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Kairytė A, Makowska S, Rybiński P, Strzelec K, Kremensas A, Šeputytė-Jucikė J, Vaitkus S. Effect of Liquid Glass-Modified Lignin Waste on the Flammability Properties of Biopolyurethane Foam Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:205. [PMID: 38257004 PMCID: PMC10819798 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Water-blown biopolyurethane (bioPUR) foams are flammable and emit toxic gases during combustion. Herein, a novel approach suggested by the current study is to use different amounts of lignin waste (LigW), which increases the thermal stability and delays the flame spread and sodium silicate (LG), which has foaming ability at high temperatures and acts as a protective layer during a fire. However, there have been no studies carried out to investigate the synergy between these two materials. Therefore, two different ratios, namely 1/1 and 1/2 of LigW/LG, were used to prepare bioPUR foam composites. The obtained bioPUR foam composites with a 1/2 ratio of LigW/LG exhibited inhibition of flame propagation during the ignitability test by 7 s, increased thermal stability at higher temperatures by 40 °C, reduced total smoke production by 17%, reduced carbon monoxide release by 22%, and increased compressive strength by a maximum of 123% and 36% and tensile strength by a maximum of 49% and 30% at 100 °C and 200 °C, respectively, compared to bioPUR foam composites with unmodified LigW. Additionally, thanks to the sufficient compatibility between the polymeric matrix and LigW/LG particles, bioPUR foam composites were characterised by unchanged or even improved physical and mechanical properties, as well as increased glass transition temperature by 16% compared to bioPUR foam composites with unmodified LigW particles, making them suitable for application as a thermal insulating layer in building envelopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenų St. 28, 08217 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.K.); (J.Š.-J.); (S.V.)
| | - Sylwia Makowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (S.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Przemysław Rybiński
- Institute of Chemistry, The Jan Kochanowski University, Żeromskiego 5, 25-369 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Strzelec
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (S.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Arūnas Kremensas
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenų St. 28, 08217 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.K.); (J.Š.-J.); (S.V.)
| | - Jurga Šeputytė-Jucikė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenų St. 28, 08217 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.K.); (J.Š.-J.); (S.V.)
| | - Saulius Vaitkus
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenų St. 28, 08217 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.K.); (J.Š.-J.); (S.V.)
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Banik J, Chakraborty D, Rizwan M, Shaik AH, Chandan MR. Review on disposal, recycling and management of waste polyurethane foams: A way ahead. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:1063-1080. [PMID: 36644994 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221146082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
With the burning issue of air, land and water pollution, the premonition of looking forward towards a future devoid of any kind of oil and gas reserves has caused a paradigm shift towards recycling, recovery of any synthetic polymer and also to dispose them off environmentally. Among them are plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate and poly vinyl chloride. Polyurethane (PU) is also under the scanner to dispose of or recycle it environmentally and sustainably. PU is at present the sixth most utilized polymer all over the world with a production of nearly 18 million tonnes per annum, which roughly estimates a daily production of PU products of greater than a million of cubic metres. Its thermostable nature is one of the major reasons for its higher preference over other polymers. This review article discusses the current disposal and technologies available to recycle waste PU foams and also sheds some light on some additional work being done in the field to upgrade the existing technology. Interestingly, some methods mentioned here are probably undergoing scale-up trials runs by now. Currently, the most researched and studied ones are mechanical recycling and glycolysis. But microbial and enzymatic disposal methods can be turned into full-scale industrial recycling processes in the near future. Additionally, we can see an archetypal shift from traditional oil-based sources to the agrarian sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotiparna Banik
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, India
| | - Debdyuti Chakraborty
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, India
| | - Mohammed Rizwan
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, India
| | - Aabid Hussain Shaik
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, India
| | - Mohammed Rehaan Chandan
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, India
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Purwanto NS, Chen Y, Wang T, Torkelson JM. Rapidly synthesized, self-blowing, non-isocyanate Polyurethane network foams with reprocessing to bulk networks via hydroxyurethane dynamic chemistry. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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4
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Ramires Araujo T, Bresolin D, de Oliveira D, Sayer C, Henrique Hermes de Araújo P, Vladimir de Oliveira J. Conventional lignin functionalization for polyurethane applications and a future vision in the use of enzymes as an alternative method. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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5
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Polyurethane foams from vegetable oil-based polyols: a review. Polym Bull (Berl) 2023; 80:2239-2261. [PMID: 35310173 PMCID: PMC8916696 DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethane is a versatile material that can be converted into various forms according to applications. PU foams or PUFs are the most commonly used polyurethanes. These are materials of low density and low thermal conductivity that make them highly suitable for thermal insulating applications. Most of the synthesis of PUFs is still based on the petrochemical industry. There are issues associated with the oil industry, such as environmental pollution, sustainability, and market instability. More recently, we have experienced the COVID-19 pandemic which has destroyed the global supply chain of raw materials. Such sudden disruption of the supply chain affects the global economy. To eliminate the reliance on special ingredients, it is important to find and produce alternate and domestic raw materials. Vegetable oils are organic, cost-effective, and economically viable and present in abundant amounts. The oil consists of triglycerides. It can be functionalized to provide polyol for PU foam synthesis. Herein, we review the literature on factors influencing the properties of PUFs depending on polyols from vegetable oil as well as present a glimpse of the conversion of vegetable oils into polyols for PUF synthesis.
