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Pal B, Majumdar S, Pal I, Lepcha G, Dey A, Ray PP, Dey B. Comparative outcomes of the voltage-dependent current density, charge transportation and rectification ratio of electronic devices fabricated using mechanically flexible supramolecular networks. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7912-7921. [PMID: 38639606 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00383g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we report the synthetic method of two distinct supramolecular metallogels, namely Mn-BDA and Cd-BDA, using Mn(II) acetate tetrahydrate, Cd(II) acetate dihydrate and butane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (BDA). DMF, a polar aprotic solvent, was immobilized in both metallogel-networks for their synthesis. The metallogelation of Mn-BDA was successfully attained through the instant mixing of a Mn(II)-source and BDA in DMF solvent media. By applying ultrasonication, a Cd-BDA metallogel was prepared. The stoichiometry of gel-forming components concerning metal salts and the LMWG are accountable to obtain respective stable metallogels. Rheological parameters such as storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') explored the mechanical flexibility of the synthesized metallogels through amplitude and angular frequency sweep experiments. Both the metallogels possess significant mechanical stability, which was determined by monitoring diverse gel-to-sol transition shear strain values (γ%). Distinctive morphological visualizations of both of these metallogels (i.e., Mn-BDA and Cd-BDA) were made via field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) studies, demonstrating a fibrous inter-connected network with a hierarchical self-assembled arrangement for Mn(II)-based metallogels and a typical stacked-flake-like association with hierarchical motifs for Cd(II)-based metallogels. EDAX elemental mapping substantiated the presence of metallogel-forming agents such as individual metal acetate salts, BDA acting as a low-molecular weight gelator, and gel-immobilized solvents such as DMF. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ESI-mass spectroscopy were performed for both these supramolecular metallogels. FT-IR spectroscopic and ESI-mass spectroscopic results clearly substantiate the possible non-covalent supramolecular interactions among basic molecular repeating moieties, i.e., butane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (the low-molecular weight gelator), individual metal salts and gel-immobilized polar aprotic solvent DMF for the construction of distinct stable supramolecular metallogel-systems. The semiconducting property of the fabricated metallogels was investigated. Two Schottky diodes (SDs) composed of ITO/Cd-BDA/Al and ITO/Mn-BDA/Al in a sandwich pattern with Al serving as the metal electrode were fabricated. Both these metallogel-based devices effectively offer significant semiconducting diode features with non-linear J-V characteristics. The non-ohmic conduction protocol of the fabricated metallogel-based devices was explored. Mn-BDA and Cd-BDA metallogel-based fabricated devices have rectification ratios of 6.67 and 23.50, respectively. The gel-based diode performances were examined by observing the voltage-dependent current density, charge transportation and rectification ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baishakhi Pal
- Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Santanu Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, India.
| | - Indrajit Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, India.
| | - Gerald Lepcha
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, India.
| | - Amiya Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, India.
| | | | - Biswajit Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, India.
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Rudawska A. Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Compounds Based on Unmodified Epoxy Resin Modified with Boric Acid as an Antiseptic. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:259. [PMID: 38204111 PMCID: PMC10780207 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the selected mechanical properties of epoxy compounds based on an unmodified epoxy resin with those containing an antiseptic as a modifying agent. Experiments were carried out on twelve epoxy compounds made of an epoxy resin based on bisphenol A (BPA) with a basic epoxide amount of 0.48-0.51 mol/100 g. Three curing agents were used: one polyamide (a polyaminoamide curing agent) and two amines (one was an adduct of aliphatic amine and aromatic glycidyl ether, and the other was an adduct of cycloaliphatic amine). The epoxy compounds were modified by adding an antiseptic in the form of powdered boric acid (H3BO3) in three amounts: 0.5 g, 1.0 g, and 1.5 g. The cured modified and unmodified epoxy compounds were subjected to compressive strength testing and microscopic examination. The experimental results showed that the epoxy compounds containing adduct of aliphatic amine (triethylenetetramine) and aromatic glycidyl ether as the amine curing agent, i.e., E5/ET/100:18, had the highest compressive strength out of all the tested epoxy compounds, with the highest value of 119 MPa obtained for the epoxy compound modified by the addition of 1.0 g boric acid. The epoxy compounds modified with boric acid acquired antiseptic properties and, for most cases, exhibited a higher compressive strength than the unmodified epoxy compounds (not lower than that specified by the manufacturer for unmodified epoxy compounds).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rudawska
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
