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Yao J, Wang Z, Yang J, Wang X, Yang J. Interfacial Enhancement and Composite Manufacturing of Continuous Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced PA6T Composites via PrePA6T Ultrafine Powder. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1557. [PMID: 38612072 PMCID: PMC11012839 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Semi-aromatic poly (hexamethylene terephthalamide) (PA6T) oligomer (prePA6T) ultrafine powder, with a diameter of <5 μm, was prepared as an emulsion sizing agent to improve the impregnation performance of CF/PA6T composites. The prePA6T hyperfine powder was acquired via the dissolution and precipitation "phase conversion" method, and the prePA6T emulsion sizing agent was acquired to continuously coat the CF bundle. The sized CF unidirectional tape was knitted into a fabric using the plain weave method, while the CF/PA6T laminated composites were obtained by laminating the plain weave fabrics with PA6T films. The interfacial shear strength (IFSS), tensile strength (TS), and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of prePA6T-modified CF/PA6T composites improved by 54.9%, 125.3%, and 120.9%, respectively. Compared with the commercial polyamide sizing agent product PA845H, the prePA6T sizing agent showed better interfacial properties at elevated temperatures, especially no TS loss at 75 °C. The SEM observations also indicated that the prePA6T emulsion has an excellent impregnation effect on CF, and the fracture mechanism shifted from adhesive failure mode to cohesive failure mode. In summary, a facile, heat-resistant, undamaged-to-fiber environmental coating process is proposed to continuously manufacture high-performance thermoplastic composites, which is quite promising in mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Yao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (J.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhao Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (J.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jiacao Yang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China;
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China;
| | - Jie Yang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Bridson JH, Abbel R, Smith DA, Northcott GL, Gaw S. Impact of accelerated weathering on the leaching kinetics of stabiliser additives from microplastics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132303. [PMID: 37595471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The release of additives from microplastics is known to harm organisms. In the environment, microplastics are exposed to weathering processes which are suspected to influence additive leaching kinetics, the extent and mechanism of which remain poorly understood. We examined the impact of weathering on stabiliser additive leaching kinetics using environmentally relevant accelerated weathering and leaching procedures. Nine binary polymer-additive formulations were specifically prepared, weathered, analysed, and evaluated for their leaching characteristics. Cumulative additive release (Ce) varied widely between formulations, ranging from 0.009 to 1162 µg/g. Values of Ce generally increased by polymer type in the order polyethylene terephthalate < polyamide 6 < polyethylene. The change in leaching kinetics after accelerated weathering was incongruous across the nine formulations, with a significant change in Ce only observed for three out of nine formulations. Physicochemical characterisation of the microplastics demonstrated that additive blooming was the primary mechanism influencing the leaching response to weathering. These findings highlight the dependency of additive fate on the polymer type, additive chemistry, and the extent of weathering exposure. This has significant implications for risk assessment and mitigation, where the general assumption that polymer weathering increases additive leaching may be too simplistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Bridson
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand; School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Robert Abbel
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Dawn A Smith
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Grant L Northcott
- Northcott Research Consultants Limited, 20 River Oaks Place, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Sally Gaw
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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Development of PA6/GF Long-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites Using Pultrusion and Direct Extrusion Manufacturing Processes. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12104838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of polyamide 6 glass fiber (PA6/GF) long-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (LFT) composites were characterized by studying the process conditions in terms of manufacturing methods (direct extrusion and pultrusion) and material characteristics (void content and fiber volume fraction). The LFT composites prepared through the pultrusion process have higher mechanical properties than those prepared via the direct extrusion process. The PA6/GF composite prepared via pultrusion had the tensile and flexural strengths of 233 MPa and 338 MPa, respectively. The impact strength measured using the Izod method was 296 J/m, which is 64% higher than that of the composite fabricated via the direct process. The optical microscope images showed that the glass fiber length of the pultruded composites is longer than the fiber length of the direct composites, leading to higher mechanical properties of the LFT composites prepared through the pultrusion process. Moreover, the interfacial shear strength between the resin and the fiber, measured via single fiber pullout tests, can account for the higher fiber reinforcing efficiency. If the void content of a composite is sufficiently small to not be detrimental to the composites, the mechanical properties are observed to be proportional to the fiber volume fraction of the composites.