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Harnessing Ostwald ripening to fabricate hierarchically structured mullite-based cellular architecture via the gelation network-triggered morphology-regulation method. Ann Ital Chir 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Vinay CV, Varma DSM, Chandan MR, Sivabalan P, Jaiswal AK, Swetha S, Sionkowska A, Kaczmarek B. Study of castor oil‐based auxetic polyurethane foams for cushioning applications. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaithanya V Vinay
- School of Mechanical Engineering (SMEC), VIT Vellore India
- Centre for Biomaterials Cellular & Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT Vellore India
| | - DS Mohan Varma
- School of Mechanical Engineering (SMEC), VIT Vellore India
- Centre for Biomaterials Cellular & Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT Vellore India
| | - Mohammed R Chandan
- Colloids and Polymer Research Group School of Chemical Engineering (SCHEME), VIT Vellore India
| | - Ponsubha Sivabalan
- Centre for Biomaterials Cellular & Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT Vellore India
| | - Amit K Jaiswal
- Centre for Biomaterials Cellular & Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT Vellore India
| | - Sai Swetha
- Colloids and Polymer Research Group School of Chemical Engineering (SCHEME), VIT Vellore India
| | - Alina Sionkowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun Torun Poland
| | - Beata Kaczmarek
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun Torun Poland
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8
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One-step synthesis and characteristics of LiOH-castor oil based stable polyurethane foam. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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9
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Study of silver nanoparticle-loaded auxetic polyurethane foams for medical cushioning applications. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Lignin as a Partial Polyol Replacement in Polyurethane Flexible Foam. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082302. [PMID: 33921156 PMCID: PMC8071504 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was focused on evaluating the suitability of a wide range of lignins, a natural polymer isolated from different plant sources and chemical extractions, in replacing 20 wt.% of petroleum-based polyol in the formulation of PU flexible foams. The main goal was to investigate the effect of unmodified lignin incorporation on the foam’s structural, mechanical, and thermal properties. The hydroxyl contents of the commercial lignins were measured using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) spectroscopy, molar mass distributions with gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and thermal properties with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. The results showed that incorporating 20 wt.% lignin increased tensile, compression, tear propagation strengths, thermal stability, and the support factor of the developed PU flexible foams. Additionally, statistical analysis of the results showed that foam properties such as density and compression force deflection were positively correlated with lignin’s total hydroxyl content. Studying correlations between lignin properties and the performance of the developed lignin-based PU foams showed that lignins with low hydroxyl content, high flexibility (low Tg), and high solubility in the co-polyol are better candidates for partially substituting petroleum-based polyols in the formulation of flexible PU foams intended for the automotive applications.
