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Lungulescu EM, Stancu C, Setnescu R, Notingher PV, Badea TA. Electrical and Electro-Thermal Characteristics of (Carbon Black-Graphite)/LLDPE Composites with PTC Effect. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1224. [PMID: 38473695 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Electrical properties and electro-thermal behavior were studied in composites with carbon black (CB) or hybrid filler (CB and graphite) and a matrix of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). LLDPE, a (co)polymer with low crystallinity but with high structural regularity, was less studied for Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) applications, but it would be of interest due to its higher flexibility as compared to HDPE. Structural characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed a segregated structure resulted from preparation by solid state powder mixing followed by hot molding. Direct current (DC) conductivity measurements resulted in a percolation threshold of around 8% (w) for CB/LLDPE composites. Increased filler concentrations resulted in increased alternating current (AC) conductivity, electrical permittivity and loss factor. Resistivity-temperature curves indicate the dependence of the temperature at which the maximum of resistivity is reached (Tmax(R)) on the filler concentration, as well as a differentiation in the Tmax(R) from the crystalline transition temperatures determined by DSC. These results suggest that crystallinity is not the only determining factor of the PTC mechanism in this case. This behavior is different from similar high-crystallinity composites, and suggests a specific interaction between the conductive filler and the polymeric matrix. A strong dependence of the PTC effect on filler concentration and an optimal concentration range between 14 and 19% were also found. Graphite has a beneficial effect not only on conductivity, but also on PTC behavior. Temperature vs. time experiments, revealed good temperature self-regulation properties and current and voltage limitation, and irrespective of the applied voltage and composite type, the equilibrium superficial temperature did not exceed 80 °C, while the equilibrium current traversing the sample dropped from 22 mA at 35 V to 5 mA at 150 V, proving the limitation capacities of these materials. The concentration effects revealed in this work could open new perspectives for the compositional control of both the self-limiting and interrupting properties for various low-temperature applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard-Marius Lungulescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, 313 Splaiul Unirii, 030138 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Stancu
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Setnescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, 313 Splaiul Unirii, 030138 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Advanced Technologies, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Valahia University of Târgoviște, 13 Aleea Sinaia, 130004 Targoviste, Romania
| | - Petru V Notingher
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Teodor-Adrian Badea
- Romanian Research and Development Institute for Gas Turbines COMOTI, 220D Iuliu Maniu Av., 061126 Bucharest, Romania
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Setnescu R, Lungulescu EM, Marinescu VE. Polymer Composites with Self-Regulating Temperature Behavior: Properties and Characterization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:157. [PMID: 36614495 PMCID: PMC9821334 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A novel conductive composite material with homogeneous binary polymer matrix of HDPE (HD) and LLDPE (LLD), mixed with conductive filler consisting of carbon black (CB) and graphite (Gr), was tested against a HDPE composite with a similar conductive filler. Even the concentration of the conductive filler was deliberately lower for (CB + Gr)/(LLD + HD), and the properties of this composite are comparable or better to those of (CB + Gr)/HD. The kinetic parameters of the ρ-T curves and from the DSC curves indicate that the resistivity peak is obtained when the polymer matrix is fully melted. When subjected to repeated thermal cycles, the composite (CB + Gr)/(LLD + HD) presented a better electrical behavior than composite CB + Gr)/HD, with an increase in resistivity (ρmax) values with the number of cycles, as well as less intense NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) effects, both for the crosslinked and thermoplastic samples. Radiation crosslinking led to increased ρmax values, as well as to inhibition of NTC effects in both cases, thus having a clear beneficial effect. Limitation effects of surface temperature and current intensity through the sample were observed at different voltages, enabling the use of these materials as self-regulating heating elements at various temperatures below the melting temperature. The procedure based on physical mixing of the components appears more efficient in imparting lower resistivity in solid state and high PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) effects to the composites. This effect is probably due to the concentration of the conductive particles at the surface of the polymer domains, which would facilitate the formation of the conductive paths. Further work is still necessary to optimize both the procedure of composite preparation and the properties of such materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Setnescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, 313 Splaiul Unirii, 030138 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Advanced Technologies, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Valahia University of Târgoviște, 13 Aleea Sinaia, 130004 Târgoviște, Romania
| | - Eduard-Marius Lungulescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, 313 Splaiul Unirii, 030138 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Virgil Emanuel Marinescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, 313 Splaiul Unirii, 030138 Bucharest, Romania
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Kim J, Jung H, Kim M, Bae H, Lee Y. Conductive Polymer Composites for Soft Tactile Sensors. Macromol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Effects of POE and Carbon Black on the PTC Performance and Flexibility of High-Density Polyethylene Composites. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/1124981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High-density polyethylene (HDPE)/carbon black (CB) is widely used in positive temperature coefficient (PTC) composites. In order to expand its applications to fields that need good flexibility, polyolefin elastomer (POE) was incorporated into HDPE/CB composites as a secondary thermoplastic elastomer phase to provide flexibility. The effects of POE and CB content on the PTC performance and flexibility were investigated. Micro morphology and crystallization behavior are closely related to PTC properties. SEM was conducted to reveal phase morphology and filler dispersion, and DSC was conducted to research crystallization behavior. The results show that the incorporation of 18 wt.% POE can decrease the percolation threshold of conductive carbon black from 22.5 wt.% to 16 wt.%. When the CB content is 30 wt.%, the room temperature resistivity gradually increases with the increasing content of POE because of the barrier effect of POE phase, and the PTC intensity is gradually enhanced. Meanwhile, the PTC switching temperature shifts down to a lower temperature. The incorporation of 18 wt.% POE significantly increases the elongation at break, reaching an ultrahigh value of 980 wt.%, which means great flexibility has been achieved in HDPE/POE/CB composites. This work provides a new method of fabricating PTC composites with balanced electrical and mechanical properties.
