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Shahbazi M, Jäger H, Ettelaie R, Chen J, Kashi PA, Mohammadi A. Dispersion strategies of nanomaterials in polymeric inks for efficient 3D printing of soft and smart 3D structures: A systematic review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 333:103285. [PMID: 39216400 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscience-often summarized as "the future is tiny"-highlights the work of researchers advancing nanotechnology through incremental innovations. The design and innovation of new nanomaterials are vital for the development of next-generation three-dimensional (3D) printed structures characterized by low cost, high speed, and versatile capabilities, delivering exceptional performance in advanced applications. The integration of nanofillers into polymeric-based inks for 3D printing heralds a new era in additive manufacturing, allowing for the creation of custom-designed 3D objects with enhanced multifunctionality. To optimize the use of nanomaterials in 3D printing, effective disaggregation techniques and strong interfacial adhesion between nanofillers and polymer matrices are essential. This review provides an overview of the application of various types of nanomaterials used in 3D printing, focusing on their functionalization principles, dispersion strategies, and colloidal stability, as well as the methodologies for aligning nanofillers within the 3D printing framework. It discusses dispersive methods, synergistic dispersion, and in-situ growth, which have yielded smart 3D-printed structures with unique functionality for specific applications. This review also focuses on nanomaterial alignment in 3D printing, detailing methods that enhance selective deposition and orientation of nanofillers within established and customized printing techniques. By emphasizing alignment strategies, we explore their impact on the performance of 3D-printed composites and highlight potential applications that benefit from ordered nanoparticles. Through these continuing efforts, this review shows that the design and development of the new class of nanomaterials are crucial to developing the next generation of smart 3D printed architectures with versatile abilities for advanced structures with exceptional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyar Shahbazi
- Institute of Material Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Henry Jäger
- Institute of Material Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rammile Ettelaie
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jianshe Chen
- Food Oral Processing Laboratory, School of Food Science & Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peyman Asghartabar Kashi
- Faculty of Biosystem, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adeleh Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, University Hamburg, Institute of Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Li N, Khan SB, Chen S, Aiyiti W, Zhou J, Lu B. Promising New Horizons in Medicine: Medical Advancements with Nanocomposite Manufacturing via 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4122. [PMID: 37896366 PMCID: PMC10610836 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing technology has fundamentally revolutionized the product development processes in several industries. Three-dimensional printing enables the creation of tailored prostheses and other medical equipment, anatomical models for surgical planning and training, and even innovative means of directly giving drugs to patients. Polymers and their composites have found broad usage in the healthcare business due to their many beneficial properties. As a result, the application of 3D printing technology in the medical area has transformed the design and manufacturing of medical devices and prosthetics. Polymers and their composites have become attractive materials in this industry because of their unique mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical qualities. This review article presents a comprehensive analysis of the current state-of-the-art applications of polymer and its composites in the medical field using 3D printing technology. It covers the latest research developments in the design and manufacturing of patient-specific medical devices, prostheses, and anatomical models for surgical planning and training. The article also discusses the use of 3D printing technology for drug delivery systems (DDS) and tissue engineering. Various 3D printing techniques, such as stereolithography, fused deposition modeling (FDM), and selective laser sintering (SLS), are reviewed, along with their benefits and drawbacks. Legal and regulatory issues related to the use of 3D printing technology in the medical field are also addressed. The article concludes with an outlook on the future potential of polymer and its composites in 3D printing technology for the medical field. The research findings indicate that 3D printing technology has enormous potential to revolutionize the development and manufacture of medical devices, leading to improved patient outcomes and better healthcare services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (N.L.); (B.L.)
- School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- School of Education (Normal School), Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Sadaf Bashir Khan
- School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Shenggui Chen
- School of Art and Design, Guangzhou Panyu Polytechnic, Guangzhou 511483, China;
| | - Wurikaixi Aiyiti
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (N.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Jianping Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (N.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Bingheng Lu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (N.L.); (B.L.)
