1
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Golubenko D, Ahmed FE, Hilal N. Novel Crosslinked Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Thermally Cured Epoxy Resin: Synthesis, Structure and Mechanical and Ion Transport Properties. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:138. [PMID: 38921505 PMCID: PMC11205850 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14060138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Limitations in existing anion exchange membranes deter their use in the efficient treatment of industrial wastewater effluent. This work presents an approach to fabricating novel anion-conducting membranes using epoxy resin monomers like hydrophobic or hydrophilic diglycidyl ether and quaternized polyethyleneimine (PEI). Manipulating the diglycidyl ether nature, the quantitative composition of the copolymer and the conditions of quaternization allows control of the physicochemical properties of the membranes, including water uptake (20.0-330%), ion exchange capacity (1.5-3.7 mmol/g), ionic conductivity (0.2-17 mS/cm in the Cl form at 20 °C), potentiostatic transport numbers (75-97%), as well as mechanical properties. A relationship was established between copolymer structure and conductivity/selectivity trade-off. The higher the quaternized polyethyleneimine, diluent fraction, and hydrophilicity of diglycidyl ether, the higher the conductivity and the lower the permselectivity. Hydrophobic diglycidyl ether gives a much better conductivity/selectivity ratio since it provides a lower degree of hydration than hydrophilic diglycidyl ether. Different mesh and non-woven reinforcing materials were also examined. The developed membranes demonstrate good stability in both neutral and acidic environments, and their benchmark characteristics in laboratory electrodialysis cells and batch-mode dialysis experiments are similar to or superior to, commercial membranes such as Neosepta© AMX, FujiFilm© Type1, and Fumasep FAD-PET.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nidal Hilal
- New York University Abu Dhabi Water Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates; (D.G.); (F.E.A.)
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2
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Clemens AL, Jayathilake BS, Karnes JJ, Schwartz JJ, Baker SE, Duoss EB, Oakdale JS. Tuning Alkaline Anion Exchange Membranes through Crosslinking: A Review of Synthetic Strategies and Property Relationships. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061534. [PMID: 36987313 PMCID: PMC10051716 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkaline anion exchange membranes (AAEMs) are an enabling component for next-generation electrochemical devices, including alkaline fuel cells, water and CO2 electrolyzers, and flow batteries. While commercial systems, notably fuel cells, have traditionally relied on proton-exchange membranes, hydroxide-ion conducting AAEMs hold promise as a method to reduce cost-per-device by enabling the use of non-platinum group electrodes and cell components. AAEMs have undergone significant material development over the past two decades; however, challenges remain in the areas of durability, water management, high temperature performance, and selectivity. In this review, we survey crosslinking as a tool capable of tuning AAEM properties. While crosslinking implementations vary, they generally result in reduced water uptake and increased transport selectivity and alkaline stability. We survey synthetic methodologies for incorporating crosslinks during AAEM fabrication and highlight necessary precautions for each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auston L. Clemens
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Correspondence: (A.L.C.); (J.S.O.)
| | | | - John J. Karnes
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Johanna J. Schwartz
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Sarah E. Baker
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Eric B. Duoss
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - James S. Oakdale
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Correspondence: (A.L.C.); (J.S.O.)
