1
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Zhang J, Zhang X, Wang R, Wang W, Zhao H, Yang S, Dong Z, Wang DY, Pan YT. Cyclodextrin-based host-guest hierarchical fire retardants: Synthesis and novel strategy to endow polylactic acid fire retardancy and UV resistance. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 341:122313. [PMID: 38876722 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) with a cage-like supramolecular structure possesses the hydrophobic internal ring and external hydroxyl groups, which are beneficial for intramolecular interactions known as "host-guest" chemistry. This study presents a β-CD-based three-functions-in-one and host-guest fire retardant (βCD-MOF@Schiff base), which incorporates self-crosslinking Schiff base into its cavity and modification of its surface by metal-organic framework (MOF). With the presence of 5 wt% of βCD-MOF@Schiff base, the LOI value of PLA composites increased to 29 % and showed 15 %, 17 % and 62 % reductions in peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), and the yield of hazard gas carbon monoxide, respectively. The mode action of FR on fire retardation of PLA showed that the FR promoted the char formation with higher thermal stability and graphitization, and modified the decomposition path of PLA. Additionally, the PLA composites exhibited enhanced UV resistance in the UVA and UVB areas with improved UV absorbance and the UPF values improving and doubling. This work develops a new approach to preparing biodegradable FR, which simultaneously endows fire safety and anti-UV properties for PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- School of Materials Design & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R & D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiuqin Zhang
- School of Materials Design & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R & D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Materials Design & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R & D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Wenqing Wang
- School of Materials Design & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R & D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Materials Design & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- School of Materials Design & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenfeng Dong
- School of Materials Design & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R & D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - De-Yi Wang
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ye-Tang Pan
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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2
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Zeng J, Lin F, Hsu W, Wang S, Wu Y, Wang X, Cheng H, Zhu Q, Wu H, Song L. Synthesis of cerium-based flame retardant containing phosphorus and its impact on the flammability of polylactic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132636. [PMID: 38795567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of [Ce2(PPPA)4(OH)2]·4H2O, wherein PPPA denotes 3-(hydroxy(phenyl)phosphoryl)propanoate, were conducted. Its potential as a flame-retardant additive for poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) in conjunction with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was investigated. Remarkably, with just incorporation of the 1 % Ce-complex and 4 % APP, the resulting PLA composite (PLA-8) meets the V-0 standard, exhibiting an impressive limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 29.4 %. Moreover, the introduction of the Ce-complex leads to a significant extension of ignition time (TTI), a significant 24.1 % decrease in total heat release (THR) compared to pure PLA, and a notable increase in residual carbon rate from 0.3 % to 3.51 %. Although PLA-8 exhibits a minor decline of 8.7 % in tensile strength and 3.4 % in elongation at break, respectively, compared to pure PLA, there is a substantial improvement of 32.2 % in Young's modulus and 29.9 % in impact resistance. These results emphasise the potential of cerium-based phosphorus-containing flame retardants, with cerium playing a key role in enhancing the flammability characteristics of PLA. This study contributes to the development of sustainable and fire-resistant materials in polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fujian 350007, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fenglong Lin
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wayne Hsu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shenglong Wang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yincai Wu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinkun Wang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hongyan Cheng
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qiuyin Zhu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huiming Wu
- Fuzhou Fusu Science and Technology Research Institute Co., LTD, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lijun Song
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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3
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Zhang X, Yang Y, Li M, Wu J, Zhu Z, Bi C, Xie Y, Wang T, Sun Y, Yin J, Xie Z, Liu F, Wang J, Yang J. Modified β-cyclodextrin microspheres towards the application in intumescent fire resistance and smoke-suppressing of bio-based poly(L-lactic acid). Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123666. [PMID: 36801221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was modified by a phosphazene compound to prepare a novel amorphous derivate (β-CDCP), which was combined with the ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as a synergistic flame retardant (FR) of the bio-based poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA). The effects of the APP/β-CDCP on the thermal stability, combustion behavior, pyrolysis process, fire resistance performance and crystallizability of the PLA were investigated comprehensively and in depth by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, limited oxygen index (LOI) analysis, UL-94 test, cone calorimetry measurement, TG-infrared (TG-IR), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer, Raman spectroscopy, pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry. The PLA/5%APP/10%β-CDCP showed a highest LOI of 33.2 %, passed V-0 rating and exhibited self-extinguish phenomenon in the UL-94 test. Also, it presented a lowest peak of heat release rate, total heat release, peak of smoke production rate and total smoke release, and a highest char yield treated by cone calorimetry analysis. In addition, the 5%APP/10%β-CDCP shortened significantly crystallization time and enhanced crystallization rate of the PLA. Gas phase and intumescent condensed phase fire proofing mechanisms are proposed to elucidate enhanced fire resistance in this system in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yubin Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Meitong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jingxuan Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chengliang Bi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yuhong Xie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Taoyun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongyan Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Jing Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhanghua Xie
- Tianjin Nengpu Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Huading New Area 1-2-10, Haitai Inovation 6 Road, Huayuan Industrial Park, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Fude Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Junsheng Wang
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of the Ministry of Emergency Management, Tianjin 300381, China.