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3
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Luo X, Cheng H, Wu X. Nanomaterials Reinforced Polymer Filament for Fused Deposition Modeling: A State-of-the-Art Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2980. [PMID: 37514370 PMCID: PMC10383500 DOI: 10.3390/polym15142980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
For the past years, fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology has received increased attention in the applications of industrial manufacturing fields, particularly for rapid prototyping, small batch production and highly customized products, owing to the merits of low-cost, user-friendliness and high design freedom. To further expand the application potential and promote the performance of the as-manufactured products, many efforts have been spent on the development of suitable materials for FDM applications. In recent years, the involvement of nanomaterials in the FDM-based polymer matrix, which has been demonstrated with great opportunities to enhance the performance and versatility of FDM printed objects, has attracted more and more research interest and the trend is expected to be more pronounced in the next few years. This paper attempts to provide a timely review regarding the current research advances in the use of nanomaterials to reinforce polymer filaments for the FDM technique. Polymer composite filaments based on nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, nanoclay, carbon fibers, graphene, metal nanoparticles and oxides are discussed in detail regarding their properties and applications. We also summarized the current research challenges and outlooked the future research trends in this field. This paper aims at providing a useful reference and guidance for skilled researchers and also beginners in related fields. Hopefully, more research advances can be stimulated in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Hailong Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xin Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
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Vidakis N, Petousis M, Mountakis N, Papadakis V, Moutsopoulou A. Mechanical strength predictability of full factorial, Taguchi, and Box Behnken designs: Optimization of thermal settings and Cellulose Nanofibers content in PA12 for MEX AM. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 142:105846. [PMID: 37084490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of reinforced nanocomposites for MEX 3D-printing remain strong industrial claims. Herein, the efficacy of three modeling methods, i.e., full factorial (FFD), Taguchi (TD), and Box-Behnken (BBD), on the performance of MEX 3D printed nanocomposites was investigated, aiming to reduce the experimental effort. Filaments of medical-grade Polyamide 12 (PA12) reinforced with Cellulose NanoFibers (CNF) were evolved. Besides the CNF loading, 3D printing settings such as Nozzle (NT) and Bed (BΤ) Temperatures were optimization goals aiming to maximize the mechanical response. Three parameters and three levels of FFD were compliant with the ASTM-D638 standard (27 runs, five repetitions). An L9 orthogonal TD and a 15 runs BBD were compiled. In FFD, wt.3%CNF, 270 °C NT, and 80 °C BΤ led to 24% higher tensile strength compared to pure PA12. TGA, RAMAN, and SEM analyses interpreted the reinforcement mechanisms. TD and BBD exhibited fair approximations, requiring 7.4% and 11.8% of the FFD experimental effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Vidakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece.
| | - Markos Petousis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece.
| | - Vassilis Papadakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, N. Plastira 100, GR-70013, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Amalia Moutsopoulou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece.
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5
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Bio-based polyamide nanocomposites of nanoclay, carbon nanotubes and graphene: a review. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-023-01164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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6
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Petousis M, Vidakis N, Mountakis N, Karapidakis E, Moutsopoulou A. Functionality Versus Sustainability for PLA in MEX 3D Printing: The Impact of Generic Process Control Factors on Flexural Response and Energy Efficiency. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051232. [PMID: 36904469 PMCID: PMC10007265 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Process sustainability vs. mechanical strength is a strong market-driven claim in Material Extrusion (MEX) Additive Manufacturing (AM). Especially for the most popular polymer, Polylactic Acid (PLA), the concurrent achievement of these opposing goals may become a puzzle, especially since MEX 3D-printing offers a variety of process parameters. Herein, multi-objective optimization of material deployment, 3D printing flexural response, and energy consumption in MEX AM with PLA is introduced. To evaluate the impact of the most important generic and device-independent control parameters on these responses, the Robust Design theory was employed. Raster Deposition Angle (RDA), Layer Thickness (LT), Infill Density (ID), Nozzle Temperature (NT), Bed Temperature (BT), and Printing Speed (PS) were selected to compile a five-level orthogonal array. A total of 25 experimental runs with five specimen replicas each accumulated 135 experiments. Analysis of variances and reduced quadratic regression models (RQRM) were used to decompose the impact of each parameter on the responses. The ID, RDA, and LT were ranked first in impact on printing time, material weight, flexural strength, and energy consumption, respectively. The RQRM predictive models were experimentally validated and hold significant technological merit, for the proper adjustment of process control parameters per the MEX 3D-printing case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos Petousis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nectarios Vidakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-281-037-9227
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Karapidakis
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Amalia Moutsopoulou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
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7
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Vidakis N, Petousis M, Mountakis N, Moutsopoulou A, Karapidakis E. Energy Consumption vs. Tensile Strength of Poly[methyl methacrylate] in Material Extrusion 3D Printing: The Impact of Six Control Settings. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:845. [PMID: 36850131 PMCID: PMC9966017 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The energy efficiency of material extrusion additive manufacturing has a significant impact on the economics and environmental footprint of the process. Control parameters that ensure 3D-printed functional products of premium quality and mechanical strength are an established market-driven requirement. To accomplish multiple objectives is challenging, especially for multi-purpose industrial polymers, such as the Poly[methyl methacrylate]. The current paper explores the contribution of six generic control factors (infill density, raster deposition angle, nozzle temperature, print speed, layer thickness, and bed temperature) to the energy performance of Poly[methyl methacrylate] over its mechanical performance. A five-level L25 Taguchi orthogonal array was composed, with five replicas, involving 135 experiments. The 3D printing time and the electrical consumption were documented with the stopwatch approach. The tensile strength, modulus, and toughness were experimentally obtained. The raster deposition angle and the printing speed were the first and second most influential control parameters on tensile strength. Layer thickness and printing speed were the corresponding ones for the energy consumption. Quadratic regression model equations for each response metric over the six control parameters were compiled and validated. Thus, the best compromise between energy efficiency and mechanical strength is achievable, and a tool creates significant value for engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Vidakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Markos Petousis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Amalia Moutsopoulou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Karapidakis
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
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A Comparative Analysis of Chemical, Plasma and In Situ Modification of Graphene Nanoplateletes for Improved Performance of Fused Filament Fabricated Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composites Parts. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235182. [PMID: 36501577 PMCID: PMC9735986 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited number of materials and mechanical weakness of fused deposition modeling (FDM) parts are deficiencies of FDM technology. The preparation of polymer composites parts with suitable filler is a promising method to improve the properties of the 3D printed parts. However, the agglomerate of filler makes its difficult disperse in the matrix. In this work, graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) were surface modified with chemical, low-temperature plasma and in situ methods, in order to apply them as fillers for thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Following its modification, the surface chemical composition of GnPs was analyzed. Three wt% of surface-modified GnPs were incorporated into TPU to produce FDM filaments using a melting compounding process. Their effects on rheology properties and electrical conductivity on TPU/GnPs composites, as well as the dimensional accuracy and mechanical properties of FDM parts, are compared. The images of sample facture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine the dispersion of GnPs. Results indicate that chemical treatment of GnPs with zwitterionic surfactant is a good candidate to significantly enhance TPU filaments, when considering the FDM parts demonstrated the highest mechanical properties and lowest dimensional accuracy.