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Cao J, Ren S, Xin S, Bai Y, Wang W, Gao W. Significantly enhanced the properties of
PE
/
GO
composites with segregated structures via two‐step compound. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Cao
- Graphene Institute of Lanzhou University‐Fangda Carbon Co., Ltd, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Shangyuan Ren
- Graphene Institute of Lanzhou University‐Fangda Carbon Co., Ltd, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Shixuan Xin
- Graphene Institute of Lanzhou University‐Fangda Carbon Co., Ltd, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Yongxiao Bai
- Graphene Institute of Lanzhou University‐Fangda Carbon Co., Ltd, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Advanced Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Wensheng Gao
- Advanced Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
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Chen L, Zhang J. Designs of conductive polymer composites with exceptional reproducibility of positive temperature coefficient effect: A review. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/ Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐plastics Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/ Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐plastics Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong China
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Chen J, Zhu Y, Huang J, Zhang J, Pan D, Zhou J, Ryu JE, Umar A, Guo Z. Advances in Responsively Conductive Polymer Composites and Sensing Applications. POLYM REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2020.1734818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Chen
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yutian Zhu
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinrui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiaoxia Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Duo Pan
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juying Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jong E. Ryu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhanhu Guo
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Kim J, Lee D, Park K, Goh H, Lee Y. Silver fractal dendrites for highly sensitive and transparent polymer thermistors. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:15464-15471. [PMID: 31265046 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04233d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Effective temperature measurement using non-invasive sensors finds applications in virtually every field of human life. Recently, significant efforts have been made toward developing polymer positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistors because they have advantages including flexibility, conformability, and biocompatibility. However, most polymer PTC thermistors still have issues such as low sensitivity, low optical transparency, and poor operational durability because of low electrical conductivity and inefficient hopping transport of conventional conductive filler. Here, a highly sensitive and transparent polymer thermistor composed of silver fractal dendrites (AgFDs) and a polyacrylate (PA) matrix has been successfully demonstrated. A AgFDs-PA composite film exhibits a superior PTC effect (about 104Ω°C-1) around 35 °C because of the high electrical conductivity of the AgFDs and the quantum tunneling effect among them. A thermistor based on the AgFDs-PA composite shows excellent sensitivity, PTC intensity (∼107), and sensing resolution through dramatic resistance changes from thousands to billions of ohms in the human body temperature range (34-37 °C). Moreover, it exhibits excellent optical transparency (82.14%), mechanical flexibility, and operational durability. An electrical impedance spectroscopy analysis shows that the distance between the AgFDs increases with temperature, which implies that the quantum tunneling effect amplified by the branches of the AgFDs has a significant influence on the changes in resistance. This characteristic makes the thermistor immediately suitable for monitoring body temperature. We anticipate that the new thermistor based on the AgFDs-PA composite can be a key component of various sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongyoun Kim
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Donghwa Lee
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyutae Park
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeonjin Goh
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngu Lee
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
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Zhu L, Wang H, Liu M, Jin Z, Zhao K. Effect of Core-Shell Morphology on the Mechanical Properties and Crystallization Behavior of HDPE/HDPE- g-MA/PA6 Ternary Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1040. [PMID: 30960965 PMCID: PMC6403692 DOI: 10.3390/polym10091040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the high-density polyethylene/maleic anhydride grafted high-density polyethylene/polyamide 6 (HDPE/HDPE-g-MA/PA6) ternary blends were prepared by blend melting. The binary dispersed phase (HDPE-g-MA/PA6) is of a core-shell structure, which is confirmed by the SEM observation and theoretical calculation. The crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of PA6, HDPE-g-MA, HDPE, and their blends were investigated. The crystallization process, crystallization temperature, melting temperature, and crystallinity were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) testing. The results show that PA6 and HDPE-g-MA interact with each other during crystallizing, and their crystallization behaviors are different when the composition is different. At the same time, the addition of core-shell particles (HDPE-g-MA/PA6) can affect the crystallization behavior of the HDPE matrix. With the addition of the core-shell particles, the comprehensive mechanical properties of HDPE were enhanced, including tensile strength, elastic modulus, and the impact strength. Combined with previous studies, the toughening mechanism of core-shell structure is discussed in detail. The mechanism of the core-shell structure toughening is not only one, but the result of a variety of mechanisms together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Haoming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Meihua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Zheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Kai Zhao
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China.
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Azizi S, David E, Fréchette MF, Nguyen-Tri P, Ouellet-Plamondon CM. Electrical and thermal phenomena in low-density polyethylene/carbon black composites near the percolation threshold. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Azizi
- Department of Construction Engineering; École de technologie supérieure (Université du Québec); 1100 Notre-Dame Street West, Montreal Québec H3C 1K3 Canada
| | - Eric David
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; École de technologie supérieure (Université du Québec); 1100 Notre-Dame Street West, Montreal Québec H3C 1K3 Canada
| | - Michel F. Fréchette
- School of Electrical Engineering; Xi'an Jiaotong University; 28 Xianning West Road, JiaoDa ShangYe JieQu, Beilin Qu, Xian Shi, Shaanxi Sheng, Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Phuong Nguyen-Tri
- Department of Construction Engineering; École de technologie supérieure (Université du Québec); 1100 Notre-Dame Street West, Montreal Québec H3C 1K3 Canada
- Department of Chemistry; Université de Montreal; 2900 Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal Québec H3T 1J4 Canada
| | - Claudiane M. Ouellet-Plamondon
- Department of Construction Engineering; École de technologie supérieure (Université du Québec); 1100 Notre-Dame Street West, Montreal Québec H3C 1K3 Canada
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