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Sharma H, Krishnakumar B, Dickens TJ, Yun GJ, Kumar A, Rana S. A bibliometric survey of research trends in vitrimer. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17350. [PMID: 37441386 PMCID: PMC10333614 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent trends of vitrimer studies enhance the thermoset material with superior properties, therefore, it is particularly important to address the critical scientific inquiries in this area using their research metrics. The reported vitrimer systems have been highly required for future real-time applications; however, the inquisitiveness of material exchange mechanisms extends the research studies further. Significantly, more scientific information's are required to achieve the evident prospective outcomes via these materials. This article highlights the trends and developments of the most relevant publications, authors, articles, countries, and keywords in the vitrimer research field over the past 10 years. The represented bibliometric survey would elevate the basic understanding of the current vitrimer research stats and also help follow the particular research community to learn and develop insight. To generate bibliometric networks, bibliometric data has obtained from Scopus and visualised in VOS-viewer; as an overview of that, the highest number of publications were from China, United States, France, United Kingdom, and Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Sharma
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Balaji Krishnakumar
- Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Tarik J. Dickens
- Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Gun Jin Yun
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
| | - Ajay Kumar
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
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Lim HJ, Kim G, Yun GJ. Durability and Performance Analysis of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Hydrogen Fuel Cells by a Coupled Chemo-mechanical Constitutive Model and Experimental Validation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:24257-24270. [PMID: 37179493 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a chemo-mechanically coupled behavior of Nafion 212 is investigated through predictive multiphysics modeling and experimental validation. Fuel cell performance and durability are critically determined by the mechanical and chemical degradation of a perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membrane. However, how the degree of chemical decomposition affects the material constitutive behavior has not been clearly defined. To estimate the degradation level quantitatively, fluoride release is measured. The PFSA membrane in tensile testing shows nonlinear behavior, which is modeled by J2 plasticity-based material modeling. The material parameters, which contain hardening parameters and Young's modulus, are characterized in terms of fluoride release levels by inverse analysis. In the sequel, membrane modeling is performed to investigate the life prediction due to humidity cycling. A continuum-based pinhole growth model is adopted in response to mechanical stress. As a result, validation is conducted in comparison with the accelerated stress test (AST) by correlating the size of the pinhole with the gas crossover generated in the membrane. This work provides a dataset of degraded membranes for performance and suggests the quantitative understanding and prediction of fuel cell durability with computational simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Jun Lim
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonwoo Kim
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Jin Yun
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Aerospace Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
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Sanka RVSP, Rana S, Singh P, Mishra AK, Kumar P, Singh M, Sahoo NG, Binder WH, Yun GJ, Park C. Self-healing nanocomposites via N-doped GO promoted "click chemistry". Soft Matter 2022; 19:98-105. [PMID: 36472188 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01423h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
N-doped graphene stabilized Cu(I)-catalyzed self-healing nanocomposites are developed. This study found the use of N-doped graphene as both a nanostructured material for enhancing mechanical and conductive properties and a catalyst promoter (a scaffold for catalytic copper(I) particles), helpful to trigger self-healing via "click chemistry". Due to an increase in electron density on nitrogen atom doping, including the coordination of N-doped rGO with Cu+ ions, nitrogen-doped graphene-supported copper particles demonstrate a higher reaction yield at room temperature without adding any external ligand/base. In this study, only one component (an azide moiety containing a healing agent) was encapsulated, whereas another component (an alkyne moiety containing a healing agent) was as such (without encapsulation) homogeneously dispersed in a matrix. Triggered capsule rupture then induces the contact of the healing agents with the N-doped graphene-based catalyst and the alkyne molecules dispersed in the matrix, inducing a "click"-reaction, allowing onsite damage to be repaired as determined by mechanical measurements entirely. Tensile measurements were also performed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to support the findings. Given the enormous importance of autonomic repair of materials damage, this concept here reports a trustworthy and reliable chemical system with a high level of robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Siva Prasanna Sanka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Institute of Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Sravendra Rana
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, 248007, India.
| | - Poonam Singh
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, 248007, India.
| | - Abhishek K Mishra
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, 248007, India.
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun, 248007, India.
| | - Manjeet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, Mizoram, India
| | - Nanda Gopal Sahoo
- Prof. Rajendra Singh Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Chemistry, D. S. B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, 263001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, Halle, 06120, Germany.
| | - Gun Jin Yun
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea.
| | - Chanwook Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, IL, USA.