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Yu L, Zhu Y, Wang L, Zhang J, Zhou J, Fu Y. Influence of
3D
printing process parameters on the tribological properties of acrylic resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jiping Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yan Fu
- Xuzhou Ruidi New Materials Technology Co., Ltd. Xuzhou P. R. China
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10
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Ucpinar Durmaz B, Aytac A. Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of graphene nanoplatelets‐reinforced polyamide11/poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bedriye Ucpinar Durmaz
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering Kocaeli University Kocaeli Türkiye
| | - Ayse Aytac
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering Kocaeli University Kocaeli Türkiye
- Polymer Science and Technology Programme Kocaeli University Kocaeli Türkiye
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11
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Progress of Polymer-Based Thermally Conductive Materials by Fused Filament Fabrication: A Comprehensive Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204297. [PMID: 36297876 PMCID: PMC9608148 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
With the miniaturization and integration of electronic products, the heat dissipation efficiency of electronic equipment needs to be further improved. Notably, polymer materials are a choice for electronic equipment matrices because of their advantages of low cost and wide application availability. However, the thermal conductivity of polymers is insufficient to meet heat dissipation requirements, and their improvements remain challenging. For decades, as an efficient manufacturing technology, additive manufacturing has gradually attracted public attention, and researchers have also used this technology to produce new thermally conductive polymer materials. Here, we review the recent research progress of different 3D printing technologies in heat conduction and the thermal conduction mechanism of polymer matrix composites. Based on the classification of fillers, the research progress of thermally conductive materials prepared by fused filament fabrication (FFF) is discussed. It analyzes the internal relationship between FFF process parameters and the thermal conductivity of polymer matrix composites. Finally, this study summarizes the application and future development direction of thermally conductive composites by FFF.
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Vidakis N, Petousis M, Mountakis N, Korlos A, Papadakis V, Moutsopoulou A. Trilateral Multi-Functional Polyamide 12 Nanocomposites with Binary Inclusions for Medical Grade Material Extrusion 3D Printing: The Effect of Titanium Nitride in Mechanical Reinforcement and Copper/Cuprous Oxide as Antibacterial Agents. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:115. [PMID: 35997453 PMCID: PMC9397053 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, for the first time, polyamide 12 (PA12) nanocomposites with binary inclusions in material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing were developed. The aim was to achieve an enhanced mechanical response with the addition of titanium nitride (TiN) and antibacterial performance with the addition of copper (Cu) or cuprous oxide (Cu2O), towards the development of multi-functional nanocomposite materials, exploiting the 3D printing process benefits. The prepared nanocomposites were fully characterized for their mechanical properties. The thermal properties were also investigated. Morphological characterization was performed with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antibacterial performance was investigated with an agar-well diffusion screening process. Overall, the introduction of these nanofillers induced antibacterial performance in the PA12 matrix materials, while at the same time, the mechanical performance was significantly increased. The results of the study show high potential for expanding the areas in which 3D printing can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Vidakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Markos Petousis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Apostolos Korlos
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, International Hellenic University, 14th km, Thessaloniki-N. Moudania, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Papadakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Amalia Moutsopoulou
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
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Mechanical and Tribological Properties of 3D Printed Polyamide 12 and SiC/PA12 Composite by Selective Laser Sintering. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112167. [PMID: 35683841 PMCID: PMC9183084 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric matrix composites are important to the advancement of industries such as the automobile and medicine industries. In this study, the silicon carbide (SiC) particle-reinforced polyamide12 (PA12) matrix composites were fabricated by selective laser sintering system as well as the pure PA12. The surface topographies, mechanical, and tribological properties were further examined. The results indicated that the friction and wear resistance of the composite were improved compared with the PA12 matrix. The compressive strength increased about 8.5%, shore D hardness increased about 6%. The friction coefficient decreased about 10%, the specific wear rate decreased 20% after adding silicon carbide 10% weight to PA12. The wear mechanisms were also discussed. The deformed asperities on the worn surface can withstand more tangential load, and therefore resulted in lower specific wear rate. It was found that the content of SiC particles on the surface were reduced after friction tests. According to the analysis of SEM, EDS, and FTIR results, the wear mechanisms were considered to be the abrasive and fatigue mode. This type of PA12 matrix composite might be a promising potential in marine and energy applications.
