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Huang Y, Karnes JJ, Shusteff M, Faller R. Development of a Reactive Force Field for Simulating Photoinitiated Acrylate Polymerization. J Phys Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37222436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c09117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven and photocurable polymer-based additive manufacturing (AM) has enormous potential due to its excellent resolution and precision. Acrylated resins that undergo radical chain-growth polymerization are widely used in photopolymer AM due to their fast kinetics and often serve as a departure point for developing other resin materials for photopolymer-based AM technologies. For successful control of the photopolymer resins, the molecular basis of the acrylate free-radical polymerization has to be understood in detail. We present an optimized reactive force field (ReaxFF) for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of acrylate polymer resins that captures radical polymerization thermodynamics and kinetics. The force field is trained against an extensive training set including density functional theory (DFT) calculations of reaction pathways along the radical polymerization from methyl acrylate to methyl butyrate, bond dissociation energies, and structures and partial charges of several molecules and radicals. We also found that it was critical to train the force field against an incorrect, nonphysical reaction pathway observed in simulations that used parameters not optimized for acrylate polymerization. The parameterization process utilizes a parallelized search algorithm, and the resulting model can describe polymer resin formation, crosslinking density, conversion rate, and residual monomers of the complex acrylate mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - John J Karnes
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Maxim Shusteff
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Roland Faller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Clemens AL, Jayathilake BS, Karnes JJ, Schwartz JJ, Baker SE, Duoss EB, Oakdale JS. Tuning Alkaline Anion Exchange Membranes through Crosslinking: A Review of Synthetic Strategies and Property Relationships. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061534. [PMID: 36987313 PMCID: PMC10051716 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkaline anion exchange membranes (AAEMs) are an enabling component for next-generation electrochemical devices, including alkaline fuel cells, water and CO2 electrolyzers, and flow batteries. While commercial systems, notably fuel cells, have traditionally relied on proton-exchange membranes, hydroxide-ion conducting AAEMs hold promise as a method to reduce cost-per-device by enabling the use of non-platinum group electrodes and cell components. AAEMs have undergone significant material development over the past two decades; however, challenges remain in the areas of durability, water management, high temperature performance, and selectivity. In this review, we survey crosslinking as a tool capable of tuning AAEM properties. While crosslinking implementations vary, they generally result in reduced water uptake and increased transport selectivity and alkaline stability. We survey synthetic methodologies for incorporating crosslinks during AAEM fabrication and highlight necessary precautions for each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auston L. Clemens
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Correspondence: (A.L.C.); (J.S.O.)
| | | | - John J. Karnes
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Johanna J. Schwartz
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Sarah E. Baker
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Eric B. Duoss
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - James S. Oakdale
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Correspondence: (A.L.C.); (J.S.O.)
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Karnes JJ, Weisgraber TH, Cook CC, Wang DN, Crowhurst JC, Fox CA, Harris BS, Oakdale JS, Faller R, Shusteff M. Isolating Chemical Reaction Mechanism as a Variable with Reactive Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics: Step-Growth versus Chain-Growth Polymerization. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Karnes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Todd H. Weisgraber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Caitlyn C. Cook
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Daniel N. Wang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | | | - Christina A. Fox
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California 94550, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Bradley S. Harris
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James S. Oakdale
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Roland Faller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Maxim Shusteff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California 94550, United States
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Barnett A, Karnes JJ, Lu J, Major DR, Oakdale JS, Grew KN, McClure JP, Molinero V. Exponential Water Uptake in Ionomer Membranes Results from Polymer Plasticization. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Barnett
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - John J. Karnes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jibao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Dale R. Major
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - James S. Oakdale
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Kyle N. Grew
- DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Joshua P. McClure
- DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Valeria Molinero
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
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Ramesh V, Rehbock C, Giera B, Karnes JJ, Forien JB, Angelov SD, Schwabe K, Krauss JK, Barcikowski S. Comparing Direct and Pulsed-Direct Current Electrophoretic Deposition on Neural Electrodes: Deposition Mechanism and Functional Influence. Langmuir 2021; 37:9724-9734. [PMID: 34357777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) on platinum-iridium (Pt-Ir) neural electrode surfaces is a promising strategy to tune the impedance of electrodes implanted for deep brain stimulation in various neurological disorders such as advanced Parkinson's disease and dystonia. However, previous results are contradicting as impedance reduction was observed on flat samples while in three-dimensional (3D) structures, an increase in impedance was observed. Hence, defined correlations between coating properties and impedance are to date not fully understood. In this work, the influence of direct current (DC) and pulsed-DC electric fields on NP deposition is systematically compared and clear correlations between surface coating homogeneity and in vitro impedance are established. The ligand-free NPs were synthesized via pulsed laser processing in liquid, yielding monomodal particle size distributions, verified by analytical disk centrifugation (ADC). Deposits formed were quantified by UV-vis supernatant analysis and further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with semiautomated interparticle distance analyses. Our findings reveal that pulsed-DC electric fields yield more ordered surface coatings with a lower abundance of particle assemblates, while DC fields produce coatings with more pronounced aggregation. Impedance measurements further highlight that impedance of the corresponding electrodes is significantly reduced in the case of more ordered coatings realized by pulsed-DC depositions. We attribute this phenomenon to the higher active surface area of the adsorbed NPs in homogeneous coatings and the reduced particle-electrode electrical contact in NP assemblates. These results provide insight for the efficient EPD of bare metal NPs on micron-sized surfaces for biomedical applications in neuroscience and correlate coating homogeneity with in vitro functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaijayanthi Ramesh
- Technical Chemistry I, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Rehbock
- Technical Chemistry I, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Brian Giera
- Center for Engineered Materials and Manufacturing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - John J Karnes
- Center for Engineered Materials and Manufacturing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jean-Baptiste Forien
