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de Heer Kloots MHP, Schoustra SK, Dijksman JA, Smulders MMJ. Phase separation in supramolecular and covalent adaptable networks. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2857-2877. [PMID: 37060135 PMCID: PMC10131172 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00047h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation phenomena have been studied widely in the field of polymer science, and were recently also reported for dynamic polymer networks (DPNs). The mechanisms of phase separation in dynamic polymer networks are of particular interest as the reversible nature of the network can participate in the structuring of the micro- and macroscale domains. In this review, we highlight the underlying mechanisms of phase separation in dynamic polymer networks, distinguishing between supramolecular polymer networks and covalent adaptable networks (CANs). Also, we address the synergistic effects between phase separation and reversible bond exchange. We furthermore discuss the effects of phase separation on the material properties, and how this knowledge can be used to enhance and tune material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn H P de Heer Kloots
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sybren K Schoustra
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joshua A Dijksman
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten M J Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Peñas-Caballero M, Chemello E, Grande AM, Hernández Santana M, Verdejo R, Lopez-Manchado MA. Poly(methyl methacrylate) as Healing Agent for Carbon Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051114. [PMID: 36904356 PMCID: PMC10006897 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-healing materials offer a potential solution to the problem of damage to fibre-reinforced plastics (FRPs) by allowing for the in-service repair of composite materials at a lower cost, in less time, and with improved mechanical properties compared to traditional repair methods. This study investigates for the first time the use of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a self-healing agent in FRPs and evaluates its effectiveness both when blended with the matrix and when applied as a coating to carbon fibres. The self-healing properties of the material are evaluated using double cantilever beam (DCB) tests for up to three healing cycles. The blending strategy does not impart a healing capacity to the FRP due to its discrete and confined morphology; meanwhile, coating the fibres with the PMMA results in healing efficiencies of up to 53% in terms of fracture toughness recovery. This efficiency remains constant, with a slight decrease over three subsequent healing cycles. It has been demonstrated that spray coating is a simple and scalable method of incorporating a thermoplastic agent into an FRP. This study also compares the healing efficiency of specimens with and without a transesterification catalyst and finds that the catalyst does not increase the healing efficiency, but it does improve the interlaminar properties of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Peñas-Caballero
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP), CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrico Chemello
- Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, Via La Masa 34, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Mattia Grande
- Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, Via La Masa 34, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Raquel Verdejo
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP), CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Lopez-Manchado
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP), CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Schoustra SK, de Heer Kloots MHP, Posthuma J, van Doorn D, Dijksman JA, Smulders MMJ. Raman Spectroscopy Reveals Phase Separation in Imine-Based Covalent Adaptable Networks. Macromolecules 2022; 55:10341-10355. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sybren K. Schoustra
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn H. P. de Heer Kloots
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Posthuma
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne van Doorn
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua A. Dijksman
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten M. J. Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Tangthana-umrung K, Poutrel QA, Gresil M. Epoxy Homopolymerization as a Tool to Tune the Thermo-Mechanical Properties and Fracture Toughness of Vitrimers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Quentin Arthur Poutrel
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Matthieu Gresil
- i-Composites Lab, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Lian W, Han H, Zhang X, Peng G, Jia Z, Zhang Z. Polyurethane modified epoxy vitrimer and its stress relaxation behavior. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2020-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Anhydride cured epoxy vitrimers usually exhibit desired mechanical strength but poor toughness and slow transesterification rate. Therefore, the repairing property of the material was restricted. In this paper, polyurethane modified epoxy vitrimer (PU-Epv) was prepared. PU was introduced into the vitrimer system of tetrahydrophthalic anhydride cured epoxy to improve the toughness of the material. Meanwhile, because of the presence of amino ester, the transesterification reaction was promoted and the activation energy of the transesterification was only 33.59 kJ/mol. In the thermal welding experiment, the material could be welded at least five times, and scratches on the surface of the samples could be efficiently repaired within 30 min. The toughness of the material was improved without damaging the strength. Meanwhile, the hard thermosetting epoxy was endowed with excellent repairing properties to increase the service life of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology , Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao 066004 , China
| | - Huipeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology , Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao 066004 , China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology , Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao 066004 , China