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14
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Boiko DA, Korabelnikova VA, Gordeev EG, Ananikov VP. Integration of thermal imaging and neural networks for mechanical strength analysis and fracture prediction in 3D-printed plastic parts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8944. [PMID: 35624225 PMCID: PMC9142534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing demonstrates tremendous progress and is expected to play an important role in the creation of construction materials and final products. Contactless (remote) mechanical testing of the materials and 3D printed parts is a critical limitation since the amount of collected data and corresponding structure/strength correlations need to be acquired. In this work, an efficient approach for coupling mechanical tests with thermographic analysis is described. Experiments were performed to find relationships between mechanical and thermographic data. Mechanical tests of 3D-printed samples were carried out on a universal testing machine, and the fixation of thermal changes during testing was performed with a thermal imaging camera. As a proof of concept for the use of machine learning as a method for data analysis, a neural network for fracture prediction was constructed. Analysis of the measured data led to the development of thermographic markers to enhance the thermal properties of the materials. A combination of artificial intelligence with contactless nondestructive thermal analysis opens new opportunities for the remote supervision of materials and constructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil A Boiko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Victoria A Korabelnikova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Evgeniy G Gordeev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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15
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Effect of carbon nanotubes on mechanical properties of polyamide 12 parts by fused filament fabrication. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Han R, Yang Q, Wang Z, Cao D, Li G, Zheng L, Peng B, Gao X, Chen G. 3D printing-enabled self-assembling β-nucleating agent alignment: Structural evolution and mechanical performances. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Vidakis N, Petousis M, Michailidis N, Grammatikos S, David CN, Mountakis N, Argyros A, Boura O. Development and Optimization of Medical-Grade Multi-Functional Polyamide 12-Cuprous Oxide Nanocomposites with Superior Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties for Cost-Effective 3D Printing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:534. [PMID: 35159879 PMCID: PMC8838813 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, nanocomposites of medical-grade polyamide 12 (PA12) with incorporated copper (I) oxide (cuprous oxide-Cu2O) were prepared and fully characterized for their mechanical, thermal, and antibacterial properties. The investigation was performed on specimens manufactured by fused filament fabrication (FFF) and aimed to produce multi-purpose geometrically complex nanocomposite materials that could be employed in medical, food, and other sectors. Tensile, flexural, impact and Vickers microhardness measurements were conducted on the 3D-printed specimens. The fractographic inspection was conducted utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to determine the fracture mechanism and qualitatively evaluate the process. Moreover, the thermal properties were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (D/TGA). Finally, their antibacterial performance was assessed through a screening method of well agar diffusion. The results demonstrate that the overall optimum performance was achieved for the nanocomposites with 2.0 wt.% loading, while 0.5 wt.% to 4.0 wt.% loading was concluded to have discrete improvements of either the mechanical, the thermal, or the antibacterial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Vidakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71004 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.V.); (M.P.); (N.M.)
| | - Markos Petousis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71004 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.V.); (M.P.); (N.M.)
| | - Nikolaos Michailidis
- Physical Metallurgy Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece; (N.M.); (A.A.)
- Centre for Research & Development of Advanced Materials (CERDAM), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, 57001 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Sotirios Grammatikos
- Group of Sustainable Composites, Department of Manufacturing and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gjøvik, Norway;
| | - Constantine N. David
- Manufacturing Technology & Production Systems Laboratory, School of Engineering, International Hellenic University (Serres Campus), 62124 Serres, Macedonia, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71004 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.V.); (M.P.); (N.M.)
| | - Apostolos Argyros
- Physical Metallurgy Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece; (N.M.); (A.A.)
- Centre for Research & Development of Advanced Materials (CERDAM), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, 57001 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Orsa Boura
- Group of Sustainable Composites, Department of Manufacturing and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gjøvik, Norway;
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18
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Vidakis N, Petousis M, Velidakis E, Korlos A, Kechagias JD, Tsikritzis D, Mountakis N. Medical-Grade Polyamide 12 Nanocomposite Materials for Enhanced Mechanical and Antibacterial Performance in 3D Printing Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:440. [PMID: 35160430 PMCID: PMC8840391 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, wide use of 3D printing technologies has been enabled. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is the most widely used technique in 3D printing communities worldwide for the fabrication of medical components such as face shields and respiratory valves. In the current study, the potential of Polyamide 12 (PA12) silver-doped antibacterial nanopowder (AgDANP) nanocomposites is evaluated for everyday FFF usage. Filling loadings of 1.0-2.0-3.0 and 4.0 wt.% were selected for nanocomposite preparation. Mechanical performance analysis was conducted on the basis of tensile, flexural, impact, and Vickers microhardness measurements in FFF 3D-printed specimens. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images were used for morphology and processing evaluation, as well as thermal performance measurements, conducted by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) tests. Finally, the antibacterial performance was tested using the agar-well diffusion screening method, and the shape effect of the specimens was also investigated. The addition of 2.0 wt.% AgDANPs resulted in an enhancement of approximately 27% for both tensile and flexural stresses, while the antibacterial performance was sufficiently high among the nanocomposites tested. The shape effect exhibited the potential for antibacterial performance at low filling ratios, while the effect was diminished with increasing filler of AgDANPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Vidakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.V.); (E.V.); (N.M.)
| | - Markos Petousis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.V.); (E.V.); (N.M.)
| | - Emmanuel Velidakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.V.); (E.V.); (N.M.)
| | - Apostolos Korlos
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, International Hellenic University, 14th Km Thessaloniki–N. Moudania, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - John D. Kechagias
- General Department, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Thessaly, Greece;
| | - Dimitris Tsikritzis
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.V.); (E.V.); (N.M.)