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Anstey A, Codou A, Misra M, Mohanty AK. Novel Compatibilized Nylon-Based Ternary Blends with Polypropylene and Poly(lactic acid): Fractionated Crystallization Phenomena and Mechanical Performance. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2845-2854. [PMID: 31458559 PMCID: PMC6641394 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an investigation into the behavior and performance of blends of Nylon 6 (PA6), polypropylene (PP), and poly(lactic acid) (PLA), compatibilized with maleic anhydride-grafted PP (PP-g-MA). The mechanical performance of ternary PA6/PP/PLA blends was superior to that of binary PA6/PP blends because of the addition of PLA. Through blending with PLA, the tensile and flexural strength and modulus were enhanced, maintaining performance similar to that of neat PA6. Tensile performance was further enhanced through reactive compatibilization of the blends with PP-g-MA due to the improved homogeneity of the materials. Impact behavior of the blends was found to be highly dependent on morphology, and the toughening behavior was observed at certain blending ratios. In PA6/PP blends, fractionated crystallization behavior was investigated through differential scanning calorimetry, in which both PA6 and PP droplets were crystallized at supercooled states. This effect was highly influenced by the presence of the compatibilizing agent and its effect on the morphology of the dispersed phase. As the droplet size of the dispersed phase was decreased to submicron levels, the efficiency of heterogeneous nucleation was limited. Crystallization of PLA in the blend was poor, but PP-g-MA was found to have an impact on its rate of crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Anstey
- Bioproducts
Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Crop Science Building, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amandine Codou
- Bioproducts
Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Crop Science Building, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Manjusri Misra
- Bioproducts
Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Crop Science Building, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
- School
of Engineering, University of Guelph, Thornbrough Building, 50 Stone Road
East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
- E-mail: (M.M.)
| | - Amar K. Mohanty
- Bioproducts
Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Crop Science Building, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
- School
of Engineering, University of Guelph, Thornbrough Building, 50 Stone Road
East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
- E-mail: (A.K.M.)
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Boonkongkaew M, Hornsby P, Sirisinha K. Structural effect of secondary antioxidants on mechanical properties and stabilization efficiency of polyamide 6/halloysite nanotube composites during heat ageing. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marnviga Boonkongkaew
- Faculty of Science; Department of Chemistry, Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Peter Hornsby
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter EX4 4QF United Kingdom
| | - Kalyanee Sirisinha
- Faculty of Science; Department of Chemistry, Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
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Zhang D, He M, He W, Zhou Y, Qin S, Yu J. Influence of Thermo-Oxidative Ageing on the Thermal and Dynamical Mechanical Properties of Long Glass Fibre-Reinforced Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) Composites Filled with DOPO. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10050500. [PMID: 28772860 PMCID: PMC5459083 DOI: 10.3390/ma10050500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the long glass fibre-reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) composites filled with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) were prepared by melt blending, and the influence of thermo-oxidative ageing on the static and dynamic mechanical properties, thermal behaviours and morphology of composites with different ageing time at 120 °C were investigated and analysed. The results showed that the mechanical properties decreased in the primary stage of ageing, while embrittlement occurs in the later period, and the crystallinity of PBT decreases first, and then recovers to some extent. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photos of the samples indicated that the obvious crack appeared on the sample surface and a deeper, broader crack occurred with a longer ageing time. The results of energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) proved the DOPO filler diffused to the sample surface by measuring the content of phosphorus. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) curves showed that the thermal stabilities of composites increased with longer ageing time, as did the values of the limited oxygen index (LOI). Meanwhile, the results of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) indicated that the glass transition temperature shifted to a higher temperature after ageing due to the effect of crosslinking, and both the crosslinking and degradation of PBT molecular chains act as the main factors in the whole process of thermo-oxidative ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohai Zhang
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Min He
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Weidi He
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Ying Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Shuhao Qin
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials, Guiyang 550014, China.
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