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Bello KO, Yan N. Mechanical and Insulation Performance of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Reinforced with Lignin-Containing Nanocellulose Fibrils. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2119. [PMID: 39125147 PMCID: PMC11313736 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Isocyanates are critical components that affect the crosslinking density and structure of polyurethane (PU) foams. However, due to the cost and hazardous nature of the precursor for isocyanate synthesis, there is growing interest in reducing their usage in polyurethane foam production-especially in rigid PU foams (RPUF) where isocyanate is used in excess of the stoichiometric ratio. In this study, lignin-containing nanocellulose fibrils (LCNF) were explored as mechanical reinforcements for RPUF with the goal of maintaining the mechanical performance of the foam while using less isocyanate. Different amounts of LCNF (0-0.2 wt.%) were added to the RPUF made using isocyanate indices of 1.1, 1.05, 1.0, and 0.95. Results showed that LCNF served as a nucleating agent, significantly reducing cell size and thermal conductivity. LCNF addition increased the crosslinking density of RPUF, leading to enhanced compressive properties at an optimal loading of 0.1 wt.% compared to unreinforced foams at the same isocyanate index. Furthermore, at the optimal loading, LCNF-reinforced foams made at lower isocyanate indices showed comparable stiffness and strength to unreinforced foams made at higher isocyanate indices. These results highlight the reinforcing potential of LCNF in rigid polyurethane foams to improve insulation and mechanical performance with lower isocyanate usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabirat O. Bello
- Graduate Department of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada;
| | - Ning Yan
- Graduate Department of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada;
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
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2
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Preventing the Collapse Behavior of Polyurethane Foams with the Addition of Cellulose Nanofiber. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061499. [PMID: 36987278 PMCID: PMC10058122 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane foam manufacturing depends on its materials and processes. A polyol that contains primary alcohol is very reactive with isocyanate. Sometimes, this may cause unexpected problems. In this study, a semi-rigid polyurethane foam was fabricated; however, its collapse occurred. The cellulose nanofiber was fabricated to solve this problem, and a weight ratio of 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 3% (based on total parts per weight of polyols) of the nanofiber was added to the polyurethane foams. The effect of the cellulose nanofiber on the polyurethane foams’ rheological, chemical, morphological, thermal, and anti-collapse performances was analyzed. The rheological analysis showed that 3 wt% of the cellulose nanofiber was unsuitable because of the aggregation of the filler. It was observed that the addition of the cellulose nanofiber showed the improved hydrogen bonding of the urethane linkage, even if it was not chemically reacted with the isocyanate groups. Moreover, due to the nucleating effect of the cellulose nanofiber, the average cell area of the produced foams decreased according to the amount of the cellulose nanofiber present, and the average cell area especially was reduced about five times when it contained 1 wt% more of the cellulose nanofiber than the neat foam. Although the thermal stability declined slightly, the glass transition temperature shifted from 25.8 °C to 37.6, 38.2, and 40.1 °C by when the cellulose nanofiber increased. Furthermore, the shrinkage ratio after 14 days from the foaming (%shrinkage) of the polyurethane foams decreased 15.4 times for the 1 wt% cellulose nanofiber polyurethane composite.
