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Zhan H, Liu J, Wang P, Wang C, Wang Z, Chen M, Zhu X, Fu B. Integration of N- and P- elements in sodium alginate aerogels for efficient flame retardant and thermal insulating properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:132643. [PMID: 38823751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
In the field of building energy conservation, the development of biodegradable biomass aerogels with excellent mechanical performance, flame retardancy and thermal insulation properties is of particular importance. Here, a directional freeze-drying method was used for fabricating composite sodium alginate (SA) aerogels containing functionalized ammonium polyphosphate (APP) flame retardant. In particular, APP was coated with melamine (MEL) and phytic acid (PA) by a supramolecular assembly process. Through optimizing the flame retardant addition, the SA-20 AMP sample exhibited excellent flame retardant and thermal insulation properties, with the limiting oxygen index of 38.2 % and the UL-94 rating of V-0. Such aerogels with anisotropic morphology demonstrated a low thermal conductivity of 0.0288 (W/m·K) in the radial direction (perpendicular to the lamellar structure). In addition, as-obtained aerogels displayed remarkable water stability and mechanical properties, indicating significant potential for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhui Zhan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chenfei Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhongguo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Muhua Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xinbao Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bo Fu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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2
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Li F, Huang Z, Liu C, Yang M, Wu J, Rao W, Yu C. A novel P/N/Si/Zn-containing hybrid flame retardant for enhancing flame retardancy and smoke suppression of epoxy resins. RSC Adv 2024; 14:8204-8213. [PMID: 38469190 PMCID: PMC10926111 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00166d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, additively efficient flame retardants are being developed to enhance the smoke suppression, flame retardancy, and thermal properties of composite materials. To this end, the current study designed and prepared a novel P/N/Si/Zn-containing organic-inorganic hybrid denoted as APHZ. Its inorganic part was 2-methylimidazole zinc salt (ZIF-8), which improved its smoke suppression and catalytic carbonization. The organic part (P/N/Si-containing compound) promoted its flame retardancy and interfacial compatibility between APHZ and epoxy resin (EP). The test results revealed that EP/APHZ-3 composites achieved a V-0 rating and a notable LOI value of 30.7% when introducing 3 wt% APHZ into the EP matrix. Cone calorimetry tests (CCT) further demonstrated that the average heat release rate (av-HRR), total smoke production (TSP), and CO production (COP) of EP/APHZ-3 were reduced by 23.3%, 14.0%, and 21.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, the char residual was increased by 60.6%, as compared to pure EP. Furthermore, the flame-retardant mechanism of EP/APHZ composites was investigated by the XPS, TG-FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The observed synergistic effect of the imidazole skeleton ZIF-8 and P/N/Si-containing compound in APHZ facilitated the generation of a dense multi-element char layer, with the condensed phase flame-retardant mechanism playing a dominant role. These findings contribute to developing and designing high-performance flame-retardant EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Li
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT) Guilin 541004 China
| | - Ziqin Huang
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT) Guilin 541004 China
| | - Changjiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT) Guilin 541004 China
| | - Meini Yang
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT) Guilin 541004 China
| | - Jixiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT) Guilin 541004 China
| | - Wenhui Rao
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT) Guilin 541004 China
| | - Chuanbai Yu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT) Guilin 541004 China
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3
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Han S, Li J, Ding Q, Zang J, Lu Y, Zhang L, Hu L. Effects of Processing Conditions on the Properties of Monoammonium Phosphate Microcapsules with Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin Shell. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2991. [PMID: 37514381 PMCID: PMC10385195 DOI: 10.3390/polym15142991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop monoammonium phosphate (MAP) as a novel acid source for durable intumescent fire retardants (IFR), MAP microcapsules (MCMAPs) containing MAP as the internal core and melamine-formaldehyde (MF) as the external shell were prepared by in situ polymerization in this study. The influences of synthesis conditions (including reaction temperature, polymerization time, and reaction pH value) on the properties of obtained MCMAPs (MAP content, yield, morphologies, and thermal properties) were then investigated systematically. The morphologies, chemical structures, and thermal properties were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry analyzer (TGA). The results show that MAP was well encapsulated by MF resin. No microcapsules are obtained at <55 °C or with polymerization times <1 h. Optimal preparation conditions of reaction temperature, polymerization time, and reaction pH value are 75 °C, 3 h, and 5.5, respectively. Those results provide process reference and theoretical basis for preparing MCMAPs and could promote the application of MAP microcapsules in wood flame-retardant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenjie Han
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environmental Protection of Jiangsu Province, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Jingpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficient Processing of Bamboo of Zhejiang Province, China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Qingyun Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Jian Zang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Yulian Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Longfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Technology of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - La Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superior Timber Trees Resource Cultivation, Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of State Forestry Administration, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning 530002, China