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19
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Fabrication of PLA/PCL/Graphene Nanoplatelet (GNP) Electrically Conductive Circuit Using the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D Printing Technique. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030762. [PMID: 35160709 PMCID: PMC8836401 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
For the purpose of fabricating electrically conductive composites via the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique whose properties were compared with injection-moulded properties, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were mixed with different contents of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). The wettability, morphological, rheological, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of the 3D-printed samples were investigated. The microstructural images showed the selective localization of the GNPs in the PCL nodules that are dispersed in the PLA phase. The electrical resistivity results using the four-probes method revealed that the injection-moulded samples are insulators, whereas the 3D-printed samples featuring the same graphene content are semiconductors. Varying the printing raster angles also exerted an influence on the electrical conductivity results. The electrical percolation threshold was found to be lower than 15 wt.%, whereas the rheological percolation threshold was found to be lower than 10 wt.%. Furthermore, the 20 wt.% and 25 wt.% GNP composites were able to connect an electrical circuit. An increase in the Young’s modulus was shown with the percentage of graphene. As a result, this work exhibited the potential of the FFF technique to fabricate biodegradable electrically conductive PLA-PCL-GNP composites that can be applicable in the electronic domain.
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20
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Sieradzka M, Fabia J, Biniaś D, Graczyk T, Fryczkowski R. High-Impact Polystyrene Reinforced with Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Filament for Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7008. [PMID: 34832407 PMCID: PMC8623337 DOI: 10.3390/ma14227008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives, such as graphene oxide (GO) or reduced graphene oxide (rGO), due to their properties, have been enjoying great interest for over two decades, particularly in the context of additive manufacturing (AM) applications in recent years. High-impact polystyrene (HIPS) is a polymer used in 3D printing technology due to its high dimensional stability, low cost, and ease of processing. However, the ongoing development of AM creates the need to produce modern feedstock materials with better properties and functionality. This can be achieved by introducing reduced graphene oxide into the polymer matrix. In this study, printable composite filaments were prepared and characterized in terms of morphology and thermal and mechanical properties. Among the obtained HIPS/rGO composites, the filament containing 0.5 wt% of reduced graphene oxide had the best mechanical properties. Its tensile strength increased from 19.84 to 22.45 MPa, for pure HIPS and HIPS-0.5, respectively. Furthermore, when using the HIPS-0.5 filament in the printing process, no clogging of the nozzle was observed, which may indicate good dispersion of the rGO in the polymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sieradzka
- Faculty of Materials, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland; (J.F.); (D.B.); (T.G.); (R.F.)
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21
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Pal AK, Mohanty AK, Misra M. Additive manufacturing technology of polymeric materials for customized products: recent developments and future prospective. RSC Adv 2021; 11:36398-36438. [PMID: 35494368 PMCID: PMC9043570 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04060j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide demand for additive manufacturing (AM) is increasing due to its ability to produce more challenging customized objects based on the process parameters for engineering applications. The processing of conventional materials by AM processes is a critically demanded research stream, which has generated a path-breaking scenario in the rapid manufacturing and upcycling of plastics. The exponential growth of AM in the worldwide polymer market is expected to exceed 20 billion US dollars by 2021 in areas of automotive, medical, aerospace, energy and customized consumer products. The development of functional polymers and composites by 3D printing-based technologies has been explored significantly due to its cost-effective, easier integration into customized geometries, higher efficacy, higher precision, freedom of material utilization as compared to traditional injection molding, and thermoforming techniques. Since polymers are the most explored class of materials in AM to overcome the limitations, this review describes the latest research conducted on petroleum-based polymers and their composites using various AM techniques such as fused filament fabrication (FFF), selective laser sintering (SLS), and stereolithography (SLA) related to 3D printing in engineering applications such as biomedical, automotive, aerospace and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Kumar Pal
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building, 50 Stone Road East Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Amar K Mohanty
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building, 50 Stone Road East Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph Thornbrough Building, 50 Stone Road East Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Manjusri Misra
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building, 50 Stone Road East Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph Thornbrough Building, 50 Stone Road East Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
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22
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Xu W, Jambhulkar S, Ravichandran D, Zhu Y, Kakarla M, Nian Q, Azeredo B, Chen X, Jin K, Vernon B, Lott DG, Cornella JL, Shefi O, Miquelard-Garnier G, Yang Y, Song K. 3D Printing-Enabled Nanoparticle Alignment: A Review of Mechanisms and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100817. [PMID: 34176201 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
3D printing (additive manufacturing (AM)) has enormous potential for rapid tooling and mass production due to its design flexibility and significant reduction of the timeline from design to manufacturing. The current state-of-the-art in 3D printing focuses on material manufacturability and engineering applications. However, there still exists the bottleneck of low printing resolution and processing rates, especially when nanomaterials need tailorable orders at different scales. An interesting phenomenon is the preferential alignment of nanoparticles that enhance material properties. Therefore, this review emphasizes the landscape of nanoparticle alignment in the context of 3D printing. Herein, a brief overview of 3D printing is provided, followed by a comprehensive summary of the 3D printing-enabled nanoparticle alignment in well-established and in-house customized 3D printing mechanisms that can lead to selective deposition and preferential orientation of nanoparticles. Subsequently, it is listed that typical applications that utilized the properties of ordered nanoparticles (e.g., structural composites, heat conductors, chemo-resistive sensors, engineered surfaces, tissue scaffolds, and actuators based on structural and functional property improvement). This review's emphasis is on the particle alignment methodology and the performance of composites incorporating aligned nanoparticles. In the end, significant limitations of current 3D printing techniques are identified together with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiheng Xu
