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Berger AG, Deiss-Yehiely E, Vo C, McCoy MG, Almofty S, Feinberg MW, Hammond PT. Electrostatically assembled wound dressings deliver pro-angiogenic anti-miRs preferentially to endothelial cells. Biomaterials 2023; 300:122188. [PMID: 37329684 PMCID: PMC10424785 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic non-healing wounds occur frequently in individuals affected by diabetes, yet standard-of-care treatment leaves many patients inadequately treated or with recurring wounds. MicroRNA (miR) expression is dysregulated in diabetic wounds and drives an anti-angiogenic phenotype, but miRs can be inhibited with short, chemically-modified RNA oligonucleotides (anti-miRs). Clinical translation of anti-miRs is hindered by delivery challenges such as rapid clearance and uptake by off-target cells, requiring repeated injections, excessively large doses, and bolus dosing mismatched to the dynamics of the wound healing process. To address these limitations, we engineered electrostatically assembled wound dressings that locally release anti-miR-92a, as miR-92a is implicated in angiogenesis and wound repair. In vitro, anti-miR-92a released from these dressings was taken up by cells and inhibited its target. An in vivo cellular biodistribution study in murine diabetic wounds revealed that endothelial cells, which play a critical role in angiogenesis, exhibit higher uptake of anti-miR eluted from coated dressings than other cell types involved in the wound healing process. In a proof-of-concept efficacy study in the same wound model, anti-miR targeting anti-angiogenic miR-92a de-repressed target genes, increased gross wound closure, and induced a sex-dependent increase in vascularization. Overall, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates a facile, translational materials approach for modulating gene expression in ulcer endothelial cells to promote angiogenesis and wound healing. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of probing cellular interactions between the drug delivery system and the target cells to drive therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Berger
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elad Deiss-Yehiely
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chau Vo
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael G McCoy
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Almofty
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mark W Feinberg
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Paula T Hammond
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Single-injection COVID-19 subunit vaccine elicits potent immune responses. Acta Biomater 2022; 151:491-500. [PMID: 35948176 PMCID: PMC9357281 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Current vaccination schedules, including COVID-19 vaccines, require multiple doses to be administered. Single injection vaccines eliciting equivalent immune response are highly desirable. Unfortunately because unconventional release kinetics are difficult to achieve it still remains a huge challenge. Herein a single-injection COVID-19 vaccine was designed using a highly programmable release system based on dynamic layer-by-layer (LBL) films. The antigen, S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, was loaded in CaCO3 microspheres, which were further coated with tannic acid (TA)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) LBL films. The single-injection vaccine was obtained by mixing the microspheres coated with different thickness of TA/PEG films. Because of the unique constant-rate erosion behavior of the TA/PEG coatings, this system allows for distinct multiple pulsatile release of antigen, closely mimicking the release profile of antigen in conventional multiple dose vaccines. Immunization with the single injection vaccine induces potent and persistent S1-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. The sera from the vaccinated animal exhibit robust in vitro viral neutralization ability. More importantly, the immune response and viral inhibition induced by the single injection vaccine are as strong as that induced by the corresponding multiple dose vaccine, because they share the same antigen release profile. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Vaccines are the most powerful and cost-effective weapons against infectious diseases such as COVID-19. However, current vaccination schedules, including the COVID-19 vaccines, require multiple doses to be administered. Herein a single-injection COVID-19 vaccine is designed using a highly programmable release system. This vaccine releases antigens in a pulsatile manner, closely mimicking the release pattern of antigens in conventional multiple dose vaccines. As a result, one single injection of the new vaccine induces an immune response and viral inhibition similar to that induced by the corresponding multiple-dose vaccine approach.