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3
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Merkel A, Vavro M, Čopák L, Dvořák L, Ahrné L, Ruchti C. Lactose Mother Liquor Stream Valorisation Using an Effective Electrodialytic Process. MEMBRANES 2022; 13:29. [PMID: 36676836 PMCID: PMC9860800 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The integrated electrodialysis (ED) process supports valorisation of a lactose-rich side stream from the dairy industry, creating an important source of milk sugar used in various branches of the industry. This work focuses on the optimization of the downstream processes before the crystallization of lactose. The process line includes a pre-treatment and desalination by ED of the industrial waste solution of the lactose mother liquor (LML). The LML was diluted to 25% total solids to overcome hydraulic issues with the ED desalination process. Two different levels of electrical conductivity reduction (70% and 90%) of the LML solutions were applied to decrease the mineral components and organic acids of the LML samples. The ED performance parameters such as ash transfer rate (J), the specific capacity (CF) of the ED and specific electric energy consumption (E) were determined and the influence of the LML solution on the monopolar ion-exchange membranes has been investigated. A higher degree of desalination is associated with higher electric energy consumption (by 50%) and lower specific capacity (by 40%). A noticeable decrease (by 12.8%) in the resistance of the anion exchange membranes was measured after the trials whereas the resistance of the cation exchange membranes remained practically unchanged. Any deposition of the alkaline earth metals on the membrane surface was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Merkel
- MemBrain s.r.o. (Membrane Innovation Centre), Pod Vinicí 87, 471 27 Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Matej Vavro
- MemBrain s.r.o. (Membrane Innovation Centre), Pod Vinicí 87, 471 27 Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Čopák
- MemBrain s.r.o. (Membrane Innovation Centre), Pod Vinicí 87, 471 27 Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Dvořák
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Lilia Ahrné
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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4
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Eti M, Cihanoğlu A, Güler E, Gomez-Coma L, Altıok E, Arda M, Ortiz I, Kabay N. Further Development of Polyepichlorohydrin Based Anion Exchange Membranes for Reverse Electrodialysis by Tuning Cast Solution Properties. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12121192. [PMID: 36557099 PMCID: PMC9786065 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there have been several studies done regarding anion exchange membranes (AEMs) based on polyepichlorohydrin (PECH), an attractive polymer enabling safe membrane fabrication due to its inherent chloromethyl groups. However, there are still undiscovered properties of these membranes emerging from different compositions of cast solutions. Thus, it is vital to explore new membrane properties for sustainable energy generation by reverse electrodialysis (RED). In this study, the cast solution composition was easily tuned by varying the ratio of active polymer (i.e., blend ratio) and quaternary agent (i.e., excess diamine ratio) in the range of 1.07-2.00, and 1.00-4.00, respectively. The membrane synthesized with excess diamine ratio of 4.00 and blend ratio of 1.07 provided the best results in terms of ion exchange capacity, 3.47 mmol/g, with satisfactory conductive properties (area resistance: 2.4 Ω·cm2, electrical conductivity: 6.44 mS/cm) and high hydrophilicity. RED tests were performed by AEMs coupled with the commercially available Neosepta CMX cation exchange membrane (CEMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Eti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Aydın Cihanoğlu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Enver Güler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Atılım University, 06830 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lucia Gomez-Coma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Esra Altıok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Müşerref Arda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Nalan Kabay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Turkey
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5
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Membranes Based on Polyvinylidene Fluoride and Radiation-Grafted Sulfonated Polystyrene and Their Performance in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183833. [PMID: 36145977 PMCID: PMC9504926 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton-exchange membranes based on gamma-irradiated films of PVDF and radiation-grafted sulfonated polystyrene with an ion-exchange capacity of 1.8 meq/g and crosslinking degrees of 0 and 3% were synthesized. A solvent-free, environmentally friendly method of styrene grafting from its aqueous emulsion, with a styrene content of only 5 vol.% was used. Energy dispersive X-ray mapping analysis showed that the grafted sulfonated polystyrene is uniformly distributed throughout the membrane thickness. The obtained materials had a proton conductivity up to 132 mS/cm at 80 °C and a hydrogen permeability of up to 5.2 cm2/s at 30 °C, which significantly exceeded similar values for Nafion®-212 membranes. The resulting membranes exhibited a H2/O2 fuel cell peak power density of up to 0.4 W/cm2 at 65 °C. Accelerated stability tests showed that adding a crosslinking agent could significantly increase the stability of the membranes in the fuel cells. The thermal properties and crystallinity of the membranes were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction methods. The conductivity, water uptake, and mechanical properties of the membranes (stress–strain curves) were also characterized.
