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Slatinek T, Slapnik J. Upcycling of SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test Cassettes into Flame Retardant Plastics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2384. [PMID: 38793451 PMCID: PMC11122883 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the generation of large quantities of medical waste and highlighted the importance of efficient waste management systems. One good example of this is rapid antigen tests, which contain valuable resources, and which are usually incinerated after their use. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of waste rapid antigen test cassettes (RATCs) as a resource for the preparation of sustainable flame-retardant plastics. Milled RATCs were compounded with different concentrations (10-30 wt.%) of aluminium diethylphosphinate (ADP) and injection moulded into test specimens. Prepared samples were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) ageing for varying durations and characterised by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), tensile tests, Charpy impact tests, and vertical burning tests. FT-IR analysis revealed that RATCs are composed mainly of high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), which was further confirmed by suitable glass transition temperatures (Tg) determined by DSC and DMA. The addition of ADP resulted in progressive embrittlement of HIPS with increasing concentration, while flammability decreased significantly and reached V-1 classification at loading of 30 wt.%. UV ageing caused photo-oxidative degradation of HIPS, which resulted in decreased strain-at-break, while flammability was not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janez Slapnik
- Faculty of Polymer Technology, Ozare 19, 2380 Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia;
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2
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Manufacture and Characterization of Polypropylene (PP) and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Blocks for Potential Use as Masonry Component in Civil Construction. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122463. [PMID: 35746039 PMCID: PMC9227878 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of suitable destinations for plastics materials can be a global environmental problem. The alternative use of materials for sustainable construction encourages the standardization of waste and promotes effective social, environmental and economic gains at the local level and ensures savings and income for communities. The aim of this paper is the development, manufacture, and characterization of PP and HDPE recycled polyolefin blocks as masonry components in civil construction. These blocks were manufactured by the rotational molding process. Besides this, the mechanical, physical, impact and flammability properties of the blocks were studied. In conclusion, HDPE showed better behavior than PP in tests realized.
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3
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Yang B, Xu X, Shi Z, Wang S, Chen X, Wang T, Ke Y, Zheng Z, Su L, Qian J, Xia R, Jiang T. Rheological, flame retardancy, and thermomechanical properties of polymethyl methacrylate composites: Effects of flame retardant and toughener. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of High‐Performance Rubber and Products Anhui Zhongding Sealing Parts Co., Ltd. Ningguo Anhui China
| | - Xiang Xu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of High‐Performance Rubber and Products Anhui Zhongding Sealing Parts Co., Ltd. Ningguo Anhui China
| | - Zhiqiang Shi
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui China
| | - Siyu Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui China
| | - Xinya Chen
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui China
| | - Tiange Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui China
| | - Yuchao Ke
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of High‐Performance Rubber and Products Anhui Zhongding Sealing Parts Co., Ltd. Ningguo Anhui China
| | - Zhengzhi Zheng
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui China
| | - Lifen Su
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui China
| | - Jiasheng Qian
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui China
| | - Ru Xia
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Longteng Security & Surveillance Technology Co, Ltd. Lu'an Anhui China
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4
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Cao Z, Lu G, Gao H, Xue Z, Luo K, Wang K, Cheng J, Guan Q, Liu C, Luo M. Preparation and Laser Marking Properties of Poly(propylene)/Molybdenum Sulfide Composite Materials. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:9129-9140. [PMID: 33842782 PMCID: PMC8028170 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, using molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) as laser-sensitive particles and poly(propylene) (PP) as the matrix resin, laser-markable PP/MoS2 composite materials with different MoS2 contents ranging from 0.005 to 0.2% were prepared by melt-blending. A comprehensive analysis of the laser marking performance of PP/MoS2 composites was carried out by controlling the content of laser additives, laser current intensity, and the scanning speed of laser marking. The color difference test shows that the best laser marking performance of the composite can be obtained at the MoS2 content of 0.02 wt %. The surface morphology of the PP/MoS2 composite material was observed after laser marking using a metallographic microscope, an optical microscope, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). During the laser marking process, the laser energy was absorbed and converted into heat energy to cause high-temperature melting, pyrolysis, and carbonization of PP on the surface of the PP/MoS2 composite material. The black marking from carbonized materials was formed in contrast to the white matrix. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, the composite materials before and after laser marking were tested and characterized. The PP/MoS2 composite material was pyrolyzed to form amorphous carbonized materials. The effect of the laser-sensitive MoS2 additive on the mechanical properties of composite materials was investigated. The results show that the PP/MoS2 composite has the best laser marking property when the MoS2 loading content is 0.02 wt %, the laser marking current intensity is 11 A, and the laser marking speed is 800 mm/s, leading to a clear and high-contrast marking pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cao
- Key
Laboratory of High Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of
Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Changzhou
University Huaide College, Changzhou 213016, P. R. China
- National
Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering
(Changzhou University), Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
- ;
| | - Guangwei Lu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hongxin Gao
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu Xue
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Keming Luo
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Kailun Wang
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Cheng
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Qingbao Guan
- Key
Laboratory of High Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of
Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Chunlin Liu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Changzhou
University Huaide College, Changzhou 213016, P. R. China
- National
Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering
(Changzhou University), Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Ming Luo
- School
of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute
of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, P. R. China
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5
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Zhang J, Duan H, Cao J, Zou J, Ma H. A high‐efficiency
DOPO
