1
|
Kantaros A, Soulis E, Petrescu FIT, Ganetsos T. Advanced Composite Materials Utilized in FDM/FFF 3D Printing Manufacturing Processes: The Case of Filled Filaments. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6210. [PMID: 37763488 PMCID: PMC10532629 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of additive manufacturing technologies has brought about a significant transformation in several industries. Among these technologies, Fused Deposition Modeling/Fused Filament Fabrication (FDM/FFF) 3D printing has gained prominence as a rapid prototyping and small-scale production technique. The potential of FDM/FFF for applications that require improved mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties has been restricted due to the limited range of materials that are suitable for this process. This study explores the integration of various reinforcements, including carbon fibers, glass fibers, and nanoparticles, into the polymer matrix of FDM/FFF filaments. The utilization of advanced materials for reinforcing the filaments has led to the enhancement in mechanical strength, stiffness, and toughness of the 3D-printed parts in comparison to their pure polymer counterparts. Furthermore, the incorporation of fillers facilitates improved thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and flame retardancy, thereby broadening the scope of potential applications for FDM/FFF 3D-printed components. Additionally, the article underscores the difficulties linked with the utilization of filled filaments in FDM/FFF 3D printing, including but not limited to filament extrusion stability, nozzle clogging, and interfacial adhesion between the reinforcement and matrix. Ultimately, a variety of pragmatic implementations are showcased, wherein filled filaments have exhibited noteworthy benefits in comparison to standard FDM/FFF raw materials. The aforementioned applications encompass a wide range of industries, such as aerospace, automotive, medical, electronics, and tooling. The article explores the possibility of future progress and the incorporation of innovative reinforcement materials. It presents a plan for the ongoing growth and application of advanced composite materials in FDM/FFF 3D printing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antreas Kantaros
- Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Soulis
- Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece
| | - Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu
- Theory of Mechanisms and Robots Department, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, Bucharest Polytechnic University, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Theodore Ganetsos
- Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moreira AA, de Carvalho FA, Bilck AP, de Paula MT, Mali S, Yamashita F, de Oliveira ALM. Tannin improves the processability and delays the biodegradability of poly (lactic acid)‐starch‐based thermoset materials produced by injection molding made with renewable compounds. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Aleixo Moreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | - Fabíola Azanha de Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos CCA, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Bilck
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos CCA, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza de Paula
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | - Suzana Mali
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | - Fabio Yamashita
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos CCA, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zarei M, Shabani Dargah M, Hasanzadeh Azar M, Alizadeh R, Mahdavi FS, Sayedain SS, Kaviani A, Asadollahi M, Azami M, Beheshtizadeh N. Enhanced bone tissue regeneration using a 3D-printed poly(lactic acid)/Ti6Al4V composite scaffold with plasma treatment modification. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3139. [PMID: 36823295 PMCID: PMC9950435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30300-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical and biological properties of polylactic acid (PLA) need to be further improved in order to be used for bone tissue engineering (BTE). Utilizing a material extrusion technique, three-dimensional (3D) PLA-Ti6Al4V (Ti64) scaffolds with open pores and interconnected channels were successfully fabricated. In spite of the fact that the glass transition temperature of PLA increased with the addition of Ti64, the melting and crystallization temperatures as well as the thermal stability of filaments decreased slightly. However, the addition of 3-6 wt% Ti64 enhanced the mechanical properties of PLA, increasing the ultimate compressive strength and compressive modulus of PLA-3Ti64 to 49.9 MPa and 1.9 GPa, respectively. Additionally, the flowability evaluations revealed that all composite filaments met the print requirements. During the plasma treatment of scaffolds, not only was the root-mean-square (Rq) of PLA (1.8 nm) increased to 60 nm, but also its contact angle (90.4°) significantly decreased to (46.9°). FTIR analysis confirmed the higher hydrophilicity as oxygen-containing groups became more intense. By virtue of the outstanding role of plasma treatment as well as Ti64 addition, a marked improvement was observed in Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cell attachment, proliferation (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining), and differentiation (Alkaline phosphatase and Alizarin Red S staining). Based on these results, it appears that the fabricated scaffolds have potential applications in BTE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Zarei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. .,Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Motahareh Shabani Dargah
- grid.411368.90000 0004 0611 6995Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hasanzadeh Azar
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Reza Alizadeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Mahdavi
- grid.46072.370000 0004 0612 7950Department of Biotechnology Engineering, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Shahab Sayedain
- grid.412553.40000 0001 0740 9747Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Kaviani
- grid.412553.40000 0001 0740 9747Polymeric Materials Research Group (PMRG), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asadollahi
- grid.412553.40000 0001 0740 9747Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Azami
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,grid.510410.10000 0004 8010 4431Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran ,grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Joint Reconstruction Research Center (JRRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Beheshtizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Adewale P, Yancheshmeh MS, Lam E. Starch modification for non-food, industrial applications: Market intelligence and critical review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119590. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
5
|
Momeni S, Rezvani Ghomi E, Shakiba M, Shafiei-Navid S, Abdouss M, Bigham A, Khosravi F, Ahmadi Z, Faraji M, Abdouss H, Ramakrishna S. The Effect of Poly (Ethylene glycol) Emulation on the Degradation of PLA/Starch Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1019. [PMID: 33806074 PMCID: PMC8036416 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a hydrophilic renewable polymer, starch has been widely used in biocompatible plastics as a filler for more than two decades. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG), as a plasticizer, on the physicochemical properties of a hybrid composite-polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic starch (TPS). A solvent evaporation process was adopted to gelatinize the starch and disparate PEG contents ranging from 3 to 15 wt.% (with respect to the sample weight) were examined. It was revealed that the increase in the PEG content was accompanied by an increment in the starch gelatinization degree. Referring to the microstructural analyses, the TPS/PLA mixture yielded a ductile hybrid composite with a fine morphology and a uniform phase. Nevertheless, two different solvents, including acetone and ethanol, were used to assess if they had any effect on the hybrid's morphology, tensile strength and thermal properties. It was found that ethanol culminated in a porous hybrid composite with a finer morphology and better starch distribution in the PLA structure than acetone. As the result of PEG addition to the composite, the crystallinity and tensile strength were decreased, whereas the elongation increased. The hydrolytic degradation of samples was assessed under different pH and thermal conditions. Moreover, the microbial degradation of the PLA/TPS hybrid composite containing different PEG molar fractions was investigated in the soil for 45 days. The rate of degradation in both hydrolytic and biodegradation increased in the samples with a higher amount of PEG with ethanol solvent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarieh Momeni
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran; (S.M.); (Z.A.)
| | - Erfan Rezvani Ghomi
- Center for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore;
| | - Mohamadreza Shakiba
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran; (S.M.); (Z.A.)
| | - Saied Shafiei-Navid
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar 47416-95447, Iran;
| | - Majid Abdouss
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran; (S.M.); (Z.A.)
| | - Ashkan Bigham
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials—National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Viale J.F. Kennedy 54—Mostra d’Oltremare pad. 20, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Fatemeh Khosravi
- Center for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore;
| | - Zahed Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran; (S.M.); (Z.A.)
| | - Mehdi Faraji
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6455, Iran;
| | - Hamidreza Abdouss
- Department of Polymer, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran;
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore;
| |
Collapse
|