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Moon J, Yang HE, Lee CH, Choi JS, Oh JS. Phase equilibria and surface tension in castor oil‐based polyols‐water–methanol mixture: Thermodynamic basis. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junho Moon
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, RIGET Gyeongsang National University Jinju South Korea
| | - Han Earl Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Molecular Thermodynamics Laboratory Hanyang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Molecular Thermodynamics Laboratory Hanyang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Ji Su Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Molecular Thermodynamics Laboratory Hanyang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Jeong Seok Oh
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, RIGET Gyeongsang National University Jinju South Korea
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12
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Edatholath SS, Chandan MR, Aswal VK, Rath SK, Harikrishnan G. Hydration influences on the phase heterogeneity of segmented copolymers. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:1850-1860. [PMID: 33404044 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01287d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We elucidate the influences of hydration on the morphological heterogeneity of the class of hard-soft segmented copolymers by experimenting on three model members selected from this group. For influences on phase segmentation, we quantify the degree of phase separation, segment boundary diffusiveness and extent of interphase mixing. Qualitative variations induced by hydration in hydrogen bonding within the phases are also mapped. An inverse relationship between the degree of segmentation and inherent water miscibility of the polymer backbones is observed, that is, high miscibility reducing the degree of segmentation, whereas poor miscibility increasing it. We then quantify hydration induced variations in the size, volume fraction and interaction pair potentials of individual hard segments. The influences on hard segment assemblies are assessed by quantifying their size, volume fraction, interaction pair potential and intrasegment adhesion. This quantification reveals a complex interplay between the volume expansion of individual hard segments and simultaneous swelling and disassembly of their assemblies. Finally, we integrate the segmentation parameters with observed alterations in hydrogen bonding and the inherent polarizability of segments to present a mechanism that reasonably describes the hydrated state morphology. Besides revealing the influences of hydration on the morphological heterogeneity of this class of polymers, our insights give strategies for new synthesis methods for water contact applications and aids in predicting their hydration induced thermomechanical property alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saji S Edatholath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
| | - Mohammed R Chandan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
| | - Vinod K Aswal
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Sangram K Rath
- Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Ambernath, Maharashtra 421506, India
| | - G Harikrishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
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13
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Dhoke R, Ojha A, Chaudhary AK, Vijayakumar RP. Influence of carbon nanotubes on the properties of biopolyol based polyurethane foams. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0262489321989005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Biopolyols were obtained from liquefaction of sugarcane bagasse and rice husk. Acid and hydroxyl numbers were determined for estimating the polyol value of the liquid products. These prepared biopolyols were mixed with the commercial polyol for the preparation of polyurethane foam (PU). To study the effects of biopolyol on properties of PU foam, various ratios of biopolyol to commercial polyol were used. It was observed that the density and foaming time of the PU foam increases with the increase in biopolyol content. The calculated Isocyanate index showed that sugarcane bagasse polyol can be used to make flexible foam and that rice husk can be used to make rigid foam. Foaming times and full rise times increased with increase in the biopolyol content. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of prepared foams showed the characteristic peaks related to PU foam. The morphological studies were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal conductivity tests proved that the synthesized PU foams can be used as insulating materials. Further, PU foams were also prepared with the incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the polyol. The densities, thermal conductivities and SEM analysis of PU foams with and without carbon nanotubes were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujuta Dhoke
- Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhishek Ojha
- Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - RP Vijayakumar
- Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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Hussain Shaik A, Jain R, Manchikanti S, Krishnamoorthy K, Kumar Bal D, Rahaman A, Agashe S, Rehaan Chandan M. Reinstating Structural Stability of Castor Oil based Flexible Polyurethane Foam using Glycerol. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aabid Hussain Shaik
- Colloids and Polymers Research GroupSchool of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014 India
| | - Rajan Jain
- Colloids and Polymers Research GroupSchool of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014 India
| | - Sindhu Manchikanti
- Colloids and Polymers Research GroupSchool of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014 India
| | - Karthik Krishnamoorthy
- Colloids and Polymers Research GroupSchool of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014 India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Bal
- Colloids and Polymers Research GroupSchool of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014 India
| | - Ariful Rahaman
- Manufacturing Engineering Department, School of Mechanical EngineeringVellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Tamilnadu 632014 India
| | - Snehalata Agashe
- Indian Polyurethane Association Technical Centre, Pune Maharashtra 411088 India
| | - Mohammed Rehaan Chandan
- Colloids and Polymers Research GroupSchool of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014 India
