fixed at 14 and the PBzMA degree of polymerisation (y) was varied from 34 to 74. Post-polymerisation transfer of this new series of diblock copolymers from chloroform into n-dodecane (a poor solvent for PBzMA) resulted in self-assembly of polymeric nano-objects. The morphologies for the latter (spheres, worms and vesicles) were controlled by y. The observed morphologies generally agreed with those reported for related PLMAx-PBzMAy diblock copolymers (x ≥ 16) prepared by polymerisation induced self-assembly (PISA) via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerisation (Fielding et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 136, 5790). However, a number of differences were observed such as de-gelation behaviour and the phase boundary positions compared to those expected from Fielding et al. Variable-temperature dynamic light scattering studies for the PLMA14-PBzMA34 spheres revealed that the aggregation number was unaffected by a temperature increase over the range of 20-90 °C, which differed markedly from the behaviour observed for PLMA14-PBzMA64 worms. This difference is a new observation with mechanistic importance for the worm-to-sphere breakdown mechanism. We show that concentrated PLMA14-PBzMAy dispersions (20% w/w) in n-dodecane can be prepared using post-polymerisation transfer. The dispersion with a mixed spherical and worm-like copolymer phase exhibited reversible de-gelation when heated. Surprisingly, the dispersions containing only the worm phase remained as gels (which were white) at temperatures up to 90 °C. Our new ATRP approach for preparing temperature-responsive non-aqueous nano-object dispersions presented here decoupled chain growth and self-assembly and will apply to other copolymer dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Obeng
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Amir H Milani
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Muhamad S Musa
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Zhengxing Cui
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Lee A Fielding
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Louise Farrand
- Merck Chemicals Ltd, Chilworth Technical Centre, University Parkway, Southampton, SO16 7QD, UK
| | - Mark Goulding
- Merck Chemicals Ltd, Chilworth Technical Centre, University Parkway, Southampton, SO16 7QD, UK
| | - Brian R Saunders
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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25
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Salazar-Bautista SC, Chebil A, Pickaert G, Gaucher C, Jamart-Gregoire B, Durand A, Leonard M. Encapsulation and release of hydrophobic molecules from particles of gelled triglyceride with aminoacid-based low-molecular weight gelators. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Fayaz G, Goli SAH, Kadivar M. A Novel Propolis Wax-Based Organogel: Effect of Oil Type on Its Formation, Crystal Structure and Thermal Properties. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-016-2915-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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O'Sullivan CM, Barbut S, Marangoni AG. Edible oleogels for the oral delivery of lipid soluble molecules: Composition and structural design considerations. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Natural gum modified emulsion gel as single carrier for the oral delivery of probiotic-drug combination. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:504-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Physical characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of glycerol monolaurate organogels. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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30
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Burkhardt M, Noirez L, Gradzielski M. Organogels based on 12-hydroxy stearic acid as a leitmotif: Dependence of gelation properties on chemical modifications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 466:369-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Yu Z, Lv L, Ma Y, Di H, He Y. Covalent modification of graphene oxide by metronidazole for reinforced anti-corrosion properties of epoxy coatings. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23595b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports a promising application of metronidazole (MET) modified graphene oxide (GO) composites (GME) for the corrosion protection of steel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongxue Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Liang Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yu Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Haihui Di
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yi He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu
- China
- State Key Lab of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation
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32
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Mallick SP, Sagiri SS, Singh VK, Behera B, Thirugnanam A, Pradhan DK, Bhattacharya MK, Pal K. Genipin-Crosslinked Gelatin-Based Emulgels: an Insight into the Thermal, Mechanical, and Electrical Studies. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:1254-62. [PMID: 25771735 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study discusses about the preparation and characterization (thermal, mechanical, and electrical) of the genipin-crosslinked gelatin emulgels. Emulgels have gained importance in recent years due to their improved stability than emulsions and ability to control the drug release. Mustard oil was used as the representative oil. A decrease in the enthalpy and entropy of the formulations was observed with the increase in the oil fraction. The mechanical studies suggested formation of softer emulgels as the oil fraction was increased. As the proportion of the oil fraction was increased in the emulgels, there was a corresponding increase in the impedance. The drug release properties from the emulgels were also studied. Ciprofloxacin was used as the model antimicrobial drug. The drug release was higher from the emulgels whose electrical conductivity was higher.
