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Rai PK, Nongtri ES. Heavy metals/-metalloids (As) phytoremediation with Landoltia punctata and Lemna sp. (duckweeds): coupling with biorefinery prospects for sustainable phytotechnologies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:16216-16240. [PMID: 38334920 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals/-metalloids can result in serious human health hazards. Phytoremediation is green bioresource technology for the remediation of heavy metals and arsenic (As). However, there exists a knowledge gap and systematic information on duckweed-based metal phytoremediation in an eco-sustainable way. Therefore, the present review offers a critical discussion on the effective use of duckweeds (genera Landoltia and Lemna)-based phytoremediation to decontaminate metallic contaminants from wastewater. Phytoextraction and rhizofiltration were the major mechanism in 'duckweed bioreactors' that can be dependent on physico-chemical factors and plant-microbe interactions. The biotechnological advances such as gene manipulations can accelerate the duckweed-based phytoremediation process. High starch and protein contents of the metal-loaded duckweed biomass facilitate their use as feedstock in biorefinery. Biorefinery prospects such as bioenergy production, value-added products, and biofertilizers can augment the circular economy approach. Coupling duckweed-based phytoremediation with biorefinery can help achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Kumar Rai
- Department of Environmental Science, Mizoram University (A Central University), Aizawl, 796004, India.
| | - Emacaree S Nongtri
- Department of Environmental Science, Mizoram University (A Central University), Aizawl, 796004, India
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2
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Srithep Y, Pholharn D, Worajittiphon P, Sriprateep K, Veang-In O, Morris J. Toughening Polylactide Stereocomplex by Injection Molding with Thermoplastic Starch and Chain Extender. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092055. [PMID: 37177201 PMCID: PMC10180853 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The high cost, low heat resistance, and brittleness of poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) is a significant drawback that inhibits its diffusion into many industrial applications. These weaknesses were solved by forming a polylactide stereocomplex (ST) and blending it with thermoplastic starch (TPS). We blended poly (L-lactide)(PLLA), up to 30% thermoplastic starch, and a chain extender (2%) in an internal mixer, which was then hand-mixed with poly (D-lactide)(PDLA) and injection molded to form specimens, in order to study mechanical, thermal, and crystallization behavior. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that the stereocomplex structures were still formed despite the added TPS and showed melting points ~55 °C higher than neat PLLA. Furthermore, stereocomplex crystallinity decreased with the increased TPS content. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that ST improved PLLA heat resistance, and tensile testing suggested that the TPS improved the elongation-at-break of ST. Moreover, the chain extender reduced the degradation of ST/TPS blends and generally improved ST/TPS composites' mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yottha Srithep
- Manufacturing and Materials Research Unit, Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Dutchanee Pholharn
- Department of Rubber and Polymer Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajabhat Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Patnarin Worajittiphon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Keartisak Sriprateep
- Manufacturing and Materials Research Unit, Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Onpreeya Veang-In
- Manufacturing and Materials Research Unit, Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - John Morris
- School of Industrial Education and Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
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3
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Mouro C, Gomes AP, Gouveia IC. Emulsion Electrospinning of PLLA/PVA/Chitosan with Hypericum perforatum L. as an Antibacterial Nanofibrous Wound Dressing. Gels 2023; 9:gels9050353. [PMID: 37232945 DOI: 10.3390/gels9050353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds are one of the most severe health problems that affect millions of people worldwide. These types of injuries impair healing and lead to life-threatening complications. Therefore, suitable wound dressing materials are essential to prevent the risk of infection and to provide an excellent healing environment. The present research reports the development of an electrospun Poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA)/Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/Chitosan (CS) wound dressing material, produced via emulsion electrospinning in a single step using homogeneous gel-like suspensions of two different and incompatible polymer solutions. The electrospun PLLA/PVA/CS fiber mats were loaded with two different amounts of Hypericum perforatum L. (HP) (2.5% and 5.0% owf). The results revealed that the produced electrospun PLLA/PVA/CS fiber mats displayed ideal properties as a wound dressing due to a total porosity, wettability, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and swelling properties similar to those reported for the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the skin, mainly when 2.5% owf HP was incorporated. Moreover, the electrospun PLLA/PVA/CS fiber mats containing HP were able to prevent the growth of gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) without causing cytotoxicity to normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). These findings suggest that these electrospun dressing mats are helpful for preventing wound infections as well as an appropriate support and microenvironment for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Mouro