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15
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Imran M, Rahaman A, Shaik AH, Chandan MR. Stability enhancement of highly loaded nano-clay-based flexible polyurethane foams using hollow glass microspheres. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20912203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Addition of fillers in polyurethane foams enhances the mechanical properties of polymeric foams. However, fillers can be loaded to a certain extent, as higher percentage of fillers in polymeric foam causes structural instability leading to the collapse of foam. In this article, we report the use of hollow glass microspheres as a possible co-filler which enables higher loading of nano-clay in flexible polyurethane foam. It has been observed that the structural and mechanical properties of nano-clay-loaded foams were found to cause instability at 5 wt% loading of nano-clay. Therefore, upon addition of hollow glass microspheres in 5 wt%, nano-clay-loaded polyurethane foam shows remarkable enhancement in terms of stability and mechanical properties of the resultant foams. A 100-fold increment in tensile strength has been observed for 2 wt% hollow glass microspheres and 5 wt% nano-clay-loaded flexible polyurethane foams as compared to conventional (unloaded) polyurethane foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Imran
- Manufacturing Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Ariful Rahaman
- Manufacturing Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Aabid H Shaik
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Mohammed R Chandan
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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16
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Moon J, Kwak SB, Lee JY, Kim D, Ha JU, Oh JS. Recycling of bio-polyurethane foam using high power ultrasound. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Varghese J, Rehaan Chandan M, Shanthakumar S. Fixed bed column study for pesticide removal using silver nanoparticles-embedded polyurethane foam and glass beads. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2019.1647181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jilu Varghese
- Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
| | - Mohammed Rehaan Chandan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
| | - S. Shanthakumar
- Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
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18
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Tuan Ismail TNM, Ibrahim NA, Sendijarevic V, Sendijarevic I, Schiffman CM, Hoong SS, Mohd Noor MA, Poo Palam KD, Yeong SK, Idris Z, Abd. Malek E, Zainuddin N, Sendijarevic A. Thermal and mechanical properties of thermoplastic urethanes made from crystalline and amorphous azelate polyols. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Noor Maznee Tuan Ismail
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology DivisionMalaysian Palm Oil Board No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity Putra Malaysia 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nor Azowa Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity Putra Malaysia 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Vahid Sendijarevic
- Troy Polymers Inc. 900 E. Mandoline Avenue, Madison Heights Michigan 48071
| | | | | | - Seng Soi Hoong
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology DivisionMalaysian Palm Oil Board No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azmil Mohd Noor
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology DivisionMalaysian Palm Oil Board No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Kosheela Devi Poo Palam
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology DivisionMalaysian Palm Oil Board No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Shoot Kian Yeong
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology DivisionMalaysian Palm Oil Board No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Zainab Idris
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology DivisionMalaysian Palm Oil Board No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Emilia Abd. Malek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity Putra Malaysia 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Norhazlin Zainuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity Putra Malaysia 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Aisa Sendijarevic
- Troy Polymers Inc. 900 E. Mandoline Avenue, Madison Heights Michigan 48071
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Akkoyun M, Akkoyun S. Blast furnace slag or fly ash filled rigid polyurethane composite foams: A comprehensive investigation. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meral Akkoyun
- Bursa Technical University; Department of Fiber and Polymer Engineering, Mimar Sinan Campus; 16310 Bursa Turkey
| | - Serife Akkoyun
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University; Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Etlik Bati Campus; 06010 Ankara Turkey
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20
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Chemical Recycling of Used Printed Circuit Board Scraps: Recovery and Utilization of Organic Products. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The disposal of end-of-life printed circuit boards (PCBs) comprising cross-linked brominated epoxy resins, glass fiber, and metals has attracted considerable attention from the environmental aspect. In this study, valuable resources, especially organic material, were recovered by the effective chemical recycling of PCBs. Pulverized PCB was depolymerized by glycolysis using polyethylene glycol (PEG 200) with a molecular weight of 200 g/mol under basic conditions. The cross-linked epoxy resins were effectively decomposed into a low-molecular species by glycolysis with PEG 200, followed by the effective separation of the metals and glass fibers from organic materials. The organic material was modified into recycled polyol with an appropriate viscosity and a hydroxyl value for rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) by the Mannich reaction and the addition polymerization of propylene oxide. RPUFs prepared using the recycled polyol exhibited superior thermal and mechanical properties as well as thermal insulation properties compared to conventional RPUFs, indicating that the recycled polyol obtained from the used PCBs can be valuable as RPUF raw materials for heat insulation.