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Merkel A, Čopák L, Golubenko D, Dvořák L, Vavro M, Yaroslavtsev A, Šeda L. Recovery of Hydrochloric Acid from Industrial Wastewater by Diffusion Dialysis Using a Spiral-Wound Module. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116212. [PMID: 35682891 PMCID: PMC9181085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the possibility of using a spiral-wound diffusion dialysis module was studied for the separation of hydrochloric acid and Zn2+, Ni2+, Cr3+, and Fe2+ salts. Diffusion dialysis recovered 68% of free HCl from the spent pickling solution contaminated with heavy-metal-ion salts. A higher volumetric flowrate of the stripping medium recovered a more significant portion of free acid, namely, 77%. Transition metals (Fe, Ni, Cr) apart from Zn were rejected by >85%. Low retention of Zn (35%) relates to the diffusion of negatively charged chloro complexes through the anion-exchange membrane. The mechanical and transport properties of dialysis FAD-PET membrane under accelerated degradation conditions was investigated. Long-term tests coupled with the economic study have verified that diffusion dialysis is a suitable method for the treatment of spent acids, the salts of which are well soluble in water. Calculations predict significant annual OPEX savings, approximately up to 58%, favouring diffusion dialysis for implementation into wastewater management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Merkel
- MemBrain s. r. o. (Membrane Innovation Centre), Pod Vinicí 87, 471 27 Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic; (M.V.); (L.Š.)
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (L.Č.); Tel.: +420-777-539-924 (A.M.); +420-720-051-738 (L.Č.)
| | - Ladislav Čopák
- MemBrain s. r. o. (Membrane Innovation Centre), Pod Vinicí 87, 471 27 Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic; (M.V.); (L.Š.)
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (L.Č.); Tel.: +420-777-539-924 (A.M.); +420-720-051-738 (L.Č.)
| | - Daniil Golubenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Avenue, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.G.); (A.Y.)
| | - Lukáš Dvořák
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic;
| | - Matej Vavro
- MemBrain s. r. o. (Membrane Innovation Centre), Pod Vinicí 87, 471 27 Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic; (M.V.); (L.Š.)
| | - Andrey Yaroslavtsev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Avenue, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.G.); (A.Y.)
| | - Libor Šeda
- MemBrain s. r. o. (Membrane Innovation Centre), Pod Vinicí 87, 471 27 Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic; (M.V.); (L.Š.)
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7
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Gangrade AS, Cassegrain S, Chandra Ghosh P, Holdcroft S. Permselectivity of ionene-based, Aemion® anion exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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8
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Zimmermann P, Solberg SBB, Tekinalp Ö, Lamb JJ, Wilhelmsen Ø, Deng L, Burheim OS. Heat to Hydrogen by RED-Reviewing Membranes and Salts for the RED Heat Engine Concept. MEMBRANES 2021; 12:48. [PMID: 35054575 PMCID: PMC8779139 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Reverse electrodialysis heat engine (REDHE) combines a reverse electrodialysis stack for power generation with a thermal regeneration unit to restore the concentration difference of the salt solutions. Current approaches for converting low-temperature waste heat to electricity with REDHE have not yielded conversion efficiencies and profits that would allow for the industrialization of the technology. This review explores the concept of Heat-to-Hydrogen with REDHEs and maps crucial developments toward industrialization. We discuss current advances in membrane development that are vital for the breakthrough of the RED Heat Engine. In addition, the choice of salt is a crucial factor that has not received enough attention in the field. Based on ion properties relevant for both the transport through IEMs and the feasibility for regeneration, we pinpoint the most promising salts for use in REDHE, which we find to be KNO3, LiNO3, LiBr and LiCl. To further validate these results and compare the system performance with different salts, there is a demand for a comprehensive thermodynamic model of the REDHE that considers all its units. Guided by such a model, experimental studies can be designed to utilize the most favorable process conditions (e.g., salt solutions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Zimmermann
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.Z.); (S.B.B.S.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Simon Birger Byremo Solberg
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.Z.); (S.B.B.S.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Önder Tekinalp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (Ö.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Jacob Joseph Lamb
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.Z.); (S.B.B.S.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Øivind Wilhelmsen
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Liyuan Deng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (Ö.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Odne Stokke Burheim
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.Z.); (S.B.B.S.); (J.J.L.)