- FibEnTech-Fiber materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana P Gomes
- FibEnTech-Fiber materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Isabel C Gouveia
- FibEnTech-Fiber materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
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Yoksan R, Dang KM. The effect of polyethylene glycol sorbitan monostearate on the morphological characteristics and performance of thermoplastic starch/biodegradable polyester blend films. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123332. [PMID: 36681227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although thermoplastic starch (TPS) has been developed to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and environmental and health-related impacts from plastics, high moisture sensitivity and poor mechanical properties limited its practical applications. Blending TPS with biodegradable polyesters, i.e., poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA), is an alternative approach; however, the compatibility among polymer phases needs to be improved. Here, polyethylene glycol sorbitan monostearate (Tween 60), an amphiphilic surfactant, was proposed to improve the compatibility and performance of the TPS/PLA/PBSA 40/30/30 blend. The concentration of Tween 60 varied in the range of 0.5-2.5 wt%. The blends were fabricated using an extruder through two different melt-mixing routes, i.e., direct mixing and masterbatch mixing, and then converted to film using a blown film extrusion line. Tween 60 could improve compatibility between TPS dispersed phase and PLA/PBSA matrix, resulting in increased tensile strength, extensibility, impact strength, thermal stability, and water vapor and oxygen barrier properties of the ternary blend. In addition, better performance of the blend was obtained from the direct mixing route. Tween 60 could thus be considered a potential compatibilizer for the TPS/PLA/PBSA blend film, which can be further used as a biodegradable packaging material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangrong Yoksan
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Khanh Minh Dang
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Comparative performance of fused deposit modeling
3D‐printed
and injection molded polylactic acid/thermoplastic starch/nanoclay bio‐based nanocomposites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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6
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Fonseca-García A, Osorio BH, Aguirre-Loredo RY, Calambas HL, Caicedo C. Miscibility study of thermoplastic starch/polylactic acid blends: Thermal and superficial properties. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 293:119744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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7
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Calambás Pulgarin HL, Caicedo C, López EF. Effect of surfactant content on rheological, thermal, morphological and surface properties of thermoplastic starch (TPS) and polylactic acid (PLA) blends. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10833. [PMID: 36247174 PMCID: PMC9557894 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Miscibility in biopolymeric blends is a critical process that requires evaluation of the effect of surfactants or coupling agents under conditions similar to processing. Different mixtures in the molten state of plasticized starch and polylactic acid in the presence of a surfactant (Tween 20) at different concentrations were studied. This allowed knowing the rheological, thermal and surface behavior of the mixtures. The results of the dynamic rheological analysis showed increases in viscosity in the presence of the surfactant, in which strong interactions were produced at high shear rates that reflect possible crosslinking between the polymer chains, in addition to intermolecular interactions that were evidenced in the infrared spectrum. Likewise, the storage and loss modulus showed transitions mainly from viscous to elastic typical for thermoplastics. The thermogravimetric analysis did not show significant changes between the mixtures. However, the calorimetric analysis showed changes in the crystallinity of the mixtures, the tensoactive promotes greater freedom of movement and rearrangements in the microstructure with decrease of interface between polymers, and less compaction of the material induced by the emulsion. Analysis derived from biopolymeric films against contact with water shows significant changes. Interaction with water in short times (in the order of minutes) according to the sessile drop technique, favors hydrophilicity by increasing the concentration of Tween 20. However, interaction with water for prolonged times (in the order of hours), shows that the absorption reaches saturation in samples a stabilization in the absorption is observed. The results demonstrate that the miscibility of PLA in AS was achieved in the presence of the tween, under conventional processing conditions. The stability of the different formulations allows the production of films for packaging and biomedical applications.