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Diaz TJ, Cerrutti P, Chiacchiarelli LM. In‐situ thermal aging of biobased and conventional rigid polyurethane foams nanostructured with bacterial nanocellulose. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Joaquin Diaz
- CONICET‐UBA Instituto de Tecnología de Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Patricia Cerrutti
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Leonel Matías Chiacchiarelli
- CONICET‐UBA Instituto de Tecnología de Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN) Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
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4
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Benavides S, Armanasco F, Cerrutti P, Chiacchiarelli LM. Nanostructured rigid polyurethane foams with improved specific thermo‐mechanical properties using bacterial nanocellulose as a hard segment. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Benavides
- Instituto de Tecnología de Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN), CONICET‐UBA Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Franco Armanasco
- Instituto de Tecnología de Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN), CONICET‐UBA Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Patricia Cerrutti
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería UBA Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Leonel Matías Chiacchiarelli
- Instituto de Tecnología de Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN), CONICET‐UBA Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
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Ghasemi S, Amini EN, Tajvidi M, Kiziltas A, Mielewski DF, Gardner DJ. Flexible polyurethane foams reinforced with organic and inorganic nanofillers. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shokoofeh Ghasemi
- Laboratory of Renewable Nanomaterials School of Forest Resources and Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine Orono Maine USA
| | - Ezatollah Nima Amini
- Laboratory of Renewable Nanomaterials School of Forest Resources and Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine Orono Maine USA
| | - Mehdi Tajvidi
- Laboratory of Renewable Nanomaterials School of Forest Resources and Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine Orono Maine USA
| | - Alper Kiziltas
- Research and Innovation Center Ford Motor Company Dearborn Michigan USA
| | | | - Douglas J. Gardner
- School of Forest Resources and Advance Structures and Composites Center University of Maine Orono Maine USA
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Reinforcement Efficiency of Cellulose Microfibers for the Tensile Stiffness and Strength of Rigid Low-Density Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13122725. [PMID: 32549317 PMCID: PMC7344464 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rigid low-density closed-cell polyurethane (PU) foams are widely used in both thermal insulation and structural applications. The sustainability of PU foam production can be increased by using bio-based components and fillers that ensure both enhanced mechanical properties and higher renewable material content. Such bio-based foams were produced using polyols derived from rapeseed oil and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) fibers as filler. The effect of MCC fiber loading of up to 10 wt % on the morphology, tensile stiffness, and strength of foams has been evaluated. For estimation of the mechanical reinforcement efficiency of foams, a model allowing for the partial alignment of filler fibers in foam struts was developed and validated against test results. It is shown that although applying MCC fibers leads to modest gains in the mechanical properties of PU foams compared with cellulose nanocrystal reinforcement, it may provide a higher content of renewable material in the foams.
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Członka S, Strąkowska A, Pospiech P, Strzelec K. Effects of Chemically Treated Eucalyptus Fibers on Mechanical, Thermal and Insulating Properties of Polyurethane Composite Foams. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13071781. [PMID: 32290106 PMCID: PMC7179037 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams were prepared by incorporating 2 wt% of eucalyptus fibers. The eucalyptus fibers were surface-modified by maleic anhydride, alkali, and silane (triphenylsilanol) treatment. The impact of the modified eucalyptus fibers on the mechanical, thermal, and fire performances of polyurethane foams was analyzed. It was observed that the addition of eucalyptus fibers showed improved mechanical and thermal properties and the best properties were shown by silane-treated fibers with a compressive strength of 312 kPa and a flexural strength of 432 kPa. Moreover, the thermal stability values showed the lowest decline for polyurethane foams modified with the silane-treated fibers, due to the better thermal stability of such modified fibers. Furthermore, the flame resistance of polyurethane foams modified with the silane-treated fibers was also the best among the studied composites. A cone calorimetry test showed a decrease in the peak of heat release from 245 to 110 kW∙m−2 by the incorporation of silane-treated fibers. Furthermore, total heat release and total smoke release were also found to decrease remarkably upon the incorporation of silane-treated fibers. The value of limiting oxygen index was increased from 20.2% to 22.1%. Char residue was also found to be increased from 24.4% to 28.3%. It can be concluded that the application of chemically modified eucalyptus fibers has great potential as an additive to incorporate good mechanical, thermal, and fire properties in rigid polyurethane foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Piotr Pospiech
- Centre of Papermaking and Printing, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 223, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Strzelec
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.)