- Center for Engineered Materials and Manufacturing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Svilen D Angelov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schwabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Joachim K Krauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Barcikowski
- Technical Chemistry I, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
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Karnes JJ, Benjamin I. Deconstructing the Local Intermolecular Ordering and Dynamics of Liquid Chloroform and Bromoform. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3629-3637. [PMID: 33792320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Local intermolecular structure and dynamics of the polar molecular liquids chloroform and bromoform are studied by molecular dynamics simulation. Structural distribution functions, including 1- and 2-D pair correlations and dipole contour plots allow direct comparison and show agreement with recent analyses of diffraction experiments. Studies of the haloforms' reorientational dynamics and longevity of structural features resulting from intermolecular interaction extend previous work toward deeper understanding of the factors controlling these features. Analyses of ensemble average structures and dynamical properties isolate mass, electrostatics, and steric packing as driving forces or contributing factors for the observed ordering and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Karnes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Ilan Benjamin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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Karnes JJ, Weisgraber TH, Oakdale JS, Mettry M, Shusteff M, Biener J. On the Network Topology of Cross-Linked Acrylate Photopolymers: A Molecular Dynamics Case Study. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:9204-9215. [PMID: 32960598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A reactive molecular dynamics approach is used to simulate cross-linking of acrylate polymer networks. By employing the same force field and reactive scheme and studying three representative multifunctional acrylate monomers, we isolate the importance of the nonreactive moieties within these model monomers. Analyses of reactive trajectories benchmark the estimated gel points, cyclomatic character, and spatially resolved cross-linking tendencies of the acrylates as a function of conversion. These insights into the similarities and differences of the polymerization and resulting networks suggest molecular mechanics as a useful tool in the rational design of photopolymerization resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Karnes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550-5507, United States
| | - Todd H Weisgraber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550-5507, United States
| | - James S Oakdale
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550-5507, United States
| | - Magi Mettry
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550-5507, United States
| | - Maxim Shusteff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550-5507, United States
| | - Juergen Biener
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550-5507, United States
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Karnes JJ, Villavicencio N, Benjamin I. Transfer of an erbium ion across the water/dodecane interface: Structure and thermodynamics via molecular dynamics simulations. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Karnes JJ, Benjamin I. Miscibility at the immiscible liquid/liquid interface: A molecular dynamics study of thermodynamics and mechanism. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:034707. [PMID: 29352796 DOI: 10.1063/1.5012506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the dissolution of water into an adjacent, immiscible organic liquid phase. Equilibrium thermodynamic and structural properties are calculated during the transfer of water molecule(s) across the interface using umbrella sampling. The net free energy of transfer agrees reasonably well with experimental solubility values. We find that water molecules "prefer" to transfer into the adjacent phase one-at-a-time, without co-transfer of the hydration shell, as in the case of evaporation. To study the dynamics and mechanism of transfer of water to liquid nitrobenzene, we collected over 400 independent dissolution events. Analysis of these trajectories suggests that the transfer of water is facilitated by interfacial protrusions of the water phase into the organic phase, where one water molecule at the tip of the protrusion enters the organic phase by the breakup of a single hydrogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Karnes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Ilan Benjamin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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Karnes JJ, Benjamin I. Geometric and energetic considerations of surface fluctuations during ion transfer across the water-immiscible organic liquid interface. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:014701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4954331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Karnes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Ilan Benjamin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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Karnes JJ, Gobrogge EA, Walker RA, Benjamin I. Unusual Structure and Dynamics at Silica/Methanol and Silica/Ethanol Interfaces—A Molecular Dynamics and Nonlinear Optical Study. J Phys Chem B 2015; 120:1569-78. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b07777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Karnes
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa
Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Eric A. Gobrogge
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59715, United States
| | - Robert A. Walker
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59715, United States
| | - Ilan Benjamin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa
Cruz, California 95064, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Karnes
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Ilan Benjamin
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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Rearden P, Harrington PB, Karnes JJ, Bunker CE. Fuzzy Rule-Building Expert System Classification of Fuel Using Solid-Phase Microextraction Two-Way Gas Chromatography Differential Mobility Spectrometric Data. Anal Chem 2007; 79:1485-91. [PMID: 17297947 DOI: 10.1021/ac060527f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography/differential mobility spectrometry (GC/DMS) has been investigated for characterization of fuels. Neat fuel samples were sampled using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed using a micromachined differential mobility spectrometer with a photoionization source interfaced to a gas chromatograph. The coupling of DMS to GC offers an additional order of information in that two-way data are obtained with respect to compensation voltages and retention time. A fuzzy rule-building expert system (FuRES) was used as a multivariate classifier for the two-way gas chromatograms of fuels, including rocket (RP-1, RG-1), diesel, and jet (JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, JP-TS, JetA-3639, Jet A-3688, Jet A-3690, Jet A-3694, and Jet A-generic) fuels. The GC-DMS with SPME was able to produce characteristic profiles of the fuels and a classification rate of 95 +/- 0.3% obtained with a FuRES model. The classification system also had perfect classification for each fuel sample when applied one month later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preshious Rearden
- Clippinger Laboratories, Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701-2979, USA
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Abstract
Iron-based core-shell nanoparticles have been prepared that exhibit low-temperature stability and high-temperature reactivity toward oxygen in solution. The concentration of oxygen was determined from the fluorescence decay of pyrene. At low temperatures (<110 degrees C), the decays are short, indicating oxygen in solution. At higher temperatures (>110 degrees C), the decays become long and are consistent with no oxygen in solution. The change is abrupt, occurring over a narrow temperature range, and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Bunker
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Propulsion Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433
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