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Wang H, Cui L, Luo Y, Zhou X, Liu R, Chen Q, Guan Y, Zhang Y. Construction of single-injection vaccine using new time-controlled release system. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 137:212812. [PMID: 35929251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-injection vaccines may overcome issues, such as high cost and poor patient compliance, of the multi-bolus regimes dominantly used in vaccination. However no such vaccine has been commercialized because time-controlled release, an unconventional release kinetics, is difficult to achieve. Here a new time-controlled release system using dynamic layer-by-layer (LBL) film as erodible coating was used to design single-injection vaccine. Unlike commonly used degradable polymers, dynamic LBL film disintegrates at a constant rate, thus allowing distinct pulsatile release of antigen at predetermined intervals. The release pattern of the single-injection vaccine mimics closely to that of ordinary multi-dose regimes. It elicits both humoral and cellular immune responses which are comparable to or even stronger than the corresponding multi-dose regime. In addition, it inhibits tumor growth more effectively. The new vaccine will not only improve patient compliance but also therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Luo
- School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qianbing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Guan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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Weak Polyelectrolytes as Nanoarchitectonic Design Tools for Functional Materials: A Review of Recent Achievements. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103263. [PMID: 35630741 PMCID: PMC9145934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ionization degree, charge density, and conformation of weak polyelectrolytes can be adjusted through adjusting the pH and ionic strength stimuli. Such polymers thus offer a range of reversible interactions, including electrostatic complexation, H-bonding, and hydrophobic interactions, which position weak polyelectrolytes as key nano-units for the design of dynamic systems with precise structures, compositions, and responses to stimuli. The purpose of this review article is to discuss recent examples of nanoarchitectonic systems and applications that use weak polyelectrolytes as smart components. Surface platforms (electrodeposited films, brushes), multilayers (coatings and capsules), processed polyelectrolyte complexes (gels and membranes), and pharmaceutical vectors from both synthetic or natural-type weak polyelectrolytes are discussed. Finally, the increasing significance of block copolymers with weak polyion blocks is discussed with respect to the design of nanovectors by micellization and film/membrane nanopatterning via phase separation.
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Hlushko R, Ankner JF, Sukhishvili S. Dynamics and Self-Healing of Layer-by-Layer Hydrogen-Bonded Films of Linear Synthetic Polyphenols. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raman Hlushko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - John F. Ankner
- Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Svetlana Sukhishvili
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Tian J, Xu R, Wang H, Guan Y, Zhang Y. Precise and tunable time-controlled drug release system using layer-by-layer films as erodible coatings. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 116:111244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Fu M, Zhuang X, Zhang T, Guan Y, Meng Q, Zhang Y. Hydrogen-Bonded Films for Zero-Order Release of Leuprolide. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000050. [PMID: 32633851 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Leuprolide has been widely used in androgen deprivation therapy for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, but its use is still limited due to its short half-life. Herein, hydrogen-bonded layer-by-layer films are fabricated from PEGylated leuprolide (PEG-LEU) and tannic acid (TA). Because of its dynamic nature, the film disintegrates gradually in water and releases PEG-LEU and TA. The in vitro release profile indicated perfect zero-order kinetics, which is explained by the unique release mechanism. When implanted subcutaneously in male rats, the films maintain a constant serum drug level. For a 60-bilayer film, the serum drug level is maintained constant for ≈24 days. No initial burst release is observed, suggesting that the in vivo release also follows zero-order kinetics. Initially, an increase in the level of serum testosterone is induced by the released drug, followed by testosterone suppression to a constant level below the castrate level, which could be maintained as long as a constant serum drug level is maintained. Since the new drug carriers avoid an initial burst release of the drug and maintain a constant serum drug level and hence a constant serum testosterone level below the castrate level, these carriers are highly promising for androgen deprivation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Fu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ying Guan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qingbin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Sun J, Li J, Liu D, Ma Y, Yang S. pH-Responsive Janus Film Constructed with Hydrogen-Bonding Assembly and Dopamine Chemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:6653-6659. [PMID: 29715430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was partially grafted with dopamine (PAA-dopa), and then layer-by-layer assembled with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVPON) to prepare hydrogen-bonded (PVPON/PAA-dopa) n film. Polydopamine (PDA) was deposited on (PVPON/PAA-dopa) n film in the presence of oxidant, and hence the whole (PVPON/PAA-dopa) nPDA film was cross-linked. (PVPON/PAA-dopa) nPDA could be utilized as a platform to produce the free-standing Janus film because of the easy detaching process and various chemical reactivity of PDA layer. Ag nanoparticles were formed on (PVPON/PAA-dopa) nPDA film by electroless metallization. 1 H,1 H,2 H,2 H-Perfluorodecanethiol (PFDT) was used to further modify the film through Michael addition. After detaching from the substrate, (PVPON/PAA-dopa)20PDA/Ag/PFDT exhibits reversible swelling-shrinking behavior as the pH value changes. This free-standing film shows Janus character, one side is hydrophobic, whereas the other side is hydrophilic. In addition, the hydrophobic surface exhibits a surface-enhanced Raman scattering effect, whereas the hydrophilic side does not.