| | - Guirong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology , Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao 066004 , China
| | - Zhaojing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology , Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao 066004 , China
| | - Zhenlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology , Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao 066004 , China
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Alabiso W, Schlögl S. The Impact of Vitrimers on the Industry of the Future: Chemistry, Properties and Sustainable Forward-Looking Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1660. [PMID: 32722554 PMCID: PMC7465221 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermosets are known to be very reliable polymeric materials for high-performance and light-weight applications, due to their retained dimensional stability, chemical inertia and rigidity over a broad range of temperatures. However, once fully cured, they cannot be easily reshaped or reprocessed, thus leaving still unsolved the issues of recycling and the lack of technological flexibility. Vitrimers, introduced by Leibler et al. in 2011, are a valiant step in the direction of bridging the chasm between thermoplastics and thermosets. Owing to their dynamic covalent networks, they can retain mechanical stability and solvent resistance, but can also flow on demand upon heating. More generally, the family of Covalent Adaptable Networks (CANs) is gleaming with astounding potential, thanks to the huge variety of chemistries that may enable bond exchange. Arising from this signature feature, intriguing properties such as self-healing, recyclability and weldability may expand the horizons for thermosets in terms of improved life-span, sustainability and overall enhanced functionality and versatility. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the most promising studies featuring CANs and vitrimers specifically, with particular regard for their industrial applications. Investigations into composites and sustainable vitrimers from epoxy-based and elastomeric networks are covered in detail.
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Krishnakumar B, Singh M, Parthasarthy V, Park C, Sahoo NG, Yun GJ, Rana S. Disulfide exchange assisted self-healing epoxy/PDMS/graphene oxide nanocomposites. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:2726-2730. [PMID: 36132387 PMCID: PMC9419268 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00282h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vitrimers, a class of polymeric networks that change their topology above a threshold temperature, have been investigated in recent years. In order to further extend their properties, in this research, we demonstrate disulfide exchange assisted polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)- and graphene oxide (GO)-involved epoxy vitrimers, which exhibit a reduction in glass transition temperature and storage modulus with increase in flexural strain and low-temperature self-healing. Stress relaxation and Arrhenius study were carried out for the analysis of vitrimeric behavior, where the prepared epoxy material displays self-healing at 80 °C for 5 min, whereas a low-temperature self-healing (60 °C) was observed for epoxy/PDMS/GO nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Krishnakumar
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Manjeet Singh
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Vijay Parthasarthy
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Chanwook Park
- Institute of Advanced Aerospace Technology, Seoul National University Gwanak-ro 1 Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Nanda Gopal Sahoo
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Chemistry, Kumaun University D.B.S. Campus Nainital Uttarakhand 263001 India
| | - Gun Jin Yun
- Institute of Advanced Aerospace Technology, Seoul National University Gwanak-ro 1 Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
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Ricarte RG, Tournilhac F, Cloître M, Leibler L. Linear Viscoelasticity and Flow of Self-Assembled Vitrimers: The Case of a Polyethylene/Dioxaborolane System. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G. Ricarte
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - François Tournilhac
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michel Cloître
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ludwik Leibler
- Gulliver, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
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Tao Y, Fang L, Dai M, Wang C, Sun J, Fang Q. Sustainable alternative to bisphenol A epoxy resin: high-performance recyclable epoxy vitrimers derived from protocatechuic acid. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00545b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of epoxy vitrimers were prepared based on protocatechuic acid, which showed better thermal and mechanical properties than commercial BPA-based epoxy resins. The vitrimers can be reprocessed in high efficiency and degraded in NaOH solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangqing Tao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Science
| | - Linxuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Science
| | - Menglu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Science
| | - Caiyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Science
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Science
| | - Qiang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Science
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Ricarte RG, Tournilhac F, Leibler L. Phase Separation and Self-Assembly in Vitrimers: Hierarchical Morphology of Molten and Semicrystalline Polyethylene/Dioxaborolane Maleimide Systems. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G. Ricarte
- Matière Molle et Chimie, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - François Tournilhac
- Matière Molle et Chimie, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ludwik Leibler
- Gulliver, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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