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Santos P, Silva AP, Reis PNB. The Effect of Carbon Nanofibers on the Mechanical Performance of Epoxy-Based Composites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2152. [PMID: 39125179 PMCID: PMC11314623 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This review is a fundamental tool for researchers and engineers involved in the design and optimization of fiber-reinforced composite materials. The aim is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the mechanical performance of composites with epoxy matrices reinforced with carbon nanofibers (CNFs). The review includes studies investigating the static mechanical response through three-point bending (3PB) tests, tensile tests, and viscoelastic behavior tests. In addition, the properties of the composites' resistance to interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness (ILFT), and low-velocity impact (LVI) are analyzed. The incorporation of small amounts of CNFs, mostly between 0.25 and 1% by weight was shown to have a notable impact on the static and viscoelastic properties of the composites, leading to greater resistance to time-dependent deformation and better resistance to creep. ILSS and ILFT modes I and II of fiber-reinforced composites are critical parameters in assessing structural integrity through interfacial bonding and were positively affected by the introduction of CNFs. The response of composites to LVI demonstrates the potential of CNFs to increase impact strength by reducing the energy absorbed and the size of the damage introduced. Epoxy matrices reinforced with CNFs showed an average increase in stiffness of 15% and 20% for bending and tensile, respectively. The laminates, on the other hand, showed an increase in bending stiffness of 20% and 15% for tensile and modulus, respectively. In the case of ILSS and ILFT modes I and II, the addition of CNFs promoted average increases in the order of 50%, 100%, and 50%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Santos
- C-MAST—Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - Abílio P. Silva
- C-MAST—Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - Paulo N. B. Reis
- University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, ARISE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
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Liu B, Lai J, Liu H, Huang Z, Liu T, Xia Y, Zhang W. Finite Element Analysis of the Effect for Different Thicknesses and Stitching Densities under the Low-Velocity Impact of Stitched Composite Laminates. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4628. [PMID: 38139879 PMCID: PMC10747043 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a progressive damage model was developed for the mechanical response and damage evolution of carbon fiber stitched composite laminates under low-velocity impact (LVI). The three-dimensional Hashin and Hou failure criteria were used to identify fiber and matrix damage. The cohesive zone model was adopted to simulate the delamination damage, combined with the linear degradation discounting of the equivalent displacement method to characterize the stiffness degradation of the material, and the corresponding user material subroutine VUMAT was coded. The finite element analysis of the LVI of stitched composite laminates under different energies was finished in Abaqus/Explicit. Furthermore, the simulation predictions matched well with the results of the experimental tests. Based on this, composite laminates' mechanical response and damage forms with different thicknesses and stitch densities were analyzed. The findings show that the main damages of composite laminates were matrix tensile damage and delamination. The stitching process could improve the impact tolerance of composite laminates, inhibiting delamination and reducing the area of the delamination damage. The higher the density of the stitching, the more noticeable its inhibition would be. The thickness of the laminate also had a more significant effect on the damage to the laminate. Thin plates were more prone to matrix tensile damage due to their lower flexural rigidity, whereas thick plates were more susceptible to delamination because of their higher flexural rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangxiong Liu
- Polymer Processing Research Laboratory, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (B.L.); (T.L.); (Y.X.)
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Jingdezhen University, Jingdezhen 333000, China
| | - Jiamei Lai
- Polymer Processing Research Laboratory, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (B.L.); (T.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Hesheng Liu
- Polymer Processing Research Laboratory, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (B.L.); (T.L.); (Y.X.)
- School of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang 330013, China; (Z.H.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zhichao Huang
- School of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang 330013, China; (Z.H.); (W.Z.)
| | - Tianlei Liu
- Polymer Processing Research Laboratory, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (B.L.); (T.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yousheng Xia
- Polymer Processing Research Laboratory, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (B.L.); (T.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang 330013, China; (Z.H.); (W.Z.)