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Sayli Jambhulkar
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Dharneedar Ravichandran
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Yuxiang Zhu
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Mounika Kakarla
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, 501 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Qiong Nian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Multi-Scale Manufacturing Material Processing Lab (MMMPL), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Bruno Azeredo
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 S. Innovation Way West, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Xiangfan Chen
- Advanced Manufacturing and Functional Devices (AMFD) Laboratory, Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 Innovation Way W., Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Kailong Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering Matter, Transport and Energy (SEMTE), and Biodesign Institute Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing (BCSM3), Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler St., Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Brent Vernon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomaterials Lab, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - David G Lott
- Department Otolaryngology, Division of Laryngology, College of Medicine, and Mayo Clinic Arizona Center for Regenerative Medicine, 13400 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Cornella
- Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Division of Gynecologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 13400 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Orit Shefi
- Department of Engineering, Neuro-Engineering and Regeneration Laboratory, Bar Ilan Institute of Nanotechnologies and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Building 1105, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Guillaume Miquelard-Garnier
- laboratoire PIMM, UMR 8006, Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, CNAM, Hesam University, 151 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Yang Yang
- Additive Manufacturing & Advanced Materials Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-1323, USA
| | - Kenan Song
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Advanced Materials Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory (AMAML), Ira A. Fulton Schools for Engineering, Arizona State University, 6075 Innovation Way W., Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
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23
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Albozahid M, Naji HZ, Alobad ZK, Saiani A. Enhanced mechanical, crystallisation and thermal properties of graphene flake-filled polyurethane nanocomposites: the impact of thermal treatment on the resulting microphase-separated structure. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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A Review on Filament Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication. JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING AND MATERIALS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmmp5030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is one of the most popular additive manufacturing (AM) processes that utilize thermoplastic polymers to produce three-dimensional (3D) geometry products. The FFF filament materials have a significant role in determining the properties of the final part produced, such as mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. This article intensively reviews the state-of-the-art materials for FFF filaments. To date, there are many different types of FFF filament materials that have been developed. The filament materials range from pure thermoplastics to composites, bioplastics, and composites of bioplastics. Different types of reinforcements such as particles, fibers, and nanoparticles are incorporated into the composite filaments to improve the FFF build part properties. The performance, limitations, and opportunities of a specific type of FFF filament will be discussed. Additionally, the challenges and requirements for filament production from different materials will be evaluated. In addition, to provide a concise review of fundamental knowledge about the FFF filament, this article will also highlight potential research directions to stimulate future filament development. Finally, the importance and scopes of using bioplastics and their composites for developing eco-friendly filaments will be introduced.
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25
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Wei B, Yang S, Wang Q. Green recycling of aluminum plastic packaging waste by solid‐state shear milling and
3D
printing for thermal conductive composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baojie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Shuangqiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
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26
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Correlation between welding behavior and mechanical anisotropy of long chain polyamide 12 manufactured with fused filament fabrication. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Chakraborty PK, Azadmanjiri J, Pavithra CLP, Wang X, Masood SH, Dey SR, Wang J. Advancements in Therapeutics via 3D Printed Multifunctional Architectures from Dispersed 2D Nanomaterial Inks. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2004900. [PMID: 33185035 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2D nanomaterials (2DNMs) possess fascinating properties and are found in multifarious devices and applications including energy storage devices, new generation of battery technologies, sensor devices, and more recently in biomedical applications. Their use in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, photothermal therapy, neural regeneration, and drug delivery has opened new horizons in treatment of age-old ailments. It is also a rapidly developing area of advanced research. A new approach of integrating 3D printing (3DP), a layer-by-layer deposition technique for building structures, along with 2DNM multifunctional inks, has gained considerable attention in recent times, especially in biomedical applications. With the ever-growing demand in healthcare industry for novel, efficient, and rapid technologies for therapeutic treatment methods, 3DP structures of 2DNMs provide vast scope for evolution of a new generation of biomedical devices. Recent advances in 3DP structures of dispersed 2DNM inks with established high-performance biomedical properties are focused on. The advantages of their 3D structures, the sustainable formulation methods of such inks, and their feasible printing methods are also covered. Subsequently, it deals with the therapeutic applications of some already researched 3DP structures of 2DNMs and concludes with highlighting the challenges as well as the future directions of research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam K Chakraborty
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria, Hawthorn, 3122, Australia
| | - Jalal Azadmanjiri
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Chokkakula L P Pavithra
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- Centre for 3D Printing Materials and Additive Manufacturing Technology, Institute of Advanced Wear & Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Syed H Masood
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria, Hawthorn, 3122, Australia
| | - Suhash Ranjan Dey