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33
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Xu J, Chen D, Ke Y, Yang L, Bai X, Zhang G, Zeng Z, Gao W, Gong D. Synthesis and characterization of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide nanocomposite weak gels with high molecular weights. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingshui Xu
- Quangang Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology; Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou 362807 China
| | - Denglong Chen
- Quangang Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology; Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou 362807 China
| | - Yangchuan Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing; College of Science; China University of Petroleum; Beijing 102249 China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing; College of Science; China University of Petroleum; Beijing 102249 China
| | - Xin Bai
- Quangang Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology; Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou 362807 China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing; College of Science; China University of Petroleum; Beijing 102249 China
| | - Zheling Zeng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330047 China
| | - Wenshuai Gao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330047 China
| | - Deming Gong
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand
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34
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Singh VK, Pramanik K, Ray SS, Pal K. Development and characterization of sorbitan monostearate and sesame oil-based organogels for topical delivery of antimicrobials. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:293-305. [PMID: 25277240 PMCID: PMC4370955 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study explains the development of sorbitan monostearate and sesame oil-based organogels for topical drug delivery. The organogels were prepared by dissolving sorbitan monostearate in sesame oil (70°C). Metronidazole was used as a model antimicrobial. The formulations were characterized using phase contrast microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, viscosity, mechanical test, and differential scanning calorimetry. Phase contrast microscopy showed the presence of needle-shaped crystals in the organogel matrix. The length of the crystals increased with the increase in the sorbitan monostearate concentration. XRD studies confirmed the amorphous nature of the organogels. Viscosity study demonstrated shear thinning behavior of the organogels. The viscosity and the mechanical properties of the organogels increased linearly with the increase in the sorbitan monostearate concentration. Stress relaxation study confirmed the viscoelastic nature of the organogels. The organogels were biocompatible. Metronidazole-loaded organogels were examined for their controlled release applications. The release of the drug followed zero-order release kinetics. The drug-loaded organogels showed almost similar antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli when compared to the commercially available Metrogyl® gel. In gist, it can be proposed that the developed organogels had sufficient properties to be used for controlled delivery of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay K. Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008 India
| | - Krishna Pramanik
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008 India
| | - Sirsendu S. Ray
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008 India
| | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008 India
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35
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Sagiri S, Singh VK, Pal K, Banerjee I, Basak P. Stearic acid based oleogels: A study on the molecular, thermal and mechanical properties. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 48:688-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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36
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Singh VK, Behera B, Pramanik K, Pal K. Ultrasonication-Assisted Preparation and Characterization of Emulsions and Emulsion Gels for Topical Drug Delivery. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1035-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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Sagiri SS, Singh VK, Kulanthaivel S, Banerjee I, Basak P, Battachrya M, Pal K. Stearate organogel–gelatin hydrogel based bigels: Physicochemical, thermal, mechanical characterizations and in vitro drug delivery applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 43:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Singh VK, Pandey PM, Agarwal T, Kumar D, Banerjee I, Anis A, Pal K. Development of soy lecithin based novel self-assembled emulsion hydrogels. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 55:250-263. [PMID: 26594784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study reports the development and characterization of soy lecithin based novel self-assembled emulsion hydrogels. Sesame oil was used as the representative oil phase. Emulsion gels were formed when the concentration of soy lecithin was >40% w/w. Metronidazole was used as the model drug for the drug release and the antimicrobial tests. Microscopic study showed the apolar dispersed phase in an aqueous continuum phase, suggesting the formation of emulsion hydrogels. FTIR study indicated the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding, whereas, the XRD study indicated predominantly amorphous nature of the emulsion gels. Composition dependent mechanical and drug release properties of the emulsion gels were observed. In-depth analyses of the mechanical studies were done using Ostwald-de Waele power-law, Kohlrausch and Weichert models, whereas, the drug release profiles were modeled using Korsmeyer-Peppas and Peppas-Sahlin models. The mechanical analyses indicated viscoelastic nature of the emulsion gels. The release of the drug from the emulsion gels was diffusion mediated. The drug loaded emulsion gels showed good antimicrobial activity. The biocompatibility test using HaCaT cells (human keratinocytes) suggested biocompatibility of the emulsion gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay K Singh
- Formulation Research and Development, Aristo Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., Mandideep 462046, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Preeti M Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, India
| | - Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, India
| | - Dilip Kumar
- Formulation Research and Development, Aristo Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., Mandideep 462046, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Indranil Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, India
| | - Arfat Anis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, India.
