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Andrzejewski J, Michałowski S. Development of a New Type of Flame Retarded Biocomposite Reinforced with a Biocarbon/Basalt Fiber System: A Comparative Study between Poly(lactic Acid) and Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194086. [PMID: 36236034 PMCID: PMC9572391 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new type of partially biobased reinforcing filler system was developed in order to be used as a flame retardant for polylactic acid (PLA) and polypropylene (PP)-based composites. The prepared materials intended for injection technique processing were melt blended using the novel system containing ammonium polyphosphate (EX), biocarbon (BC), and basalt fibers (BF). All of the prepared samples were subjected to a detailed analysis. The main criterion was the flammability of composites. For PLA-based composites, the flammability was significantly reduced, up to V-0 class. The properties of PLA/EX/BC and PLA/EX/(BC-BF) composites were characterized by their improved mechanical properties. The conducted analysis indicates that the key factor supporting the effectiveness of EX flame retardants is the addition of BC, while the use of BF alone increases the flammability of the samples to the reference level. The results indicate that the developed materials can be easily applied in industrial practice as effective and sustainable flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Andrzejewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3 Stree, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-665-5858
| | - Sławomir Michałowski
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska Street, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
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Simultaneously enhance the fire safety and mechanical properties of PLA by incorporating a cyclophosphazene-based flame retardant. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The application of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has been limited in flame-retardant field, and flame-retardant modification usually deteriorates its mechanical properties. In this study, a reactive flame-retardant hexa(ethylene oxide)-cyclotriphosphazene (HCCP-EP) was synthesized and used to improve the fire retardancy of PLA. As a result, the limiting oxygen index of PLA increased from 19.5% to 27.3% with an addition of 3 wt% HCCP-EP, and the PLA/HCCP-EP blend reached to underwriters laboratories (UL)-94 V-0 rating. The cone calorimeter test results showed that the peak heat release rate and total heat release of PLA decreased by 12.6% and 18.5%, respectively. Interestingly, the tensile strength of PLA increased slightly after the incorporation of HCCP-EP. The improved mechanical properties are ascribed to the fine dispersion of HCCP-EP and the coupling reaction between the epoxy groups of the HCCP-EP and the terminal groups of PLA during the melt processing.
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Yang H, Shi B, Xue Y, Ma Z, Liu L, Liu L, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Annamalai PK, Song P. Molecularly Engineered Lignin-Derived Additives Enable Fire-Retardant, UV-Shielding, and Mechanically Strong Polylactide Biocomposites. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1432-1444. [PMID: 33538584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
From a perspective of sustainable development and practical applications, there has been a great need for the design of advanced polylactide (PLA) biocomposites that are flame-retardant, ultraviolet (UV)-resistant, and mechanically strong by using biomass-derived additives. Unfortunately, the achievement of a desirable performance portfolio remains unsatisfactory because of improper design strategies. Herein, we report the design of lignin-derived multifunctional bioadditives (TP-g-lignin) with tunable chemical compositions through graft polymerization of a phosphorus-/nitrogen-containing vinyl monomer (TP). Our results show that the incorporation of 5.0 wt % of TP-g-lignin (at a lignin-to-TP ratio of 1:4 by mass) enables PLA to achieve a desirable flame retardancy rating meeting the UL-94 V-0 industrial standard requirements. Meanwhile, the final PLA composite exhibits an exceptional UV-shielding capability. Moreover, with 5.0 wt % of the bio-derived additive, the elastic modulus of PLA is increased by ∼26%, while mechanical strength is fully retained due to engineered favorable interfaces. This work offers an innovative and sustainable strategy for creating bio-based multifunctional additives by using industrial lignin waste and further the application of PLA in the areas of packaging, fabrics, electronics, automobiles, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitang Yang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Bingbing Shi
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yijiao Xue
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, No. 8 Fochengxi Road, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Zhewen Ma
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lina Liu
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China.,Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Springfield Central, Queensland 4350, Australia
| | - Youming Yu
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zhanying Zhang
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Pratheep K Annamalai
- Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanoengineering, The University of Queensland, 280-Cnr of College and Cooper Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Springfield Central, Queensland 4350, Australia
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Effect of a Novel Flame Retardant on the Mechanical, Thermal and Combustion Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102407. [PMID: 33086626 PMCID: PMC7603380 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic) acid (PLA) is one of the most promising biobased materials, but its inherent flammability limits its applications. A novel flame retardant hexa-(DOPO-hydroxymethylphenoxy-dihydroxybiphenyl)-cyclotriphosphazene (HABP-DOPO) for PLA was prepared by bonding 9,10-dihydro-9-oxy-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) to cyclotriphosphazene. The morphologies, mechanical properties, thermal stability and burning behaviors of PLA/HABP-DOPO blends were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a universal mechanical testing machine, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94) and a cone calorimeter test (CCT). The LOI value reached 28.5% and UL-94 could pass V-0 for the PLA blend containing 25 wt% HABP-DOPO. A significant improvement in fire retardant performance was observed for PLA/HABP-DOPO blends. PLA/HABP-DOPO blends exhibited balanced mechanical properties. The flame retardant mechanism of PLA/HABP-DOPO blends was evaluated.
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Synthesis, Characterization of sym-2,4,6-trisubstituted-s-Triazine Derivatives and Their Effects on Flame Retardancy of Polypropylene Composites. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8050581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) is flammable material, which brings latent danger to the environment and human society. Therefore, developing new environmentally friendly and effective flame-retardant is one of the most important ways to improve the flame retardancy of PP and improve safety during its lifetime. Herein, we describe the synthesis of five sym-2,4,6-trisubstituted-s-triazine derivatives, namely, N2,N4,N6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (TAT), N2,N4,N6-tris(4-bromophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (TBAT), N2,N4,N6-tris(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (TCAT), 4,4′,4″-((1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl) tris(azanediyl)) triphenol (THAT), and N2,N4,N6-tris(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (TMAT), from the reaction of cyanuric chloride and p-substituted aniline employing conventional heating or microwave irradiation. The prepared compounds characterized by different techniques, such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Ultra-Violet and Visible (UV-Vis), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effect of substituent on the aniline moiety has great impact on its thermal stability, as observed from the TGA and DSC data. Based on the TGA and DSC results, three triazine derivatives TAT, TBAT, and TMAT were used as charring agents in the presence of different proportions of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to form an intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) system, to improve the flame retardancy of PP. The flammability property of PP was investigated by a vertical burning test (UL94). The results of UL94 revealed that the TXAT/APP (IFR) system influence the PP and could improve the flame retardancy of PP. Best results were obtained with the mass ratio of APP and TXAT 2:1. When the IFR loading was 25 wt%, it displayed great influence and passed V-0 with TMAT, and V-1 with both TAT and TBAT in the UL94 test.
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Li J, Yan X, Zeng X, Yi L, Xu H, Mao Z. Effect of trisilanolphenyl-POSS on rheological, mechanical, and flame-retardant properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/cyclotriphosphazene systems. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology (Ministry of Education); Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile (Ministry of Education); Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology (Ministry of Education); Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiandong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile (Ministry of Education); Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Lingmin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology (Ministry of Education); Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile (Ministry of Education); Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Mao
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile (Ministry of Education); Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
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