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - James Wang
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria, Hawthorn, 3122, Australia
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28
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Nath SD, Nilufar S. An Overview of Additive Manufacturing of Polymers and Associated Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2719. [PMID: 33212903 PMCID: PMC7698427 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing is rapidly evolving and opening new possibilities for many industries. This article gives an overview of the current status of additive manufacturing with polymers and polymer composites. Various types of reinforcements in polymers and architectured cellular material printing including the auxetic metamaterials and the triply periodic minimal surface structures are discussed. Finally, applications, current challenges, and future directions are highlighted here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabrina Nilufar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Energy Processes, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
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29
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Lee KPM, Baum T, Shanks R, Daver F. Graphene–polyamide‐6 composite for additive manufacture of multifunctional electromagnetic interference shielding components. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Baum
- School of Engineering RMIT University Bundoora Victoria Australia
| | - Robert Shanks
- School of Science RMIT University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Fugen Daver
- School of Engineering RMIT University Bundoora Victoria Australia
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30
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Lee KPM, Brandt M, Shanks R, Daver F. Rheology and 3D Printability of Percolated Graphene-Polyamide-6 Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2014. [PMID: 32899316 PMCID: PMC7565563 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene-polyamide-6 (PA6) composites with up to 17.0%·w/w graphene content were prepared via melt mixing. Oscillatory rheometry revealed that the dynamic viscoelastic properties of PA6 decreased with the addition of 0.1%·w/w graphene but increased when the graphene content was increased to 6.0%·w/w and higher. Further analysis indicated that the rheological percolation threshold was between 6.0 and 10.0%·w/w graphene. The Carreau-Yasuda model was used to describe the complex viscosity of the materials. Capillary rheometry was applied to assess the steady shear rheology of neat PA6 and the 17.0%·w/w graphene-PA6 composite. High material viscosity at low shear rates coupled with intense shear-thinning in the composite highlighted the importance of selecting the appropriate rheological characterisation methods, shear rates and rheological models when assessing the 3D printability of percolated graphene-polymer composites for material extrusion (ME). A method to predict the printability of an ME filament feedstock, based on fundamental equations describing material flow through the printer nozzle, in the form of a printing envelope, was developed and verified experimentally. It was found that designing filaments with steady shear viscosities of approximately 15% of the maximum printable viscosity for the desired printing conditions will be advantageous for easy ME processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Peng Marcian Lee
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
| | - Milan Brandt
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia;
| | - Robert Shanks
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia;
| | - Fugen Daver
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
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31
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Vu MC, Jeong T, Kim J, Choi WK, Kim DH, Kim S. 3D
printing of copper particles and poly(methyl methacrylate) beads containing poly(lactic acid) composites for enhancing thermomechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minh Canh Vu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Korea National University of Transportation Chungju Republic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Hyeong Jeong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Korea National University of Transportation Chungju Republic of Korea
| | - Jun‐Beom Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Korea National University of Transportation Chungju Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kook Choi
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hoon Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Korea National University of Transportation Chungju Republic of Korea
- Department of Tests and Certification Korea Conformity Laboratories Incheon Republic of Korea
| | - Sung‐Ryong Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Korea National University of Transportation Chungju Republic of Korea
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32
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Li W, Chang Z, Lin L, Xu X. Effect of montmorillonite on PEBAX® 1074-based mixed matrix membranes to be used in humidifiers in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. E-POLYMERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2020-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTo meet the increasing requirements of membrane humidification in proton exchange
membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), a series of montmorillonite
(MMT)/PEBAX® 1074 mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were fabricated
using the solvent casting method. Pristine MMT and poly(oxyalkylene)amine
(APOP)-modified MMT were added as the filler. Using the XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and TEM, the
morphology and chemical structure of MMT during modification were investigated. Using
the tests of water vapor permeability, air permeability, water contact angle, and
crystallinity, the effects of montmorillonite on membrane properties were
investigated. The results showed that surface hydrophilicity and crystallinity of
MMMs increased as the MMT content increases, which leads to higher vapor permeability
and selectivity than the pure PEBAX® 1074 membrane. After
modification, APOP-MMT/PEBAX® 1074 MMMs showed better performance
in vapor permeability and vapor/air selectivity. The best selectivity was 1.7
× 105, which is three times higher than that of pure
PEBAX® 1074 membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Li
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhihong Chang
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Liming Lin
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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33
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Akhoundi B, Nabipour M, Hajami F, Shakoori D. An Experimental Study of Nozzle Temperature and Heat Treatment (Annealing) Effects on Mechanical Properties of High‐Temperature Polylactic Acid in Fused Deposition Modeling. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Akhoundi
- Additive Manufacturing Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical EngineeringTarbiat Modares University Tehran 14115‐143 Iran
| | - Mojtaba Nabipour
- Additive Manufacturing Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical EngineeringTarbiat Modares University Tehran 14115‐143 Iran
| | - Faramarz Hajami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of MechatronicsKaraj Branch, Islamic Azad University Karaj Iran
| | - Diana Shakoori
- Faculty of Electrical, Biomedical and Mechatronics EngineeringQazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University Qazvin Iran
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34