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21
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Dhaliwal GS, Anandan S, Chandrashekhara K, Lees J, Nam P. Development and characterization of polyurethane foams with substitution of polyether polyol with soy-based polyol. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Gama NV, Ferreira A, Barros-Timmons A. Polyurethane Foams: Past, Present, and Future. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1841. [PMID: 30262722 PMCID: PMC6213201 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric foams can be found virtually everywhere due to their advantageous properties compared with counterparts materials. Possibly the most important class of polymeric foams are polyurethane foams (PUFs), as their low density and thermal conductivity combined with their interesting mechanical properties make them excellent thermal and sound insulators, as well as structural and comfort materials. Despite the broad range of applications, the production of PUFs is still highly petroleum-dependent, so this industry must adapt to ever more strict regulations and rigorous consumers. In that sense, the well-established raw materials and process technologies can face a turning point in the near future, due to the need of using renewable raw materials and new process technologies, such as three-dimensional (3D) printing. In this work, the fundamental aspects of the production of PUFs are reviewed, the new challenges that the PUFs industry are expected to confront regarding process methodologies in the near future are outlined, and some alternatives are also presented. Then, the strategies for the improvement of PUFs sustainability, including recycling, and the enhancement of their properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno V Gama
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro⁻Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Artur Ferreira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro⁻Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Águeda-Rua Comandante Pinho e Freitas, No. 28, 3750-127 Águeda, Portugal.
| | - Ana Barros-Timmons
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro⁻Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Tuan Ismail TNM, Azowa Ibrahim N, Sendijarevic A, Sendijarevic I, Schiffman CM, Hoong SS, Mohd Noor MA, Poo Palam KD, Yeong SK, Idris Z, Abd. Malek E, Zainuddin N, Sendijarevic V. Oscillatory structure-property correlation in azelate polyols and thermoplastic polyurethanes. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Noor Maznee Tuan Ismail
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division; Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang Selangor 43000 Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University Putra Malaysia; Serdang Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Nor Azowa Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University Putra Malaysia; Serdang Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | | | | | | | - Seng Soi Hoong
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division; Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang Selangor 43000 Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azmil Mohd Noor
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division; Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang Selangor 43000 Malaysia
| | - Kosheela Devi Poo Palam
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division; Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang Selangor 43000 Malaysia
| | - Shoot Kian Yeong
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division; Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang Selangor 43000 Malaysia
| | - Zainab Idris
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division; Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang Selangor 43000 Malaysia
| | - Emilia Abd. Malek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University Putra Malaysia; Serdang Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Norhazlin Zainuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University Putra Malaysia; Serdang Selangor 43400 Malaysia
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25
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Adnan S, Tuan Noor MTI, ‘Ain NH, Devi KPP, Mohd NS, Shoot Kian Y, Idris ZB, Campara I, Schiffman CM, Pietrzyk K, Sendijarevic V, Sendijarevic I. Impact of the hard-segment concentration on highly resilient polyurethane foams based on palm olein polyol. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srihanum Adnan
- Synthesis and Product Development Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board; No. 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi 43000 Kajang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Maznee T. I. Tuan Noor
- Synthesis and Product Development Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board; No. 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi 43000 Kajang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nurul H. ‘Ain
- Synthesis and Product Development Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board; No. 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi 43000 Kajang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Kosheela P. P. Devi
- Synthesis and Product Development Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board; No. 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi 43000 Kajang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Norhisham S. Mohd
- Synthesis and Product Development Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board; No. 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi 43000 Kajang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Yeong Shoot Kian
- Synthesis and Product Development Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board; No. 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi 43000 Kajang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Zainab B. Idris
- Synthesis and Product Development Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board; No. 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi 43000 Kajang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Irma Campara
- Troy Polymers, Incorporated; Troy Michigan 48083
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26
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Péres EUX, Sousa MH, Gomes de Souza F, Machado F, Suarez PAZ. Synthesis and characterization of a new biobased poly(urethane‐ester) from ricinoleic acid and its use as biopolymeric matrix for magnetic nanocomposites. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ulisses Xavier Péres
- Instituto Federal de EducaçãoCiência e Tecnologia de BrasíliaCampus TaguatingaBrasíliaDFBrazil