| | - Jinjun Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China; Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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4
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Effect of Hemp Hurd Biochar and Humic Acid on the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061411. [PMID: 36987192 PMCID: PMC10053798 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the combination of biochar produced through a pyrolytic process of hemp hurd with commercial humic acid as a potential biomass-based flame-retardant system for ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer is thoroughly investigated. To this aim, ethylene vinyl acetate composites containing hemp-derived biochar at two different concentrations (i.e., 20 and 40 wt.%) and 10 wt.% of humic acid were prepared. The presence of increasing biochar loadings in ethylene vinyl acetate accounted for an increasing thermal and thermo-oxidative stability of the copolymer; conversely, the acidic character of humic acid anticipated the degradation of the copolymer matrix, even in the presence of the biochar. Further, as assessed by forced-combustion tests, the incorporation of humic acid only in ethylene vinyl acetate slightly decreased both peaks of heat release rate (pkHRR) and total heat release (THR, by 16% and 5%, respectively), with no effect on the burning time. At variance, for the composites containing biochar, a strong decrease in pkHRR and THR values was observed, approaching −69 and −29%, respectively, in the presence of the highest filler loading, notwithstanding, for this latter, a significant increase in the burning time (by about 50 s). Finally, the presence of humic acid significantly lowered the Young’s modulus, unlike biochar, for which the stiffness remarkably increased from 57 MPa (unfilled ethylene vinyl acetate) to 155 Mpa (for the composite containing 40 wt.% of the filler).
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5
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Baochai L, Bakar AA, Mohamad Z. An overview of the recent advances in flame retarded poly(lactic acid). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Baochai
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
- Department of Applied Chemistry Hengshui University Hengshui China
| | - Aznizam Abu Bakar
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Zurina Mohamad
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
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6
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Enhanced fire-proofing performance and crystallizability of bio-based poly(L-lactic acid): Dual functions of a Schiff base-containing synergistic flame retardant. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:305-324. [PMID: 36150571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) is a kind of important bio-macromolecule which can be prepared via fermentation of starch of maize and sweet potato. Flammability and extremely poor crystallizability limited its wide application. In this work, a novel Schiff base derivate (CP) was synthesized and, combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as a synergistic flame retardant and nucleating agent to investigate its effects on LOI, UL-94 rating, thermal stability, combustion behavior and crystallizability of PLA. With loading of 5%CP/10%APP, PLA showed a significantly enhanced LOI and passed V-0 fire-safety rating with self-extinguish effect. PLA/5%CP/10%APP presented the lowest pHRR, THR and TSR, and highest char residue yield, FPI and FRI in cone calorimetry test, indicating an excellent flame retardancy effect, enhanced fire safety and longer escaping time in the fire. A continuous, compact and thick char layer structure formed as a protective barrier in combustion process, to enhance heat-insulating and oxygen resistance property, thermal stability and smoke-suppressing capacity of PLA. Flame retardancy mechanism was proposed and discussed based on comprehensive and in-depth characterization techniques. Also, 5%CP/10%APP presented a good nucleation effect to enormously increase crystallizability and shorten crystallization time of PLA.