‐based reactive flame retardant with bi‐hydroxyl for low‐flammability epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Huajun Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Jianfan Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Jiahao Zou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Huiru Ma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
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6
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Lu G, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Wang K, Gao H, Luo K, Cao Z, Cheng J, Liu C, Zhang L, Qi J. Surface Laser-Marking and Mechanical Properties of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer Composites with Organically Modified Montmorillonite. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:19255-19267. [PMID: 32775929 PMCID: PMC7409255 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) was prepared by modifying MMT with a cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The obtained OMMT of different loading contents (1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt %) was melt-blended with poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) (ABS) to prepare a series of ABS/OMMT composites, which were laser marked using a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser beam of 1064 nm under different laser current processes. X-ray diffraction (XRD), color difference spectrometer, optical microscope, water contact angle tests, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy were carried out to characterize the morphology, structure, and properties of the laser-patterned ABS composites. The effects of the addition of OMMT and the laser marking process on the mechanical properties of ABS/OMMT composites were investigated through mechanical property tests. The results show that the obtained ABS/OMMT composites have enhanced laser marking performance, compared to the ABS. When the OMMT content is 2 wt % and the laser current intensity is 9 A, the marking on ABS composites has the highest contrast (ΔE = 36.38) and sharpness, and the quick response (QR) code fabricated can be scanned and identified with a mobile app. SEM and water contact angle tests showed that the holes, narrow cracks, and irregular protrusion are formed on the composite surface after laser marking, resulting in a more hydrophobic surface and an increased water contact angle. Raman spectroscopy and XRD indicate that OMMT can absorb the near-infrared laser energy, undergo photo thermal conversion, and cause the pyrolysis and carbonization of ABS to form black marking, and the crystal structure itself does not change significantly. When the 2 wt % of OMMT is loaded, the tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength of ABS/OMMT are increased by 15, 20, and 14%, respectively, compared to ABS. Compared with the unmarked ABS/OMMT, the defects including holes and cracks generated on the surface of the marked one lead to the decreased mechanical property. The desirable combination of high contrast laser marking performance and mechanical properties can be achieved at an OMMT loading content of 2 wt % and a laser current intensity of 9 A. This research work provides a simple, economical, and environmentally friendly method for laser marking of engineering materials such as ABS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of
Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou
University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yinqiu Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of
Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou
University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of
Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou
University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Kailun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of
Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou
University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hongxin Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of
Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou
University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Keming Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of
Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou
University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of
Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou
University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Fibers
& Products, Ministry of Education, Donghua
University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
- Changzhou
University Huaide College, Changzhou 213016, P. R. China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science
and Engineering (Changzhou University), Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of
Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou
University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Chunlin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of
Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou
University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Changzhou
University Huaide College, Changzhou 213016, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing
and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University
of Science and Technology, No. 53 Zhengzhou Rd, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Juan Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of
Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou
University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou College of Industrial Technology, No.1 Xiangwang Road, Xuzhou 221140, P. R. China
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7
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Ding S, Liu P, Zhang S, Ding Y, Wang F, Gao C, Yang M. Preparation and characterization of cyclodextrin microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and its application in flame retardant polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyin Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Peng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yanfen Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Chong Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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8
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Xu Z, Jia H, Yan L, Chu Z, Zhou H. Synergistic effect of bismuth oxide and mono‐component intumescent flame retardant on the flammability and smoke suppression properties of epoxy resins. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Xu
- Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Safety Technology, School of Civil EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410075 China
| | - Hongyu Jia
- Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Safety Technology, School of Civil EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410075 China
| | - Long Yan
- Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Safety Technology, School of Civil EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410075 China
| | - Zhiyong Chu
- Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Safety Technology, School of Civil EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410075 China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Safety Technology, School of Civil EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410075 China
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9
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Saikia A, Sarmah D, Kumar A, Karak N. Bio‐based epoxy/polyaniline nanofiber‐carbon dot nanocomposites as advanced anticorrosive materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Saikia
- Advanced Polymer and Nanomaterial Laboratory, Department of Chemical SciencesTezpur University Napaam 784028 Assam India
| | - Devalina Sarmah
- Material Research Laboratory, Department of PhysicsTezpur University Napaam 784028 Assam India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Material Research Laboratory, Department of PhysicsTezpur University Napaam 784028 Assam India
| | - Niranjan Karak
- Advanced Polymer and Nanomaterial Laboratory, Department of Chemical SciencesTezpur University Napaam 784028 Assam India
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