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8
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Falua KJ, Pokharel A, Babaei-Ghazvini A, Ai Y, Acharya B. Valorization of Starch to Biobased Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112215. [PMID: 35683888 PMCID: PMC9183024 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many concerns are being expressed about the biodegradability, biocompatibility, and long-term viability of polymer-based substances. This prompted the quest for an alternative source of material that could be utilized for various purposes. Starch is widely used as a thickener, emulsifier, and binder in many food and non-food sectors, but research focuses on increasing its application beyond these areas. Due to its biodegradability, low cost, renewability, and abundance, starch is considered a "green path" raw material for generating porous substances such as aerogels, biofoams, and bioplastics, which have sparked an academic interest. Existing research has focused on strategies for developing biomaterials from organic polymers (e.g., cellulose), but there has been little research on its polysaccharide counterpart (starch). This review paper highlighted the structure of starch, the context of amylose and amylopectin, and the extraction and modification of starch with their processes and limitations. Moreover, this paper describes nanofillers, intelligent pH-sensitive films, biofoams, aerogels of various types, bioplastics, and their precursors, including drying and manufacturing. The perspectives reveal the great potential of starch-based biomaterials in food, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, and non-food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde James Falua
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
- Department of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin PMB 1515, Nigeria
| | - Anamol Pokharel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Amin Babaei-Ghazvini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Yongfeng Ai
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
| | - Bishnu Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Rahim NAA, Xian LY, Munusamy Y, Zakaria Z, Ramarad S. Melt behavior of polypropylene‐co‐ethylene composites filled with dual component of sago and kenaf natural filler. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nor Azura Abdul Rahim
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) Arau Perlis Malaysia
| | - Loo Yu Xian
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) Arau Perlis Malaysia
| | - Yamuna Munusamy
- Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Kampar Perak Malaysia
| | - Zunaida Zakaria
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) Arau Perlis Malaysia
- Geopolymer and Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech) Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) Arau Perlis Malaysia
| | - Suganti Ramarad
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences Heriot‐Watt University Malaysia Putrajaya Malaysia
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10
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Poultry eggshell effects on microporous poly(lactic acid)-based film fabrication for active compound-releasing sachets. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03563-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Maniglia BC, La Fuente CIA, Siqueira LDV, Tadini CC. Carbohydrate Nanomaterials Addition to Starch‐Based Packaging: A Review about Fundamentals and Application. STARCH-STARKE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Chieregato Maniglia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP) ‐ Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP 14040–900 Brazil
| | - Carla Ivonne Arias La Fuente
- Department of Agri‐food Industry Food and Nutrition (LAN), School of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ) Universidade de São Paulo Piracicaba SP 13418–900 Brazil
| | - Larissa do Val Siqueira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica Universidade de São Paulo Main Campus São Paulo SP 05508‐010 Brazil
- Food Research Center (FoRC/NAPAN) Universidade de São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Carmen Cecilia Tadini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica Universidade de São Paulo Main Campus São Paulo SP 05508‐010 Brazil
- Food Research Center (FoRC/NAPAN) Universidade de São Paulo SP Brazil
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12
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Chen J, Wang X, Long Z, Wang S, Zhang J, Wang L. Preparation and performance of thermoplastic starch and microcrystalline cellulose for packaging composites: Extrusion and hot pressing. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2295-2302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Mechanical, Physical and Thermal Properties of Sugar Palm Nanocellulose Reinforced Thermoplastic Starch (TPS)/Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA) Blend Bionanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102216. [PMID: 32992514 PMCID: PMC7600171 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, sugar palm nanocellulose fibre-reinforced thermoplastic starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blend bionanocomposites were prepared using melt blending and compression moulding with different TPS concentrations (20%, 30%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) and constant sugar palm nanocellulose fibres (0.5%). The physical, mechanical, thermal, and water barrier properties were investigated. The SEM images indicated different TPS loading effects with the morphology of the blend bionanocomposites due to their immiscibility. A high content of TPS led to agglomeration, while a lower content resulted in the presence of cracks and voids. The 20% TPS loading reduced the tensile strength from 49.08 to 19.45 MPa and flexural strength from 79.60 to 35.38 MPa. The thermal stability of the blend bionanocomposites was reduced as the TPS loading increased. The thickness swelling, which corresponded to the water absorption, demonstrated an increasing trend with the increased addition of TPS loading.
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14
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Haneef INHM, Buys YF, Shaffiar NM, Haris NA, Hamid AMA, Shaharuddin SIS. Mechanical, morphological, thermal properties and hydrolytic degradation behavior of polylactic acid/polypropylene carbonate blends prepared by solvent casting. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Intan Najwa Humaira Mohamed Haneef
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials, Kulliyyah of Engineering International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Gombak Selangor Malaysia
| | - Yose Fachmi Buys
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Norhashimah Mohd Shaffiar
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials, Kulliyyah of Engineering International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Gombak Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nurul Assadiqah Haris
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials, Kulliyyah of Engineering International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Gombak Selangor Malaysia
| | - Abdul Malek Abdul Hamid
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials, Kulliyyah of Engineering International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Gombak Selangor Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Imihezri Syed Shaharuddin
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials, Kulliyyah of Engineering International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Gombak Selangor Malaysia
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Compatibilization and Characterization of Polylactide and Biopolyethylene Binary Blends by Non-Reactive and Reactive Compatibilization Approaches. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061344. [PMID: 32545882 PMCID: PMC7361870 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, different compatibilizing agents were used to analyze their influence on immiscible blends of polylactide (PLA) and biobased high-density polyethylene (bioPE) 80/20 (wt/wt). The compatibilizing agents used were polyethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) with a content of 33% of vinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and dicumyl peroxide (DPC). The influence of each compatibilizing agent on the mechanical, thermal, and microstructural properties of the PLA-bioPE blend was studied using different microscopic techniques (i.e., field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy with PeakForce quantitative nanomechanical mapping (AFM-QNM)). Compatibilized PLA-bioPE blends showed an improvement in the ductile properties, with EVA being the compatibilizer that provided the highest elongation at break and the highest impact-absorbed energy (Charpy test). In addition, it was observed by means of the different microscopic techniques that the typical droplet-like structure is maintained, but the use of compatibilizers decreases the dimensions of the dispersed droplets, leading to improved interfacial adhesion, being more pronounced in the case of the EVA compatibilizer. Furthermore, the incorporation of the compatibilizers caused a very marked decrease in the crystallinity of the immiscible PLA-bioPE blend.