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Rehan K, Su C, Nie J, Xu J, Yang S. Chain diffusion and exchange during build-up of hydrogen-bonded polymer complex film. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Wen N, Dong Y, Song R, Zhang W, Sun C, Zhuang X, Guan Y, Meng Q, Zhang Y. Zero-Order Release of Gossypol Improves Its Antifertility Effect and Reduces Its Side Effects Simultaneously. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:1918-1925. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yansheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Rui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ying Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qingbin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
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Layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly technology as promising strategy for tailoring pressure-driven desalination membranes. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bucatariu F, Ghiorghita CA, Dragan ES. Sorption/release of bioactive species in/from cross-linked poly(ethyleneimine)/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) films constructed onto solid surfaces. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008315584174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multilayer thin films are useful materials in the fabrication of controlled drug delivery systems and in controlling drug release processes. Herein, we report the step-by-step deposition of polymer multilayers based on poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) and poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) mediated by pyromellitic dianhydride (PM), as cross-linker of PEI chains, onto Daisogel silica microparticles. The sorption/release properties of the resulting composite microparticles for indomethacin (IDM), diclofenac sodium salt (DS), and Ponceau SS (PSS) were followed as a function of PM concentration. The sorption properties of the [(PEI-PM)/PNIPAAm] n multilayer films for all anionic species (IDM, DS, and PSS) were influenced by the number of polymer layers and the weight ratio between cross-linker and Daisogel microparticles during the cross-linking steps. It was found that the sorbed amount of anionic compounds increased with the number of polymer layers and with the decrease of PM concentration. The Langmuir and Sips model isotherms fitted well the sorption equilibrium data. The maximum equilibrium sorption capacity ( qm) evaluated by the Langmuir model, at 25°C, was 41 mg IDM g−1 of Daisogel//[(PEI-PM)/PNIPAAm]8.5 and 40 mg PSS g−1 of Daisogel//[(PEI-PM)/PNIPAAm]8.5, for a weight percentage of PM/silica of 0.1% w/w. Cumulative release of IDM was faster and higher than PSS in the first 5 h, while PSS was desorbed with a constant rate for 30 h, supporting a sustained release from Daisogel//[(PEI-PM)/PNIPAAm] n composite microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Bucatariu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
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N-hexylimine-chitosan, a biodegradable and covalently stabilized source of volatile, antimicrobial hexanal. Next generation controlled-release system. Food Hydrocoll 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Wang B, Anzai JI. Recent Progress in Electrochemical HbA1c Sensors: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 8:1187-1203. [PMID: 28787996 PMCID: PMC5455452 DOI: 10.3390/ma8031187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews recent progress made in the development of electrochemical glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) sensors for the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Electrochemical HbA1c sensors are divided into two categories based on the detection protocol of the sensors. The first type of sensor directly detects HbA1c by binding HbA1c on the surface of an electrode through bio-affinity of antibody and boronic acids, followed by an appropriate mode of signal transduction. In the second type of sensor, HbA1c is indirectly determined by detecting a digestion product of HbA1c, fructosyl valine (FV). Thus, the former sensors rely on the selective binding of HbA1c to the surface of the electrodes followed by electrochemical signaling in amperometric, voltammetric, impedometric, or potentiometric mode. Redox active markers, such as ferrocene derivatives and ferricyanide/ferrocyanide ions, are often used for electrochemical signaling. For the latter sensors, HbA1c must be digested in advance by proteolytic enzymes to produce the FV fragment. FV is electrochemically detected through catalytic oxidation by fructosyl amine oxidase or by selective binding to imprinted polymers. The performance characteristics of HbA1c sensors are discussed in relation to their use in the diagnosis and control of diabetic mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhen Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichi Anzai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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