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Huang C, Zhou J, Gu S, Pan P, Hou Y, Xiong H, Tang T, Wu Q, Wu J. Mouthguards Based on the Shear-Stiffening Effect: Excellent Shock Absorption Ability with Softness Perception. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:53242-53250. [PMID: 37934067 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Mouthguards are used to prevent craniomaxillofacial injuries when collisions happen during contact and high-speed sports. However, poor compliance with mouthguard wear in athletes is attributed to discomfort because of its thickness and hardness. These drawbacks significantly restrict their protective performance for oral tissues and applications during contact sports; as a result, the incidence of craniomaxillofacial injuries increases. In this study, non-Newton material is introduced into mouthguard material and then a mouthguard with shear-stiffening behavior is fabricated, which is named the shear-stiffening mouthguard (SSM). Compared with commercial mouthguard materials (Erkoflex and Erkoloc-pro), SSMs show remarkable enhancement of shock absorption ability with an approximately 60% reduction in peak force relative to commercial materials and approximately 3-fold extensive buffer time. Moreover, Young's modulus of SSMs (average 0.48 MPa) is extremely lower compared to commercial materials (22.88 MPa for Erkoflex and 26.71 MPa for Erkoloc-pro). This manifests that SSMs have not only excellent shock absorption ability but also softness perception. Moreover, SSMs show biocompatibility in vitro. In conclusion, this work provides a platform to develop a new type of thin and soft mouthguard with a shear-stiffening effect and broadens the horizon in protecting oral tissues with shear-stiffening materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan ,China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan ,China
| | - Shiyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan ,China
| | - Peiyue Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan ,China
| | - Yujia Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan ,China
| | - Hui Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan ,China
| | - Tian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan ,China
| | - Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan ,China
| | - Jinrong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan ,China
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Drozdov FV, Manokhina EA, Vu TD, Muzafarov AM. Polyborosiloxanes (PBS): Evolution of Approaches to the Synthesis and the Prospects of Their Application. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224824. [PMID: 36432951 PMCID: PMC9696069 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mini-review deals with borosiloxanes as a class of organoelement compounds that comprise Si-O-B bonds, including individual compounds and polymeric structures. The borosiloxanes first synthesized in the 1950s using simple methods demonstrated very unusual properties but were hydrolytically unstable. However, in recent times, synthetic methods have changed significantly, which made it possible to synthesize borosiloxanes that are resistant to external factors, including atmospheric moisture. Borosiloxanes became important due to their unique properties. For example, borosiloxane liquids acquire a thixotropic behavior due to donor-acceptor interchain interactions. In addition, borosiloxanes are used to produce flame-retardant ceramics. An analysis of the literature sources shows that no review has yet been completed on the topic of borosiloxanes. Therefore, we decided that even a brief outlook of this area would be useful for researchers in this and related fields. Thus, the review shows the evolution of the synthesis methods and covers the studies on the properties of these unique molecules, the latest achievements in this field, and the prospects for their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedor V. Drozdov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117393 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Elizaveta A. Manokhina
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tran D. Vu
- Institute of Tropical Durability, Joint Russia-Vietnam Tropical Science and Technology, Hanoi 122103, Vietnam
| | - Aziz M. Muzafarov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117393 Moscow, Russia
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Study on Optimization of Damping Performance and Damping Temperature Range of Silicone Rubber by Polyborosiloxane Gel. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051196. [PMID: 32456294 PMCID: PMC7285255 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyborosiloxane gel (PBS-gel) with shear hardening properties was prepared by cross-linking boric acid and hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane through B-O-Si dynamic covalent bonding. The prepared PBS gel was mixed with methyl vinyl silicone rubber (MVQ), and a benzoyl peroxide (BPO) cross-linking agent was added to vulcanize the silicone rubber. At the same time, the gel molecules were co-vulcanizing with MVQ to produce molecular cross-linking. The effects of PBS-gel on the damping properties of silicone rubber were analyzed by dynamic rheological test, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis. The results demonstrated that the damping performance of MVQ/PBS rubber is greatly improved and the rubber has a tanδ > 0.3 in the range of -25~125 °C. The shear-hardening gel is uniformly dispersed in the system, due to the combined action of covalent bonds and intermolecular forces, which act as an active molecular chain that can efficiently dissipate and transfer energy inside the silicone rubber.
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