1
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Gall M, Mileva D, Stockreiter W, Salles C, Gahleitner M. Comparing End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) and Packaging-Based Recyclates as Components in Polypropylene-Based Compounds for Automotive Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1927. [PMID: 39000782 PMCID: PMC11243903 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing recycled plastic content in cars to 25% by 2030 is one of the key measures for decarbonizing the automotive industry defined by the European Commission. This should include the recovery of plastics from end-of-life vehicles (ELVs), but such materials are hardly used in compounds today. To close the knowledge gap, two ELV recyclate grades largely based on bumper recycling were analyzed in comparison to a packaging-based post-consumer recyclate (PCR). The composition data were used to design polypropylene (PP) compounds for automotive applications with virgin base material and mineral reinforcement, which were characterized in relation to a commercial virgin-based compound. A compound with a 40 wt.-% ELV-based bumper recyclate can exceed one with just a 25 wt.-% packaging-based recyclate in terms of stiffness/impact balance. While the virgin reference can nearly be matched regarding mechanics, the flowability is not reached by any of the PCR compounds, making further development work necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gall
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, St Peterstr. 25, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Daniela Mileva
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, St Peterstr. 25, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Stockreiter
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, St Peterstr. 25, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | | | - Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, St Peterstr. 25, 4021 Linz, Austria
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2
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Wu Y, Dorresteijn JM, Weckhuysen BM. Ethylene Polymerization over Metal-Organic Framework-Supported Zirconocene Complexes. ACS Catal 2024; 14:9093-9103. [PMID: 38868100 PMCID: PMC11165446 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Metallocene immobilization onto a solid support helps to overcome the drawbacks of homogeneous metallocene complexes in the catalytic olefin polymerization. In this study, valuable insights have been obtained into the effects of pore size, linker composition, and surface groups of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) on their role as support materials for metallocene-based ethylene polymerization catalysis. Three distinct Zn-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), namely, MOF-5, IRMOF-3, and ZIF-8, with different linkers have been activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO) and zirconocene complexes, followed by materials characterization and testing for ethylene polymerization. Characterization has been performed by multiple analytical tools, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and CO Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. It was found that the interactions between MOFs, MAO, and the zirconocene complex not only lead to both catalyst activation and deactivation but also result in the creation of multiple active sites. By alteration of the MOF support, it is possible to obtain polyethylene with different properties. Notably, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE, M W = 5.34 × 106) was obtained using IRMOF-3 as support. This study reveals the potential of MOF materials as tunable porous supports for metallocene catalysts active in ethylene polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Wu
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular
Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Hydrogen
Energy Utilization and Energy Storage Technology Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, P. R. China
| | - Joren M. Dorresteijn
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular
Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular
Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Gahleitner M, Pham T, Machl D. Polyolefin Blends with Selectively Crosslinked Disperse Phase Based on Silane-Modified Polyethylene. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4692. [PMID: 38139944 PMCID: PMC10748296 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene-based multiphase compositions with a disperse elastomer phase provide superior impact strength. Making this property indifferent to processing steps requires stabilization of the morphology of these materials. Various approaches have been tested over time, each of which shows limitations in terms of performance or applicability. Using polyethylene (PE) homo- and copolymers capable of silane-based crosslinking as modifiers was explored in the present study, which allows decoupling of the mixing and crosslinking processes. Commercial silane-copolymerized low-density PE (LD-PEX) from a high-pressure process and silane-grafted high-density PE (HD-PEX) were studied as impact modifiers for different types of PP copolymers, including non-modified reference PE grades, LDPE and HDPE. Blends based on ethylene-propylene random copolymers (PPR) and based on impact- (PPI) and random-impact (PPRI) copolymers show improvements of the stiffness-impact balance; however, to different degrees. While the absolute softest and most ductile compositions are achieved with the already soft PPRI copolymer base, the strongest relative effects are found for the PPR based blends. Modifiers with lower density are clearly superior in the toughening effect, with the LD-PEX including acrylate as second comonomer sticking out due to its glass transition around -40 °C. The impact strength improvement found in most compositions (except at very high content) results, however, not from the expected phase stabilization. For comparable systems, particle sizes are normally higher with crosslinking, probably because the process already starts during mixing. Thermoplastic processability could be retained in all cases, but the drop in melt flow rate limits the practical applicability of such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, St. Peterstr. 25, 4021 Linz, Austria;