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16
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Ivorra-Martinez J, Verdu I, Fenollar O, Sanchez-Nacher L, Balart R, Quiles-Carrillo L. Manufacturing and Properties of Binary Blend from Bacterial Polyester Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) and Poly(caprolactone) with Improved Toughness. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051118. [PMID: 32422915 PMCID: PMC7285169 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) represent a promising group of bacterial polyesters for new applications. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH) is a very promising bacterial polyester with potential uses in the packaging industry; nevertheless, as with many (almost all) bacterial polyesters, PHBH undergoes secondary crystallization (aging) which leads to an embrittlement. To overcome or minimize this, in the present work a flexible petroleum-derived polyester, namely poly(ε-caprolactone), was used to obtain PHBH/PCL blends with different compositions (from 0 to 40 PCL wt %) using extrusion followed by injection moulding. The thermal analysis of the binary blends was studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA). Both TGA and DSC revealed immiscibility between PHBH and PCL. Mechanical dynamic thermal analysis (DMTA) allowed a precise determination of the glass transition temperatures (Tg) as a function of the blend composition. By means of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), an internal structure formed by two phases was observed, with a PHBH-rich matrix phase and a finely dispersed PCL-rich phase. These results confirmed the immiscibility between these two biopolymers. However, the mechanical properties obtained through tensile and Charpy tests, indicated that the addition of PCL to PHBH considerably improved toughness. PHBH/PCL blends containing 40 PCL wt % offered an impact resistance double that of neat PHBH. PCL addition also contributed to a decrease in brittleness and an improvement in toughness and some other ductile properties. As expected, an increase in ductile properties resulted in a decrease in some mechanical resistant properties, e.g., the modulus and the strength (in tensile and flexural conditions) decreased with increasing wt % PCL in PHBH/PCL blends.
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17
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De La Rosa‐Ramírez H, Aldas M, Ferri JM, López‐Martínez J, Samper MD. Modification of poly (lactic acid) through the incorporation of gum rosin and gum rosin derivative: Mechanical performance and hydrophobicity. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Aldas
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) Alicante Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería Química y AgroindustriaEscuela Politécnica Nacional Quito Ecuador
| | - José Miguel Ferri
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) Alicante Spain
| | - Juan López‐Martínez
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) Alicante Spain
| | - María Dolores Samper
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) Alicante Spain
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18
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Pine Resin Derivatives as Sustainable Additives to Improve the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Injected Moulded Thermoplastic Starch. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fully bio-based materials based on thermoplastic starch (TPS) were developed starting from corn starch plasticized with glycerol. The obtained TPS was further blended with five pine resin derivatives: gum rosin (GR), disproportionated gum rosin (dehydroabietic acid, RD), maleic anhydride modified gum rosin (CM), pentaerythritol ester of gum rosin (LF), and glycerol ester of gum rosin (UG). The TPS–resin blend formulations were processed by melt extrusion and further by injection moulding to simulate the industrial conditions. The obtained materials were characterized in terms of mechanical, thermal and structural properties. The results showed that all gum rosin-based additives were able to improve the thermal stability of TPS, increasing the degradation onset temperature. The carbonyl groups of gum rosin derivatives were able to interact with the hydroxyl groups of starch and glycerol by means of hydrogen bond interactions producing a significant increase of the glass transition temperature with a consequent stiffening effect, which in turn improve the overall mechanical performance of the TPS-resin injected moulded blends. The developed TPS–resin blends are of interest for rigid packaging applications.