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade de BrasíliaCampus Universitário Darcy RibeiroBrasíliaDFBrazil
| | | | - Fernando Gomes de Souza
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa ManoUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroCidade UniversitáriaRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | - Fabricio Machado
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade de BrasíliaCampus Universitário Darcy RibeiroBrasíliaDFBrazil
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27
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Ain NH, Tuan Noor MTI, Mohd Noor MA, Srihanum A, Devi KPP, Mohd NS, Mohdnoor N, Kian YS, Hassan HA, Campara I, Schiffman CM, Pietrzyk K, Sendijarevic V, Sendijarevic I. Structure–property performance of natural palm olein polyol in the viscoelastic polyurethane foam. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x16639031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Structure–property behavior of the palm olein-based natural oil polyol (E-135 NOP) was investigated in viscoelastic “memory” foams. In a model viscoelastic foam formulation, the E-135 NOP with pendant hydroxyls was used as a drop-in replacement for the well-defined model polyether polyol with terminal hydroxyls, Poly-G® 76-120. Both polyols have comparable equivalent weight and concentrations of primary and secondary hydroxyls. The data showed that replacing Poly-G® 76-120 polyether polyol with the E-135 NOP did not significantly impact the foaming reactivity. Increasing the E-135 NOP concentration in the VE foams increased the average foam cell size while maintaining the open cell structure. Aging properties of the VE foams were mostly unaffected by the replacement of the Poly-G® 76-120 with the E-135 NOP. Furthermore, addition of E-135 had no impact on foam density; however, it increased the support factor of the viscoelastic foams. Differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analyzer, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses indicate less defined morphological separation of hard and soft segments in the viscoelastic foams with higher concentration of E-135 NOP. Overall, the results demonstrated the feasibility that natural oil polyols can be used in viscoelastic polyurethane foams to replace a significant portion of the polyether polyols with comparable equivalent weights and concentrations of primary and secondary hydroxyls. In future, the feasibility study of E-135 NOP as a drop-in replacement of combination polyether polyols in viscoelastic foams formulation will be conducted. Furthermore, the effect of palm olein-based natural oil polyol in high resilience foam will be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul H Ain
- Synthesis and Products Development Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maznee TI Tuan Noor
- Synthesis and Products Development Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azmil Mohd Noor
- Synthesis and Products Development Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adnan Srihanum
- Synthesis and Products Development Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kosheela PP Devi
- Synthesis and Products Development Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhisham S Mohd
- Synthesis and Products Development Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Mohdnoor
- Synthesis and Products Development Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yeong Shoot Kian
- Synthesis and Products Development Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hazimah Abu Hassan
- Synthesis and Products Development Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Selangor, Malaysia
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28
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Sharma C, Edatholath SS, Raman Unni A, Umasankar Patro T, Aswal VK, Rath SK, Harikrishnan G. A pre-polyaddition mediation of castor oil for polyurethane formation. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Saji S. Edatholath
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal 721302 India
| | - A. Raman Unni
- Automotive and Flexible Foam Division; Huntsman Polyurethanes; Navi Mumbai Maharashtra 400710 India
| | - T. Umasankar Patro
- Department of Materials Engineering; Defence Institute of Advanced Technology; Pune Maharashtra 411025 India
| | - Vinod K. Aswal
- Solid State Physics Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre; Mumbai Maharashtra 400085 India
| | - Sangram K. Rath
- Polymer Division; Naval Materials Research Laboratory; Ambernath Maharashtra 421506 India
| | - G. Harikrishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal 721302 India
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29
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Natural Palm Olein Polyol as a Replacement for Polyether Polyols in Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foam. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-016-2832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Tuan Ismail TNM, Poo Palam KD, Abu Bakar ZB, Soi HS, Kian YS, Abu Hassan H, Schiffman C, Sendijarevic A, Sendijarevic V, Sendijarevic I. Urethane-forming reaction kinetics and catalysis of model palm olein polyols: Quantified impact of primary and secondary hydroxyls. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Noor Maznee Tuan Ismail
- Synthesis and Product Development Unit; Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board Kajang; Selangor Malaysia
| | - Kosheela Devi Poo Palam
- Synthesis and Product Development Unit; Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board Kajang; Selangor Malaysia
| | - Zailan Bin Abu Bakar
- Synthesis and Product Development Unit; Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board Kajang; Selangor Malaysia
| | - Hoong Seng Soi
- Synthesis and Product Development Unit; Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board Kajang; Selangor Malaysia
| | - Yeong Shoot Kian
- Synthesis and Product Development Unit; Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board Kajang; Selangor Malaysia
| | - Hazimah Abu Hassan
- Synthesis and Product Development Unit; Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board Kajang; Selangor Malaysia
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Wang C, Zheng Y, Xie Y, Qiao K, Sun Y, Yue L. Synthesis of bio-castor oil polyurethane flexible foams and the influence of biotic component on their performance. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-015-0782-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Rath SK, Aswal VK, Sharma C, Joshi K, Patri M, Harikrishnan G, Khakhar DV. Mechanistic origins of multi-scale reinforcements in segmented polyurethane-clay nanocomposites. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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