| | - Tung Pham
- Research Institute of Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics, University of Innsbruck, Hoechsterstrasse 73, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria;
| | - Doris Machl
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, St. Peterstr. 25, 4021 Linz, Austria;
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4
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Murariu M, Laoutid F, Paint Y, Murariu O, Raquez JM, Dubois P. Balancing the Strength-Impact Relationship and Other Key Properties in Polypropylene Copolymer-Natural CaSO 4 (Anhydrite)-Filled Composites. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12659. [PMID: 37628840 PMCID: PMC10454880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop novel mineral-filled composites and assess their enhanced properties (stiffness, a good balance between mechanical strength and impact resistance, greater temperature stability), a high-impact polypropylene copolymer (PPc) matrix containing an elastomeric discrete phase was melt mixed with natural CaSO4 β-anhydrite II (AII) produced from gypsum rocks. First, in a prior investigation, the PPc composites filled with AII (without any modification) displayed enhanced stiffness, which is correlated with the relative content of the filler. The tensile and impact strengths dramatically decreased, especially at high filling (40 wt.%). Therefore, two key methods were considered to tune up their properties: (a) the ionomeric modification of PPc composites by reactive extrusion (REx) with zinc diacrylate (ZA), and (b) the melt mixing of PPc with AII surface modified with ethylenebis(stearamide) (EBS), which is a multifunctional processing/dispersant additive. The properties of composites produced with twin-screw extruders (TSEs) were deeply assessed in terms of morphology, mechanical, and thermal performance, including characterizations under dynamic mechanical solicitations at low and high temperatures. Two categories of products with distinct properties are obtained. The ionomeric modification by Rex (evaluated by FTIR) led to composites characterized by remarkable thermal stability, a higher temperature of crystallization, stronger interfacial interactions, and therefore noticeable mechanical properties (high tensile strength (i.e., 28 MPa), increased stiffness, moderate (3.3 kJ/m2) to good (5.0 kJ/m2) impact resistance) as well as advanced heat deflection temperature (HDT). On the other hand, the surface modification of AII with EBS facilitated the dispersion and debonding of microparticles, leading to composites revealing improved ductility (strain at break from 50% to 260%) and enhanced impact properties (4.3-5.3 kJ/m2), even at high filling. Characterized by notable mechanical and thermal performances, high whiteness, and a good processing ability, these new PPc-AII composites may be tailored to meet the requirements of end-use applications, ranging from packaging to automotive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Murariu
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Materia Nova Materials R&D Center & UMONS Innovation Center, 3 Avenue Copernic, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (F.L.); (Y.P.); (O.M.)
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
| | - Fouad Laoutid
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Materia Nova Materials R&D Center & UMONS Innovation Center, 3 Avenue Copernic, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (F.L.); (Y.P.); (O.M.)
| | - Yoann Paint
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Materia Nova Materials R&D Center & UMONS Innovation Center, 3 Avenue Copernic, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (F.L.); (Y.P.); (O.M.)
| | - Oltea Murariu
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Materia Nova Materials R&D Center & UMONS Innovation Center, 3 Avenue Copernic, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (F.L.); (Y.P.); (O.M.)
| | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Materia Nova Materials R&D Center & UMONS Innovation Center, 3 Avenue Copernic, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (F.L.); (Y.P.); (O.M.)
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
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5
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Polymerization in the Borstar Polypropylene Hybrid Process: Combining Technology and Catalyst for Optimized Product Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214763. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Producing isotactic polypropylene (iPP) homo- and copolymers in a wide composition and property range according to customer demand requires perfect alignment between the process technology, catalyst system and polymer structure. The present review shows this for the Borstar® PP process, a hybrid process employing liquid bulk and gas phase stages, in an exemplary way. It starts with the process design and continues through two generations of Ziegler–Natta catalyst development history to the design of advanced multimodal random and multiphase copolymers. Essential elements of each of the three areas contributing to performance range are highlighted, and an outlook to future development is given.