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Kim G, Caglayan C, Yun GJ. Epoxy-Based Catalyst-Free Self-Healing Elastomers at Room Temperature Employing Aromatic Disulfide and Hydrogen Bonds. ACS Omega 2022; 7:44750-44761. [PMID: 36530289 PMCID: PMC9753497 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, catalyst-free room-temperature healing epoxy vitrimer-like materials (S-vitrimer) are introduced. The S-vitrimer can be healed at room temperature without any external stimuli such as solvent, pressure, heat, and catalyst through an aromatic disulfide exchange reaction and a hydrogen bond because the glass transition temperature of the S-vitrimer is lower than room temperature. Self-healing materials are attracting widespread attention nowadays with their potential to increase the durability of the materials. However, there is still elevating need for research, considering the limitations of various self-healing methods. To the best of our knowledge, epoxy-based catalyst-free room-temperature healing materials have not been investigated until now, yet they are promising to make self-healing easier. Moreover, the S-vitrimer showed higher healing efficiency when healed for a longer time and at a higher temperature. Especially when healed at room temperature for 96 h, the S-vitrimer presented an 80% healing efficiency. The S-vitrimer also showed an 80% healing efficiency when healed at 60 °C for 48 h. To investigate the factors affecting self-healing behavior, three control experiments were carried out. Control experiments showed that the S-vitrimer is healed mainly due to a disulfide exchange reaction, but hydrogen bonds also contribute to self-healing behavior. Also, it was found that tightly packed segments can hinder self-healing through control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geonwoo Kim
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National
University, Seoul08826, South Korea
| | - Cigdem Caglayan
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National
University, Seoul08826, South Korea
| | - Gun Jin Yun
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National
University, Seoul08826, South Korea
- Institute
of Advanced Aerospace Engineering Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, South Korea
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Caglayan C, Kim G, Yun GJ. CNT-Reinforced Self-Healable Epoxy Dynamic Networks Based on Disulfide Bond Exchange. ACS Omega 2022; 7:43480-43491. [PMID: 36506194 PMCID: PMC9730311 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The design and utilization of polymers with healing capability have drawn increasing attention owing to their enhanced chain mobility and opportunity to heal minor cracks in composites. Rehealable thermoset polymers promise reduction in the maintenance cost and thus prolonged lifetime, reshaping, and recyclability. Introducing reversible covalent bonds is the mainstay strategy to achieve such plasticity in crosslinked polymers. Herein, we report a dynamic epoxy, which includes associative covalent adaptive networks (CANs) based on disulfide exchange bonds. Epoxy resin is chosen to study rehealing, as it is one of the most critical thermosetting polymers for various industries from aerospace to soft robotics. This study enlightens us about not only the consequences of CANs in the epoxy but also various factors such as soft segments and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Epoxy dynamic networks are investigated in an attempt to explore the synergistic effect of the soft-segmented resins and CNTs on the healing and reshaping characteristics of epoxy networks along with varying stiffness. This research discusses epoxy dynamic networks in three main aspects: crosslink density, CAN density, and CNTs. Introducing soft segments into the epoxy network enhances the healing efficiency due to the increased chain mobility. A higher CAN density accelerates network rearrangement, improving the healing efficiency. It should also be noted that even with a low weight fraction of nanotubes, CNT-reinforced samples restored their initial strength more than neat samples after healing. The tensile strength of dynamic networks is at least 50 MPa, which is significant for their utility in primary or secondary structural components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Caglayan
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National
University, Seoul08826, South Korea
| | - Geonwoo Kim
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National
University, Seoul08826, South Korea
| | - Gun Jin Yun
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National
University, Seoul08826, South Korea
- Institute
of Advanced Aerospace Engineering Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, South Korea
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Kim EK, Jung J, Cho K, Yun GJ, Lee JC. Synthesis of polybenzimidazoles having improved processability by introducing two and three ether groups in a repeating unit. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lee K, Oh J, Kim D, Yoo J, Yun GJ, Kim J. Effects of the filter microstructure and ambient air condition on the aerodynamic dispersion of sneezing droplets: A multiscale and multiphysics simulation study. Phys Fluids (1994) 2021; 33:063317. [PMID: 34335005 PMCID: PMC8320464 DOI: 10.1063/5.0053449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Concerns have been ramping up with regard to the propagation of infectious droplets due to the recent COVID-19 pandemic. The effects of filter microstructures and ambient air flows on droplet dispersion by sneezing are investigated by a fully coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian computational modeling with a micro-to-macroscale bridging approach. Materials that are commonly applied to face masks are modeled to generate two different virtual masks with various levels of filtration efficiency, and the leakage percentages through the unsealed nose and cheek areas were set to 11% and 25%, respectively. The droplet propagation distance was simulated with and without mask wearing in still and windy conditions involving head wind, tail wind, and side wind. The results demonstrate that wearing a face mask reduces the transmittance distance of droplets by about 90%-95% depending on the mask type; nonetheless, the droplets can be transmitted to distances of 20-25 cm in the forward direction even with mask-wearing. Thus, a social distance of at least 20 cm between people would help to prevent them from becoming exposed to ejected droplets. This study is significant in that important aspects of mask materials, in this case the porous microstructure-dependent filtration efficiency and permeability under varied ambient flow conditions, were considered for the first time in an evaluation of the barrier performance against droplet transmittance through a multiphase computational fluid dynamics simulation of air-droplet interaction and turbulence flow dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jungtaek Oh