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7
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Yu Y, Xi L, Yao M, Liu L, Zhang Y, Huo S, Fang Z, Song P. Governing effects of melt viscosity on fire performances of polylactide and its fire-retardant systems. iScience 2022; 25:103950. [PMID: 35281725 PMCID: PMC8908218 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme flammability of polylactide (PLA) has restricted its real-world applications. Traditional research only focuses on developing new effective fire retardants for PLA without considering the effect of melt viscosity on its fire performances. To fill the knowledge gap, a series of PLA matrices of varied melt flow index (MFI) with and without fire retardants are chosen to examine how melt viscosity affects its fire performances. Our results show that the MFI has a governing impact on fire performances of pure PLA and its fire-retardant systems if the samples are placed vertically during fire testing. PLA with higher MFI values achieves higher limiting oxygen index (LOI) values, and a lower loading level of fire retardants is required for PLA to pass a UL-94 V-0 rating. This work unveils the correlation between melt viscosity and their fire performance and offers a practical guidance for creating flame retardant PLA to extend its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Yu
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liangdong Xi
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Miaohong Yao
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Linghui Liu
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Siqi Huo
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Zhengping Fang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Pingan Song
- School of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, 4300 Australia
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, 4300 Australia
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8
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Ding S, Liu P, Zhang S, Ding Y, Wang F, Gao C, Yang M. A green intumescent flame retardant system using an inositol‐based carbon source: preparation and characteristics in polypropylene. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyin Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Foshan Transportation Science and Technology Co. Ltd Foshan China
| | - Peng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yanfen Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Chong Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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9
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Zhang L, Chai W, Li W, Semple K, Yin N, Zhang W, Dai C. Intumescent-Grafted Bamboo Charcoal: A Natural Nontoxic Fire-Retardant Filler for Polylactic Acid (PLA) Composites. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:26990-27006. [PMID: 34693119 PMCID: PMC8529600 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an alternative flame-retardant filler based on phosphate- and urea-grafted bamboo charcoal (BC-m) at 10-30 wt % addition was aimed at improving the flame retardancy of polylactic acid (PLA) composites. The filler caused only a small reduction in strength properties but a slight increase in the modulus of elasticity of PLA composites. BC-m significantly improved the flame-retardant performance compared with pure BC. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) was 28.0 vol % when 10 wt % of BC-m was added, and 32.1 vol % for 30 wt % addition, which was much greater than the value of 22.5 vol % for 30 wt % pure BC. Unlike pure BC, adding BC-m at 20 wt % or more gave a UL-94 vertical flame test rating of V-0 with significantly reduced melt dripping. The peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of BC-m/PLA composites decreased by more than 50% compared with pure PLA, and the values for 20% BC-m were significantly less than that for 25% BC addition. The grafted biochar-based system provides an effective flame retardancy effect by a condensed-phase protective barrier through the rapid formation of a dense, honeycomb-like cross-linked carbonized char layer. The results suggest a promising route to enhancing the flame-retardant properties of biodegradable polymer composites using nontoxic, more environmentally friendly grafted biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Weisheng Chai
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Wenzhu Li
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Kate Semple
- Department
of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University
of British Columbia, 2900-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ningning Yin
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Wenbiao Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Chunping Dai
- Department
of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University
of British Columbia, 2900-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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10
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11
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An intumescent flame-retardant layer with β-cyclodextrin as charring agent and its flame retardancy in jute/polypropylene composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Liu G, Shi H, Kundu CK, Li Z, Li X, Zhang Z. Preparation of novel biomass humate flame retardants and their flame retardancy in epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangya Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Huili Shi
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Chanchal Kumar Kundu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials Henan University Kaifeng China
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13
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Jiao S, Sun Z, Zhou Y, Li F, Wen J, Chen Y, Du X, Li L, Liu Y. Surface-Coated Thermally Expandable Microspheres with a Composite of Polydisperse Graphene Oxide Sheets. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:4328-4336. [PMID: 31650678 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface-modified thermally expandable microcapsules (TEMs) hold potential for applications in various fields. In this work, we discussed the possible surface coating mechanism and reported the properties of TEMs coated with polyaniline (PANI) and polydisperse graphene oxide sheets (ionic liquid-graphene oxide hybrid nanomaterial (ILs-GO)). The surface coating of PANI/ ILs-GO increased the corresponding particle size and its distribution range. The morphologies analyzed by scanning electron microscopy indicated that no interfacial gap was observed between the microspheres ink and substrate layer during the substrate application. The thermal properties were determined by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. The addition of ILs-GO to the polyaniline coating significantly improved the thermal expansion and thermal conductivity of the microcapsules. The evaporation of hexane present in the core of TEMs was not prevented by the coating of PANI/ ILs-GO. The printing application of TEMs showed excellent adaptability to various flexible substrates with great 3D appearance. By incorporating a flame retardant agent into TEMs coated by PANI/ILs-GO, finally, these TEMs also demonstrated a great flame retardant ability. We expect that these TEM-coated PANI/ ILs-GO are likely to have the potential to improve the functional properties for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouzheng Jiao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Zhicheng Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Furong Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Jinyue Wen