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6
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Tsou CH, Zeng R, Tsou CY, Chen JC, Sun YL, Ma ZL, De Guzman MR, Tu LJ, Tian XY, Wu CS. Mechanical, Hydrophobic, and Barrier Properties of Nanocomposites of Modified Polypropylene Reinforced with Low-Content Attapulgite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173696. [PMID: 36080772 PMCID: PMC9459951 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Attapulgite (ATT) has never been used as a barrier additive in polypropylene (PP). As a filler, ATT should be added in high content to PP. However, that would result in increased costs. Moreover, the compatibility between ATT and the PP matrix is poor due to the lack of functional groups in PP. In this study, carboxylic groups were introduced to PP to form a modified polypropylene (MPP). ATT was purified, and a low content of it was added to MPP to prepare MPP/ATT nanocomposites. The analysis from FTIR indicated that ATT could react with MPP. According to the results of oxygen and water permeability tests, the barrier performance of the nanocomposite was optimal when the ATT content was 0.4%. This great improvement in barrier performance might be ascribed to the following three reasons: (1) The existence of ATT extended the penetration path of O2 or H2O molecules; (2) O2 or H2O molecules may be adsorbed and stored in the porous structure of ATT; (3) Most importantly, –COOH of MPP reacted with –OH on the surface of ATT, thereby the inner structure of the nanocomposite was denser, and it was less permeable to molecules. Therefore, nanocomposites prepared by adding ATT to MPP have excellent properties and low cost. They can be used as food packaging materials and for other related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hui Tsou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Sichuan Zhixiangyi Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610051, China
- Correspondence: (C.-H.T.); (C.-S.W.)
| | - Rui Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Chih-Yuan Tsou
- Sichuan Zhixiangyi Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610051, China
- Sichuan Zhirenfa Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zigong 643000, China
| | - Jui-Chin Chen
- Department of Material and Textile, Asia Eastern University of Science and Technology, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Li Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Zheng-Lu Ma
- Sichuan Vocational College of Chemical Technology, Luzhou 646300, China
| | - Manuel Reyes De Guzman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Lian-Jie Tu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Tian
- Department of Material and Textile, Asia Eastern University of Science and Technology, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
| | - Chin-San Wu
- Department of Applied Cosmetology, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung 82101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.T.); (C.-S.W.)
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7
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Fan Z, Yu Z, Steuernagel L, Fischlschweiger M. Thermomechanical degradation of polypropylene – polystyrene blends during extrusion‐based melt blending – A first survey of shear‐induced molecular architecture changes. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zengxuan Fan
- Chair of Technical Thermodynamics and Energy Efficient Material Treatment Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Fuel Technology Clausthal University of Technology Agricolastraße 4 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Zhou Yu
- Chair of Technical Thermodynamics and Energy Efficient Material Treatment Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Fuel Technology Clausthal University of Technology Agricolastraße 4 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Leif Steuernagel
- Institute of Polymer Materials and Plastics Engineering Clausthal University of Technology Agricolastraße 6 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Michael Fischlschweiger
- Chair of Technical Thermodynamics and Energy Efficient Material Treatment Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Fuel Technology Clausthal University of Technology Agricolastraße 4 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
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8
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Jiang C, Yang Y, Jiang B, Sun J, Huang Z, Liao Z, Wang J, Yang Y. Reducing the Surface Stickiness of Multiphase Polypropylene Particles: An Environmentally Friendly and Scalable Method. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jiang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yao Yang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Binbo Jiang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jingyuan Sun
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhengliang Huang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zuwei Liao
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jingdai Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yongrong Yang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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9
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Doan TTL, Müller MT, Nguyen HM. Effects of different polyolefin copolymers on properties of melt mixed polypropylene blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thu Loan Doan
- The University of Danang ‐ University of Science and Technology Da Nang Vietnam
| | | | - Hoang M. Nguyen
- The University of Danang ‐ University of Science and Technology Da Nang Vietnam
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10
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Zhang Z, Yang K, Li J, Jing Z, Qin Y, Dong JY. Impact polypropylene copolymers containing multifold H-shape long-chain-branching structures: Synthesis and properties. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Brant P, Brown GM, Narvaez A. Impact of order of catalytic ethylene and propylene polymerization on nanometer scale isotactic