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Chiacchiarelli LM, Cerrutti P, Flores‐Johnson EA. Compressive behavior of rigid polyurethane foams nanostructured with bacterial nanocellulose at low and intermediate strain rates. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Matías Chiacchiarelli
- Instituto de Tecnología de Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN)CONICET‐UBA, Avda. Gral. Las Heras 2214 Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ingeniería MecánicaInstituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires, Avenue E. Madero 399 Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Patricia Cerrutti
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de IngenieríaUniversidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Emmanuel A. Flores‐Johnson
- CONACYT – Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica de Yucatan, Calle 43, No. 130, Col. Chuburna de Hidalgo Merida 97205 Yucatan Mexico
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Abushammala H, Mao J. A Review of the Surface Modification of Cellulose and Nanocellulose Using Aliphatic and Aromatic Mono- and Di-Isocyanates. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152782. [PMID: 31370227 PMCID: PMC6695919 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocellulose has been subjected to a wide range of chemical modifications towards increasing its potential in certain fields of interest. These modifications either modulated the chemistry of the nanocellulose itself or introduced certain functional groups onto its surface, which varied from simple molecules to polymers. Among many, aliphatic and aromatic mono- and di-isocyanates are a group of chemicals that have been used for a century to modify cellulose. Despite only being used recently with nanocellulose, they have shown great potential as surface modifiers and chemical linkers to graft certain functional chemicals and polymers onto the nanocellulose surface. This review discusses the modification of cellulose and nanocellulose using isocyanates including phenyl isocyanate (PI), octadecyl isocyanate (OI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), and their derivatives and polymers. It also presents the most commonly used nanocellulose modification strategies including their advantages and disadvantages. It finally discusses the challenges of using isocyanates, in general, for nanocellulose modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Abushammala
- Fraunhofer Institute for Wood Research (WKI), Bienroder Weg 54E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jia Mao
- Fraunhofer Institute for Wood Research (WKI), Bienroder Weg 54E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
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Herrán R, Amalvy JI, Chiacchiarelli LM. Highly functional lactic acid ring‐opened soybean polyols applied to rigid polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Herrán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, CCT La Plata CONICET‐UNLP Diagonal 113 y 64, La Plata Argentina
| | - Javier Ignacio Amalvy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, CCT La Plata CONICET‐UNLP Diagonal 113 y 64, La Plata Argentina
| | - Leonel Matías Chiacchiarelli
- Instituto de Tecnología de Polímeros y Nanotecnología, CONICET‐UBA Avenida General Las Heras 2214 Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ingeniería MecánicaInstituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires Avenida Eduardo Madero 399 Buenos Aires Argentina
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Nanocellulose Composite Biomaterials in Industry and Medicine. BIOLOGICALLY-INSPIRED SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12919-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Verdolotti L, Stanzione M, Khlebnikov O, Silant'ev V, Postnova I, Lavorgna M, Shchipunov Y. Dimensionally Stable Cellulose Aerogel Strengthened by Polyurethane Synthesized In Situ. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Verdolotti
- Institute of Polymers; Composites and Biomaterials; National Research Council (IPCB-CNR); P. le E. Fermi 1; 80055 Portici, NA Italy
| | - Mariamelia Stanzione
- Institute of Polymers; Composites and Biomaterials; National Research Council (IPCB-CNR); P. le E. Fermi 1; 80055 Portici, NA Italy
| | - Oleg Khlebnikov
- Institute of Chemistry; Far East Department; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok 690022 Russia
| | - Vladimir Silant'ev
- Institute of Chemistry; Far East Department; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok 690022 Russia
| | - Irina Postnova
- Institute of Chemistry; Far East Department; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok 690022 Russia
| | - Marino Lavorgna
- Institute of Polymers; Composites and Biomaterials; National Research Council (IPCB-CNR); P. le E. Fermi 1; 80055 Portici, NA Italy
| | - Yury Shchipunov
- Institute of Chemistry; Far East Department; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok 690022 Russia
- School of Natural Sciences; Far-Eastern Federal University; Vladivostok 690091 Russia
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