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Tarih YS, Coskun T, Yar A, Gundogdu Ö, Sahin ÖS. The influences of low‐velocity impact loading on the vibration responses of the carbon/glass fiber‐reinforced epoxy composites interleaved with various non‐woven thermoplastic veils. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Selim Tarih
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Bingöl University Bingöl Turkey
| | - Taner Coskun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Konya Technical University Konya Turkey
| | - Adem Yar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Bingöl University Bingöl Turkey
| | - Ömer Gundogdu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Atatürk University Erzurum Turkey
| | - Ömer Sinan Sahin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Konya Technical University Konya Turkey
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De S, Nuli KC, Fulmali AO, Behera P, Prusty RK. Elevated‐temperature mechanical performance of
GFRP
composite with functionalized hybrid nanofiller. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soubhik De
- FRP Composites Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Rourkela Odisha India
| | - Krishna Chaitanya Nuli
- FRP Composites Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Rourkela Odisha India
| | - Abhinav Omprakash Fulmali
- FRP Composites Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Rourkela Odisha India
| | - Priyadarhi Behera
- Department of Mining & Materials Engineering McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Rajesh Kumar Prusty
- FRP Composites Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Rourkela Odisha India
- Center for Nanomaterials National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Rourkela Odisha India
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5
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Yadav A, Nayak BA, Fulmali AO, Prusty RK. Synergetic impact of both fiber surface grafting and matrix modification by carbon nanotubes and functionalized carbon nanotubes on the flexural behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites: An assessment at cryo‐, room‐, and elevated‐ in situ temperature conditions. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avadesh Yadav
- FRP Composites Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela Odisha India
| | - B. Arnimesh Nayak
- FRP Composites Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela Odisha India
| | - Abhinav Omprakash Fulmali
- FRP Composites Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela Odisha India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Prusty
- FRP Composites Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela Odisha India
- Center for Nanomaterials National Institute of Technology Rourkela Odisha India
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The Impact of Carbon Nanofibres on the Interfacial Properties of CFRPs Produced with Sized Carbon Fibres. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203457. [PMID: 34685216 PMCID: PMC8541048 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, different amounts of CNFs were added into a complex formulation to coat the CFs surfaces via sizing in order to enhance the bonding between the fibre and the resin in the CF-reinforced polymer composites. The sized CFs bundles were characterised by SEM and Raman. The nanomechanical properties of the composite materials produced were assessed by the nanoindentation test. The interfacial properties of the fibre and resin were evaluated by a push-out method developed on nanoindentation. The average interfacial shear strength of the fibre/matrix interface could be calculated by the critical load, sheet thickness and fibre diameter. The contact angle measurements and resin spreadability were performed prior to nanoindentation to investigate the wetting properties of the fibre. After the push-out tests, the characterisation via optical microscopy/SEM was carried out to ratify the results. It was found the CFs sizing with CNFs (1 to 10 wt%) could generally increase the interfacial shear strength but it was more cost-effective with a small amount of evenly distributed CNFs on CFs.
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Liu Y, He H, He G, Zhao J, Yang Y, Tian G. Segregated polylactide/poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate)/
MWCNTs
nanocomposites with excellent electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering (SCUT) Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Hezhi He
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering (SCUT) Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Guoshan He
- National Quality Supervision and Inspection Center of Polymer Engineering Materials and Products Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute Guangzhou China
| | - Jianxiong Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering (SCUT) Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Yike Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering (SCUT) Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Guidong Tian
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering (SCUT) Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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Carbonaceous Materials Coated Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162771. [PMID: 34451310 PMCID: PMC8399309 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites have high mechanical properties that make them exemplary engineered materials to carry loads and stresses. Coupling fibre and matrix together require good understanding of not only fibre morphology but also matrix rheology. One way of having a strongly coupled fibre and matrix interface is to size the reinforcing fibres by means of micro- or nanocarbon materials coating on the fibre surface. Common coating materials used are carbon nanotubes and nanofibres and graphene, and more recently carbon black (colloidal particles of virtually pure elemental carbon) and graphite. There are several chemical, thermal, and electrochemical processes that are used for coating the carbonous materials onto a carbon fibre surface. Sizing of fibres provides higher interfacial adhesion between fibre and matrix and allows better fibre wetting by the surrounded matrix material. This review paper goes over numerous techniques that are used for engineering the interface between both fibre and matrix systems, which is eventually the key to better mechanical properties of the composite systems.
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Gangineni PK, Patnaik S, Prusty RK, Ray BC. Mechanical behavior of electrophoretically modified
CFRP
composites at elevated temperatures: An assessment of the influence of graphene carboxyl bath concentration. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar Gangineni
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, FRP Composite Laboratory National Institute of Technology Rourkela India
| | - Satyaroop Patnaik
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, FRP Composite Laboratory National Institute of Technology Rourkela India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Prusty
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, FRP Composite Laboratory National Institute of Technology Rourkela India
| | - Bankim Chandra Ray
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, FRP Composite Laboratory National Institute of Technology Rourkela India
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10
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De S, Shivangi P, Choudhury S, Fulmali AO, Ray BC, Prusty RK. Effects of fiber surface grafting by functionalized carbon nanotubes on the interfacial durability during cryogenic testing and conditioning of CFRP composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soubhik De
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, FRP Composite Laboratory National Institute of Technology Rourkela India
| | - P.N. Shivangi
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, FRP Composite Laboratory National Institute of Technology Rourkela India
| | - Saswat Choudhury
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, FRP Composite Laboratory National Institute of Technology Rourkela India
| | - Abhinav Omprakash Fulmali
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, FRP Composite Laboratory National Institute of Technology Rourkela India
| | - Bankim Chandra Ray
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, FRP Composite Laboratory National Institute of Technology Rourkela India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Prusty
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, FRP Composite Laboratory National Institute of Technology Rourkela India
- Centre for Nanomaterials National Institute of Technology Rourkela India
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