polypropylene‐polyethylene
blend morphology in nascent heterophasic granules revealed by low voltage scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Brant
- Global Product Fundamentals Department ExxonMobil Chemical Company Baytown Texas USA
| | - Gary M. Brown
- Global Advanced Characterization Department ExxonMobil Chemical Company Baytown Texas USA
| | - Andrew Narvaez
- Global Product Fundamentals Department ExxonMobil Chemical Company Baytown Texas USA
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12
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Girginer Ozunlu B, Guner FS. An Industrial Case for Polypropylene Nanocomposite Foams: Lightweight, Soundproof Exterior Automotive Parts. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061192. [PMID: 35335521 PMCID: PMC8950144 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lightweighting is a challenge for the automotive industry, and foaming is a key technology used to address this problem. A new practical approach is studied to regulate the cell formation of copolymer polypropylene (co-PP) by utilizing graphene nanoplatelets (xGnP) as a process aid during foam injection molding. The approach was designed to enable process freedom to tune part performance by adjusting the amount of xGnP masterbatch. Two different levels of 1–2 wt % xGnP and 0.25–0.35 wt % supercritical fluid (SCF) were investigated. Prepared samples were compared with samples prepared by the traditional method (twin-screw extrusion followed by foam injection molding). The nanocomposite with 2 wt % xGnP comparatively showed about twofold reduction in cell size magnitude. Although the increment in SCF amount resulted in a 47% and 122% enhancement in flexural modulus and strength, respectively, and a 45% loss in Izod unnotched impact strength, the cell size was prone to increasing with regard to low melt strength as compared to neat foams. In conclusion, a 12% weight reduction fulfilled the desired performance parameters in terms of mechanical and sound insulation by utilizing 2 wt % xGnP as a process aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Girginer Ozunlu
- Material Science and Engineering Department, Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34467, Turkey;
- Farplas Automotive R&D Center, Cayirova 41420, Turkey
| | - Fatma Seniha Guner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Techical University, Istanbul 34467, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-212-2852925
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13
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Mehrabi‐Mazidi M, Sharifi H. Post‐consumer recycled high density polyethylene/polypropylene blend with improved overall performance through modification by impact polypropylene copolymer: morphology, properties and fracture resistance. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Mehrabi‐Mazidi
- Advanced Polymeric Materials Department PlusPolymer (Vara Polymer Pishro) Company Ltd Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Sharifi
- Advanced Polymeric Materials Department PlusPolymer (Vara Polymer Pishro) Company Ltd Tehran Iran
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran
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14
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Paulik C, Tranninger C, Wang J, Shutov P, Mileva D, Gahleitner M. Catalyst Type Effects on Structure/Property Relations of Polypropylene Random Copolymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Paulik
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Str. 69 Linz 4040 Austria
| | - Cornelia Tranninger
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters St. Peterstr. 25 Linz 40921 Austria
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters St. Peterstr. 25 Linz 40921 Austria
| | - Pavel Shutov
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters St. Peterstr. 25 Linz 40921 Austria
| | - Daniela Mileva
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters St. Peterstr. 25 Linz 40921 Austria
| | - Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters St. Peterstr. 25 Linz 40921 Austria
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15
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Pressure- and Temperature-Dependent Crystallization Kinetics of Isotactic Polypropylene under Process Relevant Conditions. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11091138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a non-nucleated homopolymer (HP) and random copolymer (RACO), as well as a nucleated HP and heterophasic copolymer (HECO) were investigated regarding their crystallization kinetics. Using pvT-measurements and fast scanning chip calorimetry (FSC), the crystallization behavior was analyzed as a function of pressure, cooling rate and temperature. It is shown that pressure and cooling rate have an opposite influence on the crystallization temperature of the materials. Furthermore, the addition of nucleating agents to the material has a significant effect on the maximum cooling rate at which the formation of α-crystals is still possible. The non-nucleated HP and RACO materials show significant differences that can be related to the sterically hindering effect of the comonomer units of RACO on crystallization, while the nucleated materials HP and HECO show similar crystallization kinetics despite their different structures. The pressure-dependent shift factor of the crystallization temperature is independent of the material. The results contribute to the description of the relationship between the crystallization kinetics of the material and the process parameters influencing the injection-molding induced morphology. This is required to realize process control in injection molding in order to produce pre-defined morphologies and to design material properties.