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9
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Merino-Garcia I, Velizarov S. New insights into the definition of membrane cleaning strategies to diminish the fouling impact in ion exchange membrane separation processes. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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10
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Kamcev J. Reformulating the
permselectivity‐conductivity
tradeoff relation in
ion‐exchange
membranes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jovan Kamcev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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11
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Merkel A, Čopák L, Dvořák L, Golubenko D, Šeda L. Recovery of Spent Sulphuric Acid by Diffusion Dialysis Using a Spiral Wound Module. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111819. [PMID: 34769251 PMCID: PMC8584272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assess the effects of volumetric flow and feed temperature on the performance of a spiral-wound module for the recovery of free acid using diffusion dialysis. Performance was evaluated using a set of equations based on mass balance under steady-state conditions that describe the free acid yield, rejection factors of metal ions and stream purity, along with chemical analysis of the outlet streams. The results indicated that an increase in the volumetric flow rate of water increased free acid yield from 88% to 93%, but decreased Cu2+ and Fe2+ ion rejection from 95% to 90% and 91% to 86%, respectively. Increasing feed temperature up to 40 °C resulted in an increase in acid flux of 9%, and a reduction in Cu2+ and Fe2+ ion rejection by 2–3%. Following diffusion dialysis, the only evidence of membrane degradation was a slight drop in permselectivity and an increase in diffusion acid and salt permeability. Results obtained from the laboratory tests used in a basic economic study showed that the payback time of the membrane-based regeneration unit is approximately one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Merkel
- MemBrain s. r. o. (Membrane Innovation Centre), Pod Vinicí 87, 471 27 Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (L.Č.); Tel.: +420-777-539-924 (A.M.); +420-720-051-738 (L.Č.)
| | - Ladislav Čopák
- MemBrain s. r. o. (Membrane Innovation Centre), Pod Vinicí 87, 471 27 Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (L.Č.); Tel.: +420-777-539-924 (A.M.); +420-720-051-738 (L.Č.)
| | - Lukáš Dvořák
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic;
| | - Daniil Golubenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Avenue, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Libor Šeda
- MemBrain s. r. o. (Membrane Innovation Centre), Pod Vinicí 87, 471 27 Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic;
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12
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Filimonova AA, Chichirov AA, Chichirova ND. The Utilization of Highly Mineralized Liquid Waste from a Chemical Desalination Water Treatment Plant of a TPP with the Generation of Electrical Energy by Reverse Electrodialysis. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s251775162105005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Principles of reverse electrodialysis and development of integrated-based system for power generation and water treatment: a review. REV CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2020-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is among the evolving membrane-based processes available for energy harvesting by mixing water with different salinities. The chemical potential difference causes the movement of cations and anions in opposite directions that can then be transformed into the electrical current at the electrodes by redox reactions. Although several works have shown the possibilities of achieving high power densities through the RED system, the transformation to the industrial-scale stacks remains a challenge particularly in understanding the correlation between ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) and the operating conditions. This work provides an overview of the RED system including its development and modifications of IEM utilized in the RED system. The effects of modified membranes particularly on the psychochemical properties of the membranes and the effects of numerous operating variables are discussed. The prospects of combining the RED system with other technologies such as reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, membrane distillation, heat engine, microbial fuel cell), and flow battery have been summarized based on open-loop and closed-loop configurations. This review attempts to explain the development and prospect of RED technology for salinity gradient power production and further elucidate the integrated RED system as a promising way to harvest energy while reducing the impact of liquid waste disposal on the environment.