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4
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Huang Z, Li F, Huang M, Meng W, Rao W, Lei Y, Yu C. Preparation of Naphthalene-Based Flame Retardant for High Fire Safety and Smoke Suppression of Epoxy Resin. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114287. [PMID: 37298763 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the current challenges in the development of flame retardants is the preparation of an environmentally friendly multi-element synergistic flame retardant to improve the flame retardancy, mechanical performance, and thermal performance of composites. This study synthesized an organic flame retardant (APH) using (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (KH-550), 1,4-phthalaadehyde, 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as raw materials, through the Kabachnik-Fields reaction. Adding APH to epoxy resin (EP) composites could greatly improve their flame retardancy. For instance, UL-94 with 4 wt% APH/EP reached the V-0 rating and had an LOI as high as 31.2%. Additionally, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), average heat release rate (AvHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke produced (TSP) of 4% APH/EP were 34.1%, 31.8%, 15.2%, and 38.4% lower than EP, respectively. The addition of APH improved the mechanical performance and thermal performance of the composites. After adding 1% APH, the impact strength increased by 15.0%, which was attributed to the good compatibility between APH and EP. The TG and DSC analyses revealed that the APH/EP composites that incorporated rigid naphthalene ring groups had higher glass transition temperatures (Tg) and a higher amount of char residue (C700). The pyrolysis products of APH/EP were systematically investigated, and the results revealed that flame retardancy of APH was realized by the condensed-phase mechanism. APH has good compatibility with EP, excellent thermal performance, enhanced mechanical performance and rational flame retardancy, and the combustion products of the as-prepared composites complied with the green and environmental protection standards which are also broadly applied in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin 541004, China
| | - Fangli Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin 541004, China
| | - Mingyan Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wenqiao Meng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wenhui Rao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yuan Lei
- China Antimony Corporation, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Chuanbai Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin 541004, China
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5
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Dong R, Seliem MK, Mobarak M, Xue H, Wang X, Li Q, Li Z. Dual-functional marine algal carbon-based materials with highly efficient dye removal and disinfection control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:60399-60417. [PMID: 37022550 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The design and simple, green preparation of dual-functional materials for the decontamination of both hazardous dyes and pathogenic microorganisms from wastewater remain challenging currently. Herein, a promising marine algal carbon-based material (named C-SA/SP) with both highly efficient dye adsorptive and antibacterial properties was fabricated based on the incorporation of sodium alginate and a low dose of silver phosphate via a facile and eco-friendly approach. The structure, removal of malachite green (MG) and congo red (CR), and their antibacterial performance were studied, and the adsorption mechanism was further interpreted by the statistical physics models, besides the classic models. The results show that the maximum simulated adsorption capacity for MG reached 2798.27 mg/g, and its minimal inhibit concentration for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was 0.4 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL, respectively. The mechanistic study suggests that silver phosphate exerted the effects of catalytic carbon formation and pore formation, while reducing the electronegativity of the material as well, thus improving its dye adsorptive performance. Moreover, the MG adsorption onto C-SA/SP showed vertical orientation and a multi-molecular way, and its adsorption sites were involved in the adsorption process with the increase of temperature. Overall, the study indicates that the as-made dual-functional materials have good applied prospects for water remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruitao Dong
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Moaaz K Seliem
- Faculty of Earth Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mobarak
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Hanjing Xue
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qun Li
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zichao Li
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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6
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Guo X, Liu L, Feng H, Li D, Xia Z, Yang R. Flame Retardancy of Nylon 6 Fibers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092161. [PMID: 37177307 PMCID: PMC10181247 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As synthetic fibers with superior performances, nylon 6 fibers are widely used in many fields. Due to the potential fire hazard caused by flammability, the study of the flame retardancy of nylon 6 fibers has been attracting more and more attention. The review has summarized the present research status of flame-retarded nylon 6 fibers from three aspects: intrinsic flame-retarded nylon 6, nylon 6 composites, and surface strategies of nylon 6 fibers/fabrics. The current main focus is still how to balance the application performances, flame retardancy, and production cost. Moreover, melt dripping during combustion remains a key challenge for nylon 6 fibers, and the further developing trend is to study novel flame retardants and new flame-retardancy technologies for nylon 6 fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Linjing Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Kingfa Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Haisheng Feng
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dinghua Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhonghua Xia