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16
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Pastor-García MT, Suárez I, Expósito MT, Coto B, García-Muñoz RA. Engineered PP impact copolymers in a single reactor as efficient method for determining their structure and properties. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Mileva D, Wang J, Androsch R, Jariyavidyanont K, Gahleitner M, Bernreitner K. Crystallization of Random Metallocene-Catalyzed Propylene-Based Copolymers with Ethylene and 1-Hexene on Rapid Cooling. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2091. [PMID: 34202038 PMCID: PMC8272238 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Propylene-based random copolymers with either ethylene or 1-hexene as comonomer, produced using a metallocene catalyst, were studied regarding their crystallization behaviors, with a focus on rapid cooling. To get an impression of processing effects, fast scanning chip calorimetry (FSC) was used in addition to the characterization of the mechanical performance. When comparing the comonomer type and the relation to commercial grades based on Ziegler-Natta-type catalysts, both an interaction with the catalyst-related regio-defects and a significant difference between ethylene and 1-hexene was observed. A soluble-type nucleating agent was found to modify the behavior, but to an increasingly lesser degree at high cooling rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mileva
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (J.W.); (M.G.); (K.B.)
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (J.W.); (M.G.); (K.B.)
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-Oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany; (R.A.); (K.J.)
| | - Katalee Jariyavidyanont
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-Oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany; (R.A.); (K.J.)
| | - Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (J.W.); (M.G.); (K.B.)
| | - Klaus Bernreitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (J.W.); (M.G.); (K.B.)
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18
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Gall M, Freudenthaler PJ, Fischer J, Lang RW. Characterization of Composition and Structure-Property Relationships of Commercial Post-Consumer Polyethylene and Polypropylene Recyclates. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101574. [PMID: 34068974 PMCID: PMC8156794 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current efforts in moving closer towards a circular plastics economy puts massive pressure on recycled plastics, especially recycled polyethylene (rPE) and recycled polypropylene (rPP) to enter new markets. Their market penetration remained low so far, despite PE and PP constituting the largest share of plastic wastes. However, with the current imperative of more circularity comes a new focus on performance of recyclates. Hence, a detailed understanding of composition and structure–property relationships of post-consumer recyclates has to be developed. Five recycling companies from the Austrian and German markets were asked to supply their purest high-quality rPE and rPP grades. These were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and micro-imaging. Technological characterization included density measurements, determination of the melt flow rate (MFR), and Charpy impact testing. All recyclates contained diverse contaminants and inclusions ranging from legacy fillers like calcium carbonate to polymeric contaminants like polyamides or polyolefin cross-contamination. The overall amount, size, and distribution of contaminants varied significantly among suppliers. Furthermore, first structure–property relationships for polyolefin recyclates that link inorganic content and polymeric purity with density and impact performance could be derived.
