1
|
Hydrothermal treatment of lignocellulose waste for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates copolymer with potential application in food packaging. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
2
|
The Modification of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) by Melt Blending. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091725. [PMID: 35566895 PMCID: PMC9106057 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Crystalline and noncrystalline poly(3-hyroxybutylate-co-4-hyroxybutylate) (P(3HB-co-4HB)) were melt blended to obtain mixtures of P(3HB-co-4HB) copolymers. The mixtures and P(3HB-co-4HB) copolymers of different 4HB contents were compared to study the effect of 4HB content on the properties of the copolymers and mixtures. P(3HB-co-4HB) copolymer mixtures, having various 4HB content, have been successfully made by melt blending instead of bacterial biosynthesis. In the case of copolymers, they were noncrystalline when the 4HB content was over 16%, while the P(3HB-co-4HB) mixtures at the same 4HB content were crystalline. The mixtures had a higher glass transition temperature, suggesting that their chain mobility is relatively low compared with the copolymer having the same 4HB content. Due to this effect, the mixture is expected to have a higher melt viscosity and a lower loss tangent to exhibit better melt processing properties. The mechanical properties of the mixtures show a similar behavior to the copolymers in that the tensile strength and the modulus decreases and elongation at the break increases with an increase in the 4HB content.
Collapse
|
3
|
Biodegradability of Polyolefin-Based Compositions: Effect of Natural Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030530. [PMID: 35160520 PMCID: PMC8838498 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, environmental problems caused by the overproduction and consumption of synthetic polymer materials led to an urgent need to develop efficient methods for processing plastics. The accumulation of polymer waste for their subsequent incineration does not solve the problem due to the limited areas of landfills for waste storage. In addition, the incineration of polymer waste can cause toxic air pollution, which, in turn, does not contribute to an improvement in the environmental situation. Recycling plastics, although a more environmentally friendly waste disposal method, requires significant labor and energy costs and can be performed a limited number of times. Thus, the most promising solution to this problem is the creation of biodegradable polymers capable of degradation with the formation of simpler chemical structures (water, carbon dioxide, biomass, etc.), which are easily included in the metabolic processes of natural biological systems. The article provides an overview of the main trends in the creation of biodegradable composites for the needs of agriculture. Also, the article proposes a new composition based on polyethylene with natural rubber that surpasses existing biodegradable materials in a number of physical and mechanical characteristics and has the ability to complete biodegradation in 60 months. It is shown that the studies carried out to date indicate that these composites are highly promising for the creation of biodegradable packaging materials with good performance characteristics. Thus, it was concluded that further research on composites based on polyethylene and natural rubber is important.
Collapse
|
4
|
White EM, Horn J, Wang S, Crawford B, Ritchie BW, Carraway D, Locklin J. Comparative Study of the Biological Degradation of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate- co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate) Microbeads in Municipal Wastewater in Environmental and Controlled Laboratory Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11646-11656. [PMID: 34383486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
From April to June 2019, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (P3(HA)) microbead samples were exposed to an operational wastewater reclamation facility (WWRF) in an aerobic aeration basin in Athens, Georgia. Samples were withdrawn from the facility over a 13-week timeframe, and the particles were examined by Raman microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis/mass spectroscopy (TGA/MS) coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The activated sludge from this facility was also used as an inoculum to examine carbon mineralization under controlled respirometry experiments to corroborate biological degradation rates determined from both the environmental and laboratory approach. Respirometry, Raman microscopy, and TGA/MS-DSC methods all measured similar biodegradation timelines for microbeads bound to an epoxy substrate, indicating that the three methods are temporally comparable and may be used to measure material biological degradation. Samples of epoxy-bound P3(HA) microbeads, free microbeads, the P3(HA) film, and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) film demonstrated carbon mineralization of 90.0, 89.4, 95.0, and 8.15%, respectively, relative to the cellulose positive control. Using a modified Gompertz growth model, the biological degradation rate coefficients (Rm) were determined for cellulose, P3(HA) film, epoxy-bound P3(HA) microbeads, and free P3(HA) microbeads and found to be 31.6, 30.2, 17.5, and 18.7 mL CO2·g-1·day-1, respectively. Moreover, P3(HA) microbeads can efficiently mineralize in WWRF infrastructure at a rate comparable to cellulose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan M White
- New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- RWDC Industries, 110 Voyles Road, Athens, Georgia 30601, United States
| | - Jessica Horn
- New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Shunli Wang
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Benjamin Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Branson W Ritchie
- New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Daniel Carraway
- RWDC Industries, 110 Voyles Road, Athens, Georgia 30601, United States
| | - Jason Locklin