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Low‐defect graphene–polyamide‐6 composites and modeling the filler–matrix interface. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Guo H, Lv R, Bai S. Recent advances on 3D printing graphene-based composites. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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36
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Rahim TNAT, Abdullah AM, Md Akil H. Recent Developments in Fused Deposition Modeling-Based 3D Printing of Polymers and Their Composites. POLYM REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2019.1597883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Noraihan Azila Tuan Rahim
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Manaf Abdullah
- School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hazizan Md Akil
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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37
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Liu X, Liu Y, Yang J, Wang W, Lai D, Mao L, Zheng W, Yang J, Chen X. Effects of the biaxial orientation on the mechanical and optical properties and shrinkage of polyamide 6-66-montmorillonite-nanosilica nanocomposite films. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province; Hunan University of Technology; Zhuzhou Hunan 412008 China
| | - Yuejun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province; Hunan University of Technology; Zhuzhou Hunan 412008 China
- School of Materials Science and Technology; Xiamen University of Technology; Xiamen 361024 China
| | - Jian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province; Hunan University of Technology; Zhuzhou Hunan 412008 China
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province; Hunan University of Technology; Zhuzhou Hunan 412008 China
| | - Dengwang Lai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province; Hunan University of Technology; Zhuzhou Hunan 412008 China
| | - Long Mao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province; Hunan University of Technology; Zhuzhou Hunan 412008 China
- School of Materials Science and Technology; Xiamen University of Technology; Xiamen 361024 China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Xiamen Changsu Industrial Company, Limited; Xiamen Fujian 361026 China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province; Hunan University of Technology; Zhuzhou Hunan 412008 China
| | - Xi Chen
- Xiamen Changsu Industrial Company, Limited; Xiamen Fujian 361026 China
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38
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Electrically Conductive Polyetheretherketone Nanocomposite Filaments: From Production to Fused Deposition Modeling. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10080925. [PMID: 30960850 PMCID: PMC6403709 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work reports the production and characterization of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) nanocomposite filaments incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphite nanoplates (GnP), electrically conductive and suitable for fused deposition modeling (FDM) processing. The nanocomposites were manufactured by melt mixing and those presenting electrical conductivity near 10 S/m were selected for the production of filaments for FDM. The extruded filaments were characterized for mechanical and thermal conductivity, polymer crystallinity, thermal relaxation, nanoparticle dispersion, thermoelectric effect, and coefficient of friction. They presented electrical conductivity in the range of 1.5 to 13.1 S/m, as well as good mechanical performance and higher thermal conductivity compared to PEEK. The addition of GnP improved the composites’ melt processability, maintained the electrical conductivity at target level, and reduced the coefficient of friction by up to 60%. Finally, three-dimensional (3D) printed test specimens were produced, showing a Young’s modulus and ultimate tensile strength comparable to those of the filaments, but a lower strain at break and electrical conductivity. This was attributed to the presence of large voids in the part, revealing the need for 3D printing parameter optimization. Finally, filament production was up-scaled to kilogram scale maintaining the properties of the research-scale filaments.
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Lin H, Pei L, Zhang L. Enhanced thermal conductivity of PLA-based nanocomposites by incorporation of graphite nanoplatelets functionalized by tannic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Lin
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation of Education Ministry; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Lixia Pei
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation of Education Ministry; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation of Education Ministry; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
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40
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Gaska K, Kádár R, Rybak A, Siwek A, Gubanski S. Gas Barrier, Thermal, Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Highly Aligned Graphene-LDPE Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E294. [PMID: 30970972 PMCID: PMC6432036 DOI: 10.3390/polym9070294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This contribution reports on properties of low-density polyethylene-based composites filled with different amounts of graphene nanoplatelets. The studied samples were prepared in the form of films by means of the precoating technique and single screw melt-extrusion, which yields a highly ordered arrangement of graphene flakes and results in a strong anisotropy of composites morphology. The performed tests of gas permeability reveal a drastic decrease of this property with increasing filler content. A clear correlation is found between permeability and free volume fraction in the material, the latter evaluated by means of positron annihilation spectroscopy. A strong anisotropy of the thermal conductivity is also achieved and the thermal conductivity along the extrusion direction for samples filled with 7.5 wt % of GnP (graphene nanoplatelets) reached 2.2 W/m·K. At the same time, when measured through a plane, a slight decrease of thermal conductivity is found. The use of GnP filler leads also to improvements of mechanical properties. The increase of Young's modulus and tensile strength are reached as the composites become more brittle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Gaska
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Roland Kádár
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Andrzej Rybak
- ABB Corporate Research Center, 31038 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Artur Siwek
- ABB Corporate Research Center, 31038 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Stanislaw Gubanski
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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41
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Zhang S, Cheng Y, Xu W, Li J, Sun J, Wang J, Qin C, Dai L. Dispersibility of different sized graphene oxide sheets and their reinforcement on polyamide 6 fibers. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12261f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PA6/grafted-SGO (g-SGO) nanocomposite fibers show improved mechanical-properties due to excellent dispersibility of g-SGO and strong interaction between g-SGO and PA6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Cheng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Weijuan Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxiang Qin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lixing Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- People's Republic of China
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