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19
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Zhang B, Qian Q, Yang P, Jiang B, Fu Z, Fan Z. Responses of a Supported Ziegler–Natta Catalyst to Comonomer Feed Ratios in Ethylene–Propylene Copolymerization: Differentiation of Active Centers with Different Catalytic Features. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qingyun Qian
- ExxonMobil Asia Pacific Research and Development Company, Ltd., Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Pengjia Yang
- ExxonMobil Asia Pacific Research and Development Company, Ltd., Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Baiyu Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhisheng Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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20
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Jeremic L, Albrecht A, Sandholzer M, Gahleitner M. Rapid characterization of high-impact ethylene–propylene copolymer composition by crystallization extraction separation: comparability to standard separation methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2020.1821151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Matthews M, Magagula S, Reenen A. NMR Characterization of Vis‐Broken Heterophasic Ethylene−Propylene Copolymers. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.202000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Matthews
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch Central Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Sifiso Magagula
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch Central Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Albert Reenen
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch Central Stellenbosch South Africa
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22
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Mileva D, Wang J, Gahleitner M, Jariyavidyanont K, Androsch R. New Insights into Crystallization of Heterophasic Isotactic Polypropylene by Fast Scanning Chip Calorimetry. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1683. [PMID: 32731587 PMCID: PMC7465214 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystallization kinetics of metallocene-catalyzed heterophasic isotactic polypropylene composed of a matrix of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and rubbery particles made of random ethylene-propylene copolymers (EPC), often denoted as heterophasic iPP copolymers, was analyzed as a function of the cooling rate and supercooling in nonisothermal and isothermal crystallization experiments, respectively. Fast scanning chip calorimetry (FSC) allowed assessing crystallization at processing-relevant conditions, and variation of the content (0-39 wt %) and composition (0-35 wt % propylene counits) of the EPC particles revealed qualitatively new insight about mechanisms of heterogeneous crystal nucleation. For neat iPP homopolymer, the characteristic bimodal temperature dependence of the crystallization rate due to predominance of heterogeneous and homogeneous crystal nucleation at high and low temperatures, respectively, is reconfirmed. At high temperatures, in heterophasic iPP, the here studied ethylene-(C2)-rich EPC particles accelerate crystallization of the iPP-matrix, with the acceleration or nucleation efficacy correlating with the EPC-particle content. The crystallization time reduces by more than half in presence of 39 wt % EPC particles. An additional nucleating effect of the EPC particles on iPP-matrix crystallization is detected after their crystallization, suggesting that liquid/rubbery particles are less effective than solid/semicrystalline particles in affecting crystallization of the surrounding iPP-matrix. At low temperature, homogeneous crystal nucleation in the iPP-matrix outpaces all heterogeneous nucleation effects, and the matrix-crystallization rate is independent of the sample composition. The obtained results lead to the conclusion that the crystallization kinetics of iPP can be affected significantly by the content and composition of EPC particles, even towards superfast crystallizing iPP grades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mileva
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (J.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (J.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (J.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Katalee Jariyavidyanont
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany;
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany;
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23
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Pellecchia R, Shutov P, Wang J, Gahleitner M. Copolymer Structure and Performance Consequences of High‐Impact Ethylene–Propylene Copolymers Based on a Ziegler–Natta Catalyst with Novel Internal Donor. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.202000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pellecchia
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters St. Peterstrasse 25 Linz 4021 Austria
| | - Pavel Shutov
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters St. Peterstrasse 25 Linz 4021 Austria
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters St. Peterstrasse 25 Linz 4021 Austria
| | - Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH Innovation Headquarters St. Peterstrasse 25 Linz 4021 Austria
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24
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Ndiripo A, Albrecht A, Pasch H. Advanced Liquid Chromatography of Polyolefins Using Simultaneous Solvent and Temperature Gradients. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7325-7333. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, P. O. Box X1,7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Andreas Albrecht
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, St. Peter-Strasse 25, Linz 4021, Austria
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, P. O. Box X1,7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
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25
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Pastor-García MT, Suárez I, Expósito MT, Coto B, García-Muñoz RA. Influence on properties and phase structure of single gas-phase reactor made impact polypropylene copolymers. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Cancelas AJ, Yang L, Girod R, de Heer J, Kleppinger R, Delsman E, Wang J, Gahleitner M, Monteil V, McKenna TFL. The Effect of Reactor Conditions on High-Impact Polypropylene Properties and Gas Phase Polymerization Kinetics. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201700063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aarón J. Cancelas