- New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shaikh S, Yaqoob M, Aggarwal P. An overview of biodegradable packaging in food industry. Curr Res Food Sci 2021; 4:503-520. [PMID: 34401747 PMCID: PMC8349771 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, conventional plastics are manufactured and used for packaging applications in different sectors. As the food industries are increasing, the demand for packaging material is also increasing. Plastics have transformed the food industry to higher levels; however, conventional petroleum-based plastics are non-degradable which has created severe ecological problems to the environment like a threat to aquatic life and degrading air quality. Biodegradable polymers or biopolymers emerged as an alternative approach for many industrial applications to control the risk caused by non-biodegradable plastic. According to the type of starting material, they have been categorized as polymers extracted from biomass, synthesized from monomers, and produced from microorganisms. The quality of biopolymers depends on the physical, mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties. The present review highlights the characteristics of various biopolymers and their blends, comparison of properties between non-biodegradable and biopolymers, the market potential for food packaging applications. The review also emphasizes different commercial forms like films, trays, bags, coatings, and foamed products for application as modified atmosphere packaging, active packaging, and edible packaging. Different issues affecting market growth like harmful products formed during production and consumer perception have also been discussed. Information on biopolymers is widely scattered over many sources, this article aims to provide an overview of biodegradable polymer packages for food applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salman Shaikh
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Mudasir Yaqoob
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Poonam Aggarwal
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141001, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are linear semicrystalline polyesters produced naturally by a wide range of microorganisms for carbon and energy storage. PHAs can be used as replacements for petroleum-based polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) in many industrial applications due to their biodegradability, excellent barrier, mechanical, and thermal properties. The overall industrial applications of PHAs are still very limited due to the high production cost and high stiffness and brittleness. Therefore, new novel cost-effective production method must be considered for the new generation of PHAs. One approach is based on using different type feedstocks and biowastes including food byproducts and industrial and manufacturing wastes, can lead to more competitive and cost-effective PHAs products. Modification of PHAs with different function groups such as carboxylic, hydroxyl, amine, epoxy, etc. is also a relatively new approach to create new functional materials with different industrial applications. In addition, blending PHA with biodegradable materials such as polylactide (PLA), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), starch, and distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is another approach to address the drawbacks of PHAs and will be summarized in this chapter. A series of compatibilizers with different architectures were successfully synthesized and used to improve the compatibility and interfacial adhesion between PHAs and PCL. Finer morphology and significantly improvement in the mechanical properties of PHA/PCL blends were observed with a certain type of block compatibilizer. In addition, the improvement in the blend morphology and mechanical properties were found to be strongly influenced by the compatibilizer architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samy A. Madbouly
- School of Engineering , Behrend College, Pennsylvania State University , Erie , PA 16563 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Towards High-performance Materials Based on Carbohydrate-Derived Polyamide Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030413. [PMID: 30960397 PMCID: PMC6473389 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A bio-derived monomer called 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-galactarate acid/ester (GalXMe) has great potential in polymer production. The unique properties of this molecule, such as its rigidity and bulkiness, contribute to the good thermal properties and appealing transparency of the material. The main problem, however, is that like other biobased materials, the polymers derived thereof are very brittle. In this study, we report on the melt blending of GalXMe polyamides (PAs) with different commercial PA grades using extrusion as well as blend characterization. Biobased PA blends showed limited to no miscibility with other polyamides. However, their incorporation resulted in strong materials with high Young moduli. The increase in modulus of the prepared GalXMe blends with commercial PAs ranged from up to 75% for blends with aliphatic polyamide composed of 1,6-diaminohexane and 1,12-dodecanedioic acid PA(6,12) to up to 82% for blends with cycloaliphatic polyamide composed of 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexylamine) and 1,12-dodecanedioic acid PA(PACM,12). Investigation into the mechanism of blending revealed that for some polyamides a transamidation reaction improved the blend compatibility. The thermal stability of the biobased PAs depended on which diamine was used. Polymers with aliphatic/aromatic or alicyclic diamines showed no degradation, whereas with fully aromatic diamines such as p-phenylenediamine, some degradation processes were observed under extrusion conditions (260/270 °C).
Collapse
|
8
|
Schrader J, McCabe K, Grewell D, Graves W. Bioplastics and biocomposites for sustainable horticultural containers: Performance and biodegradation in home compost. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2017.1170.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|