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14
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Current progress in membranes for fuel cells and reverse electrodialysis. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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15
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Stenina IA, Yaroslavtsev AB. Ionic Mobility in Ion-Exchange Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:198. [PMID: 33799886 PMCID: PMC7998860 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Membrane technologies are widely demanded in a number of modern industries. Ion-exchange membranes are one of the most widespread and demanded types of membranes. Their main task is the selective transfer of certain ions and prevention of transfer of other ions or molecules, and the most important characteristics are ionic conductivity and selectivity of transfer processes. Both parameters are determined by ionic and molecular mobility in membranes. To study this mobility, the main techniques used are nuclear magnetic resonance and impedance spectroscopy. In this comprehensive review, mechanisms of transfer processes in various ion-exchange membranes, including homogeneous, heterogeneous, and hybrid ones, are discussed. Correlations of structures of ion-exchange membranes and their hydration with ion transport mechanisms are also reviewed. The features of proton transfer, which plays a decisive role in the membrane used in fuel cells and electrolyzers, are highlighted. These devices largely determine development of hydrogen energy in the modern world. The features of ion transfer in heterogeneous and hybrid membranes with inorganic nanoparticles are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrey B. Yaroslavtsev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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16
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Safronova EY, Yaroslavtsev AB. Effect of Ultrasonic Treatment of Nafion® Polymer Solutions on Properties of Membranes Obtained by a Casting Procedure. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s2517751621010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Sarapulova V, Pismenskaya N, Titorova V, Sharafan M, Wang Y, Xu T, Zhang Y, Nikonenko V. Transport Characteristics of CJMAED™ Homogeneous Anion Exchange Membranes in Sodium Chloride and Sodium Sulfate Solutions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1415. [PMID: 33572516 PMCID: PMC7866833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between the ion exchange capacity, water content and concentration dependences of conductivity, diffusion permeability, and counterion transport numbers (counterion permselectivity) of CJMA-3, CJMA-6 and CJMA-7 (Hefei Chemjoy Polymer Materials Co. Ltd., China) anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) is analyzed using the application of the microheterogeneous model to experimental data. The structure-properties relationship for these membranes is examined when they are bathed by NaCl and Na2SO4 solutions. These results are compared with the characteristics of the well-studied homogenous Neosepta AMX (ASTOM Corporation, Japan) and heterogeneous AMH-PES (Mega a.s., Czech Republic) anion-exchange membranes. It is found that the CJMA-6 membrane has the highest counterion permselectivity (chlorides, sulfates) among the CJMAED series membranes, very close to that of the AMX membrane. The CJMA-3 membrane has the transport characteristics close to the AMH-PES membrane. The CJMA-7 membrane has the lowest exchange capacity and the highest volume fraction of the intergel spaces filled with an equilibrium electroneutral solution. These properties predetermine the lowest counterion transport number in CJMA-7 among other investigated AEMs, which nevertheless does not fall below 0.87 even in 1.0 eq L-1 solutions of NaCl or Na2SO4. One of the reasons for the decrease in the permselectivity of CJMAED membranes is the extended macropores, which are localized at the ion-exchange material/reinforcing cloth boundaries. In relatively concentrated solutions, the electric current prefers to pass through these well-conductive but nonselective macropores rather than the highly selective but low-conductive elements of the gel phase. It is shown that the counterion permselectivity of the CJMA-7 membrane can be significantly improved by coating its surface with a dense homogeneous ion-exchange film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Sarapulova
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (V.S.); (N.P.); (V.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Natalia Pismenskaya
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (V.S.); (N.P.); (V.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Valentina Titorova
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (V.S.); (N.P.); (V.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Mikhail Sharafan
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (V.S.); (N.P.); (V.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Yaoming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Y.W.); (T.X.)
| | - Tongwen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Y.W.); (T.X.)
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhenzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, China;
| | - Victor Nikonenko
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (V.S.); (N.P.); (V.T.); (M.S.)
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Crosslinked Pore-Filling Anion Exchange Membrane Using the Cylindrical Centrifugal Force for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112758. [PMID: 33238409 PMCID: PMC7700159 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, novel crosslinked pore-filling membranes were fabricated by using a centrifugal force from the cylindrical centrifugal machine. For preparing these crosslinked pore-filling membranes, the poly(phenylene oxide) containing long side chains to improve the water management (hydrophilic), porous polyethylene support (hydrophobic) and crosslinker based on the diamine were used. The resulting membranes showed a uniform thickness, flexible and transparent because it is well filled. Among them, PF-XAc-PPO70_25 showed good mechanical properties (56.1 MPa of tensile strength and 781.0 MPa of Young’s modulus) and dimensional stability due to the support. In addition, it has a high hydroxide conductivity (87.1 mS/cm at 80 °C) and low area specific resistance (0.040 Ω·cm2), at the same time showing stable alkaline stability. These data outperformed the commercial FAA-3-50 membrane sold by Fumatech in Germany. Based on the optimized properties, membrane electrode assembly using XAc-PPO70_25 revealed excellent cell performance (maximum power density: 239 mW/cm2 at 0.49 V) than those of commercial FAA-3-50 Fumatech anion exchange membrane (maximum power density: 212 mW/cm2 at 0.54 V) under the operating condition of 60 °C and 100% RH as well. It was expected that PF-XAc-PPO70_25 could be an excellent candidate based on the results superior to those of commercial membranes in these essential characteristics of fuel cells.