- C2P2 - LCPP Group; UMR5265 CNRS; Université de Lyon; ESCPE Lyon; Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918 F-69616 Villeurbanne France
- Dutch Polymer Institute DPI; PO Box 902 5600 AX Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Lanti Yang
- SABIC Global Technology Center Europe; Analytical Technology; Plasticslaan 1 4612PX Bergen op Zoom The Netherlands
| | - Robin Girod
- SABIC Global Technology Center Europe; Analytical Technology; Plasticslaan 1 4612PX Bergen op Zoom The Netherlands
| | - Jos de Heer
- SABIC Global Technology Center Europe; Analytical Technology; Plasticslaan 1 4612PX Bergen op Zoom The Netherlands
| | - Ralf Kleppinger
- DSM Material Science Center (DMSC); Urmonderbaan 22 6167RD Geleen The Netherlands
| | - Erik Delsman
- SABIC Technology Center Geleen; PO Box 319 6160 AH Geleen The Netherlands
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH; Innovation Headquarters; St. Peterstr. 25 4021 Linz Austria
| | - Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH; Innovation Headquarters; St. Peterstr. 25 4021 Linz Austria
| | - Vincent Monteil
- C2P2 - LCPP Group; UMR5265 CNRS; Université de Lyon; ESCPE Lyon; Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918 F-69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Timothy F. L. McKenna
- C2P2 - LCPP Group; UMR5265 CNRS; Université de Lyon; ESCPE Lyon; Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918 F-69616 Villeurbanne France
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27
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Teng C, Peng Z, Spinella S. Crystalline Modification and Its Effects on Dielectric Breakdown Strength and Space Charge Behavior in Isotactic Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E406. [PMID: 30966441 PMCID: PMC6415251 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adding nucleating agents (NAs) is one of the most efficient ways to obtain improved mechanical, optical, and thermal properties of isotactic polypropylene (iPP). While it is well appreciated that electrical property is critically affected by crystalline modification, the role between them remains unclear. Here, we address this issue by incorporating commercial α-NA and β-NA into iPP, both of which exhibit strong nucleation ability, e.g., reducing the size of crystalline agglomerates from 45.3 μm (Pure-iPP) to 2.5 μm (α-iPP) and 7.6 μm (β-iPP), respectively. Mechanical testing results show that while β-modification decreases the tensile strength a little, it does enhance the elongation at break (200%) and toughness (25.3% higher), relative to its unfilled counterparts. Moreover, a well-dispersed β-iPP system obtains a comprehensive improvement of electrical properties, including dielectric breakdown strength, space charge suppression, and internal field distortion under a high external field (-100 kV/mm) due to newly-generated deep charge trapping sites. This crystalline modification strategy is attractive for future development of many engineering insulating polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power Systems and Generation Equipments, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power Systems and Generation Equipments, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yuanxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power Systems and Generation Equipments, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- School of Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830047, China.
| | - Chenyuan Teng
- School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Zhaowei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power Systems and Generation Equipments, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Stephen Spinella
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
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28
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Cui L, Wang P, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Chen Y, Wang L, Liu L, Guo X. Combined effect of α-nucleating agents and glass fiber reinforcement on a polypropylene composite: a balanced approach. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08322j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An approach by combining α-nucleating agents and glass fibre reinforcement for improving the comprehensive mechanical properties of polypropylene composite: a balanced approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfang Cui
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Urumqi 830011
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Penglei Wang
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Urumqi 830011
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yagang Zhang
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Urumqi 830011
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Letao Zhang
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Urumqi 830011
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yurong Chen
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Urumqi 830011
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Lulu Wang
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Urumqi 830011
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Li Liu
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Urumqi 830011
- China
| | - Xinfeng Guo
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Urumqi 830011
- China
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29
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Boyron O, Cancelas AJ, Taam M, Boisson C, McKenna T. A new straightforward method for measuring xylene soluble for high impact polypropylene. CAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.22735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boyron
- C2P2 - LCPP Group, UMR5265 CNRS, Université de Lyon; ESCPE Lyon; Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918 F-69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Aarón J. Cancelas
- C2P2 - LCPP Group, UMR5265 CNRS, Université de Lyon; ESCPE Lyon; Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918 F-69616 Villeurbanne France
- Dutch Polymer Institute DPI; PO Box 902 5600 AX Eindhoven Netherlands
| | - Manel Taam
- C2P2 - LCPP Group, UMR5265 CNRS, Université de Lyon; ESCPE Lyon; Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918 F-69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Christophe Boisson