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Aldas M, Ferri JM, Lopez‐Martinez J, Samper MD, Arrieta MP. Effect of pine resin derivatives on the structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of Mater‐Bi type bioplastic. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Aldas
- Departamento de Ciencia de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería Química y AgroindustriaEscuela Politécnica Nacional 170517 Quito Ecuador
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València 03801 Alcoy‐Alicante Spain
| | - J. M. Ferri
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València 03801 Alcoy‐Alicante Spain
| | - J. Lopez‐Martinez
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València 03801 Alcoy‐Alicante Spain
| | - M. D. Samper
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València 03801 Alcoy‐Alicante Spain
| | - M. P. Arrieta
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Ciudad Universitaria 28040 Madrid Spain
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Zaaba NF, Ismail H. A review on tensile and morphological properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/ thermoplastic starch (TPS) blends. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2019.1599941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nor Fasihah Zaaba
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hanafi Ismail
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Interference of Biodegradable Plastics in the Polypropylene Recycling Process. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11101886. [PMID: 30279367 PMCID: PMC6213196 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recycling polymers is common due to the need to reduce the environmental impact of these materials. Polypropylene (PP) is one of the polymers called ‘commodities polymers’ and it is commonly used in a wide variety of short-term applications such as food packaging and agricultural products. That is why a large amount of PP residues that can be recycled are generated every year. However, the current increasing introduction of biodegradable polymers in the food packaging industry can negatively affect the properties of recycled PP if those kinds of plastics are disposed with traditional plastics. For this reason, the influence that generates small amounts of biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and thermoplastic starch (TPS) in the recycled PP were analyzed in this work. Thus, recycled PP was blended with biodegradables polymers by melt extrusion followed by injection moulding process to simulate the industrial conditions. Then, the obtained materials were evaluated by studding the changes on the thermal and mechanical performance. The results revealed that the vicat softening temperature is negatively affected by the presence of biodegradable polymers in recycled PP. Meanwhile, the melt flow index was negatively affected for PLA and PHB added blends. The mechanical properties were affected when more than 5 wt.% of biodegradable polymers were present. Moreover, structural changes were detected when biodegradable polymers were added to the recycled PP by means of FTIR, because of the characteristic bands of the carbonyl group (between the band 1700–1800 cm−1) appeared due to the presence of PLA, PHB or TPS. Thus, low amounts (lower than 5 wt.%) of biodegradable polymers can be introduced in the recycled PP process without affecting the overall performance of the final material intended for several applications, such as food packaging, agricultural films for farming and crop protection.
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22
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Arrieta M, López de Dicastillo C, Garrido L, Roa K, Galotto M. Electrospun PVA fibers loaded with antioxidant fillers extracted from Durvillaea antarctica algae and their effect on plasticized PLA bionanocomposites. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bher A, Uysal Unalan I, Auras R, Rubino M, Schvezov CE. Toughening of Poly(lactic acid) and Thermoplastic Cassava Starch Reactive Blends Using Graphene Nanoplatelets. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E95. [PMID: 30966131 PMCID: PMC6415146 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was reactively blended with thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS) and functionalized with commercial graphene (GRH) nanoplatelets in a twin-screw extruder, and films were produced by cast-film extrusion. Reactive compatibilization between PLA and TPCS phases was reached by introducing maleic anhydride and a peroxide radical during the reactive blending extrusion process. Films with improved elongation at break and toughness for neat PLA and PLA-g-TPCS reactive blends were obtained by an addition of GRH nanoplatelets. Toughness of the PLA-g-TPCS-GRH was improved by ~900% and ~500% when compared to neat PLA and PLA-g-TPCS, respectively. Crack bridging was established as the primary mechanism responsible for the improvement in the mechanical properties of PLA and PLA-g-TPCS in the presence of the nanofiller due to the high aspect ratio of GRH. Scanning electron microscopy images showed a non-uniform distribution of GRH nanoplatelets in the matrix. Transmittance of the reactive blend films decreased due to the TPCS phase. Values obtained for the reactive blends showed ~20% transmittance. PLA-GRH and PLA-g-TPCS-GRH showed a reduction of the oxygen permeability coefficient with respect to PLA of around 35% and 50%, respectively. Thermal properties, molecular structure, surface roughness, XRD pattern, electrical resistivity, and color of the films were also evaluated. Biobased and compostable reactive blend films of PLA-g-TPCS compounded with GRH nanoplatelets could be suitable for food packaging and agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anibal Bher
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- Instituto Sabato, UNSAM-CNEA, San Martin, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina.
- Instituto de Materiales de Misiones (IMAM), CONICET-UNaM, Posadas, Misiones 3300, Argentina.
| | - Ilke Uysal Unalan
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, İzmir University of Economics, İzmir 35330, Turkey.
| | - Rafael Auras
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Maria Rubino
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Carlos E Schvezov
- Instituto de Materiales de Misiones (IMAM), CONICET-UNaM, Posadas, Misiones 3300, Argentina.
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