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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7
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Shao M, Li Y, Shi Y, Liu J, Xue B, Niu M. Synergistic Effect of Activated Carbon, NiO and Al 2O 3 on Improving the Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Polypropylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092135. [PMID: 37177281 PMCID: PMC10180888 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is difficult to enhance the char yields of polypropylene (PP) due to the preferential complete combustion. Successful formation of abundant char layer structure of PP upon flammability was obtained due to the synergistic effect of NiO, Al2O3 and activated carbon (AC). From characterization of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), it was revealed that the microstructure of residual char contained large amount of carbon nanotubes. Compared to the modification of AC, NiO and Al2O3 alone, the combination of AC, NiO and Al2O3 dramatically promotes the charring ability of PP. In the case of AC and NiO, NiO plays a role of dehydrogenation, resulting in the degradation product, while AC mainly acts as carbonization promoter. The addition of Al2O3 results in higher dispersion and smaller particle size of NiO, leading to greater exposure of active sites of NiO and higher dehydrogenation and carbonization activity. Compared to the neat PP, the decomposition temperature of the PP modified by combined AC, NiO and Al2O3 was increased by 90 ℃. The yield of residual char of AC-5Ni-Al-PP reached as high as 44.6%. From the cone calorimeter test, the heat release rate per unit area (HRR) and total heat release per unit area (THR) of PP composite follows the order AC-5Ni-Al-PP < AC-10Ni-Al-PP < AC-Ni-PP < AC-15Ni-Al-PP < AC-1Ni-Al-PP. Compared to the neat PP, the peak of HRR declined by 73.8%, 72.7%, 71.3%, 67.6% and 62.5%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiang Shao
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030600, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yiran Shi
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030600, China
| | - Jiangtao Liu
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030600, China
| | - Baoxia Xue
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030600, China
| | - Mei Niu
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030600, China
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Ke Q, Bai J, Zhang G, Zhang J, Yang M. Simultaneously Enhancing the Flame Retardancy, Water Resistance, and Mechanical Properties of Flame-Retardant Polypropylene via a Linear Vinyl Polysiloxane-Coated Ammonium Polyphosphate. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092074. [PMID: 37177219 PMCID: PMC10181116 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is challenging to improve the water resistance, flame retardancy, mechanical performance, and balance of halogen-free flame-retardant polypropylene (PP) composites. For this purpose, a linear vinyl polysiloxane (PD) was synthesized and then self-crosslinked under benzoyl peroxide to prepare surface-coated ammonium polyphosphate (APP@PD). Apparently, this linear vinyl polysiloxane self-crosslinking coating strategy was completely different from the commonly used sol-gel-coated APP with silane monomers. After coating, the water contact angles (WCA) of APP and APP@PD were 26.8° and 111.7°, respectively, showing high hydrophobicity. More importantly, PP/APP@PD/dipentaerythritol (DPER) showed a higher limiting oxygen index (LOI) and better UL-94 V-0 rate in comparison with PP/APP/DPER composites. After water immersion at 70 °C for 168 h, only PP/APP@PD/DPER kept the UL-94 V-0 rate and lowered the deterioration of the LOI, reflecting the better water-resistance property of APP@PD. Consistently, the cone calorimeter test results displayed a 26.2% and 16.7% reduction in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke production (TSP), respectively. Meanwhile, the time to peak smoke production rate (TPSPR) increased by 90.2%. The interfacial free energy (IFE) between APP@PD and PP was calculated to evaluate the interfacial interaction between PP and APP@PD. A reduction of 84.2% in the IFE between APP@PD and PP is responsible for the improvement in compatibility and the increase in flame retardancy, water resistance, and mechanical properties of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qining Ke
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junchen Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Liang Y, Jian H, Deng C, Xu J, Liu Y, Park H, Wen M, Sun Y. Research and Application of Biomass-Based Wood Flame Retardants: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040950. [PMID: 36850233 PMCID: PMC9966695 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Wood is widely used as a construction material due to its many advantages, such as good mechanical properties, low production costs, and renewability. However, its flammability limits its use in construction. To solve the problem of wood flammability, the most common method to improve the fire safety of wood is to modify the wood by deep impregnation or surface coating with flame retardants. Therefore, many researchers have found that environmentally friendly and low-cost biomass materials can be used as a source of green flame retardants. Two aspects of biomass-based intumescent flame retardants are summarized in this paper. On the one hand, biomass is used as one of the three sources or as a flame-retardant synergist in combination with other flame retardants, which are called composite biomass intumescent flame retardants. On the other hand, biomass is used alone as a feedstock to produce all-biomass intumescent flame retardants. In addition, the potential of biomass-based materials as an environmentally friendly and low-cost FR source to produce high-performance biomass-based flame retardants with improved technology was also discussed in detail. The development of biomass-based intumescent flame retardants represents a viable and promising approach for the efficient and environmentally friendly production of biomass-based flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Liang
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Hao Jian
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Junxian Xu
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Heejun Park
- Department of Housing Environmental Design, and Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyu Wen
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yaoxing Sun
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (Y.S.)
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10
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Zhang C, Jiang Y, Li S, Huang Z, Zhan XQ, Ma N, Tsai FC. Recent trends of phosphorus-containing flame retardants modified polypropylene composites processing. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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11
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Qiu J, Huang C, Yang J, Wang T, Xu G. Preparation of modified ammonium polyphosphate blended aqueous boron phenolic resin and its application to insulating paper. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Wang W, Lei L, Bao Q, Liu Y, Wang Q. Synthesis of a triazine charring agent containing hydroxyl and triazine ring and its flame retardant application in thermoplastic polyolefin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Li Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Qiuru Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
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13
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Niu Y, Wang S, Zhu Z, Su M, Wang Y, Yan L, Ma Y, Sun H, Liang W, Li A. Robust composite aerogels with excellent flame retardant and thermal insulation properties based on modified hollow glass microspheres. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Zhu Z, Niu Y, Wang S, Su M, Long Y, Sun H, Liang W, Li A. Magnesium hydroxide coated hollow glass microspheres/chitosan composite aerogels with excellent thermal insulation and flame retardancy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 612:35-42. [PMID: 34974256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of an environmental-friendly thermal insulation and flame retardant material has attracted widespread attention in modern architecture. In this work, a kind of novel aerogel composites were prepared by incorporation of Mg(OH)2 coated hollow glass microspheres (HGM) into chitosan (CSA) matrix and then cross-linking by glutaraldehyde (abbreviated as CSA-HGM-Mg(OH)2). The as-prepared composite aerogel exhibits vertical directional channel with high porosity and excellent thermal insulation with a low thermal conductivity of 0.035 W m-1 k-1. Besides, it shows excellent flame retardancy with a high limit oxygen index (LOI) value up to 50.8, which is one of the highest values among the most of flame retardants reported previously. Also, a very low peak heat release rate (pHRR) of 24.12 kW m-2 was obtained which makes the aerogel composite reaching UL-94 V-0 rating. Such results may be attributed to a synergy effect by combination of its abundantly porous structure derived from HGM to give a better thermal insulation and excellent nonflammability of CSA and Mg(OH)2 to offer a superior flame retardancy. Taking advantages of its high mechanical strength, low cost materials, simple and scalable preparation method, CSA-HGM-Mg(OH)2 aerogel composites may hold great potential for future thermal insulation and flame retardant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Zhu
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou 730050, PR China.
| | - Ye Niu
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Shuo Wang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Min Su
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Yong Long
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Hanxue Sun
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Weidong Liang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - An Li
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou 730050, PR China.
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15
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Highly efficient flame retardant and smoke suppression mechanism of polypropylene nanocomposites based on clay and allylamine polyphosphate. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Jia P, Yu X, Lu J, Zhou X, Yin Z, Tang G, Lu T, Guo L, Song L, Wang B, Hu Y. The Re 2Sn 2O 7 (Re = Nd, Sm, Gd) on the enhancement of fire safety and physical performance of Polyolefin/IFR cable materials. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 608:1652-1661. [PMID: 34742080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyolefin (PO) cables used in confined spaces need to have low smoke, low heat release, low toxic gas release and excellent physical properties. In this work, a series of rare earth stannates Re2Sn2O7 (RES, Re = Nd, Sm, Gd) with high temperature catalytic performance were prepared by hydrothermal method for synergistic flame retardant PO/IFR. The flame retardancy, heat