- C2P2 - LCPP Group, UMR5265 CNRS, Université de Lyon; ESCPE Lyon; Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918 F-69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Timothy McKenna
- C2P2 - LCPP Group, UMR5265 CNRS, Université de Lyon; ESCPE Lyon; Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918 F-69616 Villeurbanne France
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30
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Mileva D, Wang J, Gahleitner M, Doshev P, Androsch R. Crystallization behaviour of heterophasic propylene-ethylene copolymer at rapid cooling conditions. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Horváth Z, Menyhárd A, Doshev P, Gahleitner M, Friel D, Varga J, Pukánszky B. Improvement of the impact strength of ethylene-propylene random copolymers by nucleation. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Horváth
- Laboratory of Plastics and Rubber Technology; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Műegyetem Rakpart 3 Budapest H-1111 Hungary
- Institute of Materials Science and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2 Budapest H-1117 Hungary
| | - Alfréd Menyhárd
- Laboratory of Plastics and Rubber Technology; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Műegyetem Rakpart 3 Budapest H-1111 Hungary
- Institute of Materials Science and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2 Budapest H-1117 Hungary
| | - Petar Doshev
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH; St.-Peter-Strasse 25 Linz a-4021 Austria
| | | | - David Friel
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH; St.-Peter-Strasse 25 Linz a-4021 Austria
| | - József Varga
- Laboratory of Plastics and Rubber Technology; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Műegyetem Rakpart 3 Budapest H-1111 Hungary
- Institute of Materials Science and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2 Budapest H-1117 Hungary
| | - Béla Pukánszky
- Laboratory of Plastics and Rubber Technology; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Műegyetem Rakpart 3 Budapest H-1111 Hungary
- Institute of Materials Science and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2 Budapest H-1117 Hungary
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32
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Tang F, Bao P, Su Z. Analysis of Nanodomain Composition in High-Impact Polypropylene by Atomic Force Microscopy-Infrared. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4926-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuguang Tang
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Peite Bao
- ExxonMobil Asia Pacific R&D., Ltd., 1099 Zixing Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Su
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
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33
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Phiri MJ, Pasch H. Exploring the Compositional Heterogeneity of Vis-Broken Impact Poly(propylene) Copolymers by Advanced Fractionation Methods. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohau Justice Phiri
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; Stellenbosch University; 7602 Matieland South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; Stellenbosch University; 7602 Matieland South Africa
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34
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Shi J, Dong JY. Simultaneous cross-linking as a way to control physical growth of random ethylene-propylene copolymer during formation of high-impact polypropylene. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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35
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Zhang B, Fu Z, Fan Z, Phiriyawirut P, Charoenchaidet S. Preparation and characterization of high MFR polypropylene and polypropylene/poly(ethylene-co-propylene) in-reactor alloys. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310017 China
| | - Zhisheng Fu
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310017 China
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310017 China
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36
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Li X, Pi L, Nie M, Wang Q. Joint effects of rotational extrusion and TiO2on performance and antimicrobial properties of extruded polypropylene copolymer pipes. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Lin Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Min Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
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37
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Liu X, Miao X, Guo M, Song W, Shao J. Influence of the HDPE molecular weight and content on the morphology and properties of the impact polypropylene copolymer/HDPE blends. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08517a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of the polyolefins blends depend not only on composition but also on morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanbo Liu
- Research Institute of Material Science
- Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry
- Beijing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaopei Miao
- Research Institute of Material Science
- Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry
- Beijing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Meifang Guo
- Research Institute of Material Science
- Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry
- Beijing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Song
- Research Institute of Material Science
- Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry
- Beijing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Shao
- Research Institute of Material Science
- Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry
- Beijing
- People's Republic of China
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38
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Qiu B, Chen F, Lin Y, Shangguan Y, Zheng Q. Control of multilayered core–shell dispersed particles in HPP/EPR/EbP blends and its influences on crystallization and dynamic mechanical behavior. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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39
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Defining the distribution of ethylene-propylene copolymer phases in heterophasic ethylene-propylene copolymers by a sequential xylene extraction method: Chemical and morphological analysis. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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