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Wakhet S, Singh VK, Sahoo S, Sagiri SS, Kulanthaivel S, Bhattacharya MK, Kumar N, Banerjee I, Pal K. Characterization of gelatin-agar based phase separated hydrogel, emulgel and bigel: a comparative study. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:118. [PMID: 25672596 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The current study describes the in-depth characterization of agar-gelatin based co-hydrogels, emulgels and bigels to have an insight about the differences in the properties of the formulations. Hydrogels have been extensively studied as vehicle for controlled drug release, whereas, the concept of emulgels and bigels is relatively new. The formulations were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD and mechanical properties. The biocompatibility and the ability of the formulations to be used as drug delivery vehicle were also studied. The scanning electron micrographs suggested the presence of internal phases within the agar-gelatin composite matrices of co-hydrogel, emulgel and bigel. FTIR and XRD studies suggested higher crystallinity of emulgels and bigels. Electrical impedance and mechanical stability of the emulgel and the bigel was higher than the hydrogel. The prepared formulations were found to be biocompatible and suitable for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senggam Wakhet
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
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Singh VK, Sagiri SS, Khade SM, Bhattacharya MK, Pal K. Development and characterization of gelatin-polysaccharide based phase-separated hydrogels for prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela -769008 Odisha India
| | - Sai Sateesh Sagiri
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela -769008 Odisha India
| | - Shankar Mukund Khade
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela -769008 Odisha India
| | | | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela -769008 Odisha India
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Satapathy S, Singh VK, Sagiri SS, Agarwal T, Banerjee I, Bhattacharya MK, Kumar N, Pal K. Development and characterization of gelatin-based hydrogels, emulsion hydrogels, and bigels: A comparative study. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sitipragyan Satapathy
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela India
| | - Vinay K. Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela India
| | - Sai Sateesh Sagiri
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela India
| | - Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela India
| | - Indranil Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela India
| | | | - Naresh Kumar
- Scientific and Digital Systems; IDA House New Delhi India
| | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela India
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Singh VK, Banerjee I, Agarwal T, Pramanik K, Bhattacharya MK, Pal K. Guar gum and sesame oil based novel bigels for controlled drug delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 123:582-92. [PMID: 25444661 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bigels are novel semi-solid formulations which have been drawing attention of many research scientists due to their numerous advantages over the conventional gels. The objective of this study was to develop and characterize novel bigels by mixing guar gum hydrogel and sorbitan monostearate-sesame oil based organogel for controlled drug delivery applications. The confocal microscopy suggested the existence of both aqueous and oil phases together as bigel. Micro-scale deformation (viscometric) analysis in conjugation with macro-scale deformation studies suggested shear-thinning and viscoelastic nature of the bigels. Thermal study suggested an increase in thermal stability with the increase in organogel proportion in the bigels. The developed bigels were biocompatible in nature. The in vitro drug release study showed that the release of ciprofloxacin (lipophilic drug) increased with a decrease in the organogel content. Further analysis showed that the drug release from all the bigels followed zero order diffusion kinetics which is desirable for a controlled release system. The drug loaded gels showed good antimicrobial efficiency against Bacillus subtilis. In conclusion, the developed bigels may be tried as matrices for topical drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay K Singh
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Indranil Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Krishna Pramanik
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | | | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
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Sagiri SS, Kumar U, Champaty B, Singh VK, Pal K. Thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of tween 80/span 80-based organogels and its application in iontophoretic drug delivery. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sai S. Sagiri