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Yinjie Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Xiaoyang Du
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Luhai Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
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14
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Ding S, Liu P, Zhang S, Gao C, Wang F, Ding Y, Yang M. Crosslinking of β‐cyclodextrin and combining with ammonium polyphosphate for flame‐retardant polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyin Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfen Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
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15
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Yu S, Xiao S, Zhao Z, Huo X, Wei J. Microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate by polyurethane with segment of dipentaerythritol and its application in flame retardant polypropylene. Chin J Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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16
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Cyclodextrins and Cyclodextrin Derivatives as Green Char Promoters in Flame Retardants Formulations for Polymeric Materials. A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040664. [PMID: 30978988 PMCID: PMC6523419 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers are intrinsically flammable materials; hence, fire retardance (FR) is required in their most common applications (i.e., electronic and construction, to mention some). Recently, it has been reported that cyclodextrin (CD) and cyclodextrin derivatives are beginning to be introduced into Intumescent Fire Retardant (IFR) formulations in place of pentaerythritol, which is used in IFRs that are currently on the market. Since IFRs are of less environmental concern than their hazardous halogen containing counterparts, the use of natural origin compounds in IFRs provides a way to comply with green chemistry issues. BCD and BCD derivatives presence in IFR mixtures promotes a higher yield of blowing gases and char when polymeric materials undergo combustion. Both processes play important roles in intumescence. The key rule to obtain in insulating compact char is the good dispersion of the nanoparticles in the matrix, which can be achieved by functionalizing nanoparticles with BCD derivatives. Moreover, CD derivatives are attractive because of their nanosized structure and their ability to form inclusion complexes with many compounds used as FR components, reducing their release to the environment during their shelf life of FR items. Often, fire retardance performed by BCD and BCD derivatives accompanies other relevant properties, such as improved mechanical resistance, washability resistance, self healing ability, thermal conductivity, etc. The application of CD fire retardant additives in many polymers, such as poly(lactic acid), poly(propylene), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(methyl methacrylate), linear low density poly(ethylene), polyamides, and polyesters are comprehensively reviewed here.
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17
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Hobbs CE. Recent Advances in Bio-Based Flame Retardant Additives for Synthetic Polymeric Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E224. [PMID: 30960208 PMCID: PMC6419264 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It would be difficult to imagine how modern life across the globe would operate in the absence of synthetic polymers. Although these materials (mostly in the form of plastics) have revolutionized our daily lives, there are consequences to their use, one of these being their high levels of flammability. For this reason, research into the development of flame retardant (FR) additives for these materials is of tremendous importance. However, many of the FRs prepared are problematic due to their negative impacts on human health and the environment. Furthermore, their preparations are neither green nor sustainable since they require typical organic synthetic processes that rely on fossil fuels. Because of this, the need to develop more sustainable and non-toxic options is vital. Many research groups have turned their attention to preparing new bio-based FR additives for synthetic polymers. This review explores some of the recent examples made in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Hobbs
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
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18
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Wang N, Teng H, Li L, Zhang J, Kang P. Synthesis of Phosphated K-Carrageenan and Its Application for Flame-Retardant Waterborne Epoxy. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10111268. [PMID: 30961193 PMCID: PMC6401681 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, phosphated K-carrageenan (P-KC) was obtained by reacting POCl3 with the renewable source K-carrageenan (KC). P-KC and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) were added into waterborne epoxy (EP) to improve its flame retardancy. The structure of P-KC was studied comprehensively using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), showing the successful synthesis of P-KC. The flame retardancy of the EP was evaluated by the cone calorimeter test. The results showed that different mass ratios of DOPO and P-KC affected the flame retardancy of EP. When the mass ratio of DOPO and P-KC was 2:1, total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) decreased by 48.7% and 37.4%, respectively. The microstructures of residue char were observed by FTIR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), indicating that the flame-retardant waterborne epoxy (FR-EP) system held a more cohesive and denser char structure. The char inhibited the diffusion of heat and oxygen, which played a key role in the flame retardancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Sino-Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry (AMIPI), Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Haiwei Teng
- Sino-Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Long Li
- Sino-Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Sino-Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Ping Kang
- Sino-Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
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