- Reliability Assessment Center, FITI Testing and Research Institute, Seoul 07791, South Korea
| | - Dongwhan Kim
- Reliability Assessment Center, FITI Testing and Research Institute, Seoul 07791, South Korea
| | - Jinbok Yoo
- UniAET Co., Ltd., Seoul 08502, South Korea
| | - Gun Jin Yun
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: . Phone: +82-2-880-8302 and . Phone: +82-2-880-6846
| | - Jooyoun Kim
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: . Phone: +82-2-880-8302 and . Phone: +82-2-880-6846
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Lee H, Cho E, Kerekes TW, Kwon SL, Yun GJ, Kim J. Water-Resistant Mechanoluminescent Electrospun Fabrics with Protected Sensitivity in Wet Condition via Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Process. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1720. [PMID: 32751871 PMCID: PMC7464265 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanoluminescence (ML), which emits light upon external mechanical stress, was applied to fibrous composites. Herein, ML particles were incorporated into poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) electrospun webs to prepare ML/PVDF and ML/PAN composite fabrics. The produced fabrics were treated with O2 and C4F8 plasma to modify the wetting properties, then the effects of composite wettability on the light-emitting response in dry and wet conditions were investigated. The light intensity was greatly decreased when the composite fabrics absorbed water. When the composites were hydrophobized by the C4F8 plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process, the original light intensity was protected in wet conditions, while maintaining the water vapor transmission rate. As the clothing material would be exposed to moisture in varied situations, the reduced ML sensitivity in wet conditions may limit the application of ML composite fabrics. The findings suggest a facile strategy to fabricate moisture-resistant, breathable mechanoluminescence composite fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halim Lee
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Eunjin Cho
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Tomas Webbe Kerekes
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (T.W.K.); (S.L.K.)
| | - Seung Lee Kwon
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (T.W.K.); (S.L.K.)
| | - Gun Jin Yun
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (T.W.K.); (S.L.K.)
- Institute of Advanced Aerospace Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jooyoun Kim
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.L.); (E.C.)
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Krishnakumar B, Singh M, Parthasarthy V, Park C, Sahoo NG, Yun GJ, Rana S. Disulfide exchange assisted self-healing epoxy/PDMS/graphene oxide nanocomposites. Nanoscale Adv 2020; 2:2726-2730. [PMID: 36132387 PMCID: PMC9419268 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00282h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vitrimers, a class of polymeric networks that change their topology above a threshold temperature, have been investigated in recent years. In order to further extend their properties, in this research, we demonstrate disulfide exchange assisted polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)- and graphene oxide (GO)-involved epoxy vitrimers, which exhibit a reduction in glass transition temperature and storage modulus with increase in flexural strain and low-temperature self-healing. Stress relaxation and Arrhenius study were carried out for the analysis of vitrimeric behavior, where the prepared epoxy material displays self-healing at 80 °C for 5 min, whereas a low-temperature self-healing (60 °C) was observed for epoxy/PDMS/GO nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Krishnakumar
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Manjeet Singh
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Vijay Parthasarthy
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Chanwook Park
- Institute of Advanced Aerospace Technology, Seoul National University Gwanak-ro 1 Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Nanda Gopal Sahoo
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Chemistry, Kumaun University D.B.S. Campus Nainital Uttarakhand 263001 India
| | - Gun Jin Yun
- Institute of Advanced Aerospace Technology, Seoul National University Gwanak-ro 1 Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
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Rahimi MR, Yun GJ, Doll GL, Choi JS. Effects of persistent luminescence decay on mechanoluminescence phenomena of SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ materials. Opt Lett 2013; 38:4134-4137. [PMID: 24321942 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.004134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This Letter reveals for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the effects of stress-free persistent luminescence (PL) decay on the mechanoluminescence (ML) phenomena and the effects of stresses and strain rates on the PL decay of SrAl(2)O(4):Eu(2+), Dy(3+) (SAOED) materials. Previous research on ML phenomena in this material has focused on the effects of strain rates and stress variations on ML light intensity. However, experimental evidence provided herein shows that the ML light emission is also related to the PL decay time elapsed until the onset of stressing and the PL decay rate is dependent on the stress, strain rate, and the stress-free PL decay time interval. For quantitative stress measurements using SAOED materials, understanding of ML light sensitivity and its dependence on critical factors (strain rate, stress-free PL decay time interval, photoexcitation time, instantaneous PL decay rate, etc.) is crucially important. This Letter provides new and important perspectives that are essential for developing predictive models and/or calibration procedures for ML stress sensors.
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