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela- 769008 Odisha India
| | - Uttam Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela- 769008 Odisha India
| | - Biswajeet Champaty
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela- 769008 Odisha India
| | - Vinay K Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela- 769008 Odisha India
| | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela- 769008 Odisha India
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Singh VK, Anis A, Banerjee I, Pramanik K, Bhattacharya MK, Pal K. Preparation and characterization of novel carbopol based bigels for topical delivery of metronidazole for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 44:151-8. [PMID: 25280691 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current study reports the development of bigels using sorbitan monostearate-sesame oil organogel and carbopol 934 hydrogel. The microstructures and physicochemical properties were investigated by microscopy, viscosity measurement, mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed the formation of oil-in-water type of emulsion gel. There was an increase in the strength of the bigels as the proportion of the organogel was increased in the bigels. The developed bigels showed shear-thinning flow behavior. The stress relaxation study suggested viscoelastic nature of the bigels. The developed bigels were biocompatible. Metronidazole, drug of choice for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, loaded bigels showed diffusion-mediated drug release. The drug loaded gels showed good antimicrobial efficiency against Escherichia coli. In gist, the developed bigels may be used as delivery vehicles for the vaginal delivery of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay K Singh
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769008, Odisha, India
| | - Arfat Anis
- SABIC Polymer Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh-11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Indranil Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769008, Odisha, India
| | - Krishna Pramanik
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769008, Odisha, India
| | - Mrinal K Bhattacharya
- Department of Botany and Biotechnology, Karimganj College, Karimganj-788710, Assam, India
| | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769008, Odisha, India.
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Singh VK, Ramesh S, Pal K, Anis A, Pradhan DK, Pramanik K. Olive oil based novel thermo-reversible emulsion hydrogels for controlled delivery applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:703-721. [PMID: 24327110 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-5112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gels have been considered as a popular mode of delivering medicament for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (e.g. human immunodeficiency virus, bacterial vaginosis, epididymitis, human papillomavirus infection and condylomata acuminata etc.). The present study discusses the development of novel olive oil based emulsion hydrogels (EHs) using sorbitan monopalmitate as the structuring agent. The developed EHs may be tried as drug delivery vehicle for the treatment of STDs. The formation of EHs was confirmed by fluorescence and confocal microscopy. FTIR studies suggested intermolecular hydrogen bonding amongst the components of the EHs. X-ray diffraction study suggested the amorphous nature of the EHs. The developed EHs have shown non-Newtonian flow behavior. The EHs were found to be biocompatible. The formulations were able to effectively deliver two model antimicrobial drugs (e.g. ciprofloxacin and metronidazole), commonly used in the treatment of the STDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay K Singh
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India,
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Singh VK, Sagiri SS, Pal K, Khade SM, Pradhan DK, Bhattacharya MK. Gelatin-carbohydrate phase-separated hydrogels as bioactive carriers in vaginal delivery: Preparation and physical characterizations. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela 769008 Odisha India
| | - Sai Sateesh Sagiri
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela 769008 Odisha India
| | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela 769008 Odisha India
| | - Shankar M. Khade
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela 769008 Odisha India
| | - Dillip K. Pradhan
- Department of Physics; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela 769008 Odisha India
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Khade SM, Behera B, Sagiri SS, Singh VK, Thirugnanam A, Pal K, Ray SS, Pradhan DK, Bhattacharya MK. Gelatin–PEG based metronidazole-loaded vaginal delivery systems: preparation, characterization and in vitro antimicrobial efficiency. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-013-0213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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