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Golubenko D, Yaroslavtsev A. Development of surface-sulfonated graft anion-exchange membranes with monovalent ion selectivity and antifouling properties for electromembrane processes. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Stenina I, Golubenko D, Nikonenko V, Yaroslavtsev A. Selectivity of Transport Processes in Ion-Exchange Membranes: Relationship with the Structure and Methods for Its Improvement. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5517. [PMID: 32752236 PMCID: PMC7432390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, ion-exchange membranes have numerous applications in water desalination, electrolysis, chemistry, food, health, energy, environment and other fields. All of these applications require high selectivity of ion transfer, i.e., high membrane permselectivity. The transport properties of ion-exchange membranes are determined by their structure, composition and preparation method. For various applications, the selectivity of transfer processes can be characterized by different parameters, for example, by the transport number of counterions (permselectivity in electrodialysis) or by the ratio of ionic conductivity to the permeability of some gases (crossover in fuel cells). However, in most cases there is a correlation: the higher the flux density of the target component through the membrane, the lower the selectivity of the process. This correlation has two aspects: first, it follows from the membrane material properties, often expressed as the trade-off between membrane permeability and permselectivity; and, second, it is due to the concentration polarization phenomenon, which increases with an increase in the applied driving force. In this review, both aspects are considered. Recent research and progress in the membrane selectivity improvement, mainly including a number of approaches as crosslinking, nanoparticle doping, surface modification, and the use of special synthetic methods (e.g., synthesis of grafted membranes or membranes with a fairly rigid three-dimensional matrix) are summarized. These approaches are promising for the ion-exchange membranes synthesis for electrodialysis, alternative energy, and the valuable component extraction from natural or waste-water. Perspectives on future development in this research field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Stenina
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniel Golubenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor Nikonenko
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Andrey Yaroslavtsev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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22
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Yaroslavtsev AB, Stenina IA, Golubenko DV. Membrane materials for energy production and storage. PURE APPL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ion exchange membranes are widely used in chemical power sources, including fuel cells, redox batteries, reverse electrodialysis devices and lithium-ion batteries. The general requirements for them are high ionic conductivity and selectivity of transport processes. Heterogeneous membranes are much cheaper but less selective due to the secondary porosity with large pore size. The composition of grafted membranes is almost identical to heterogeneous ones. But they are more selective due to the lack of secondary porosity. The conductivity of ion exchange membranes can be improved by their modification via nanoparticle incorporation. Hybrid membranes exhibit suppressed transport of co-ions and fuel gases. Highly selective composite membranes can be synthesized by incorporating nanoparticles with modified surface. Furthermore, the increase in the conductivity of hybrid membranes at low humidity is a significant advantage for fuel cell application. Proton-conducting membranes in the lithium form intercalated with aprotic solvents can be used in lithium-ion batteries and make them more safe. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the synthesis, and modification and transport properties of ion exchange membranes, their transport properties, methods of preparation and modification. Their application in fuel cells, reverse electrodialysis devices and lithium-ion batteries is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Yaroslavtsev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of RAS , Leninsky Prospekt 31 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
- National Research University “Higher School of Economics” , Myasnitskaya Street 20 , 101000 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - I. A. Stenina
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of RAS , Leninsky Prospekt 31 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of RAS , Academician Semenov Avenue 1 , 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region , Russian Federation
| | - D. V. Golubenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of RAS , Leninsky Prospekt 31 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
- National Research University “Higher School of Economics” , Myasnitskaya Street 20 , 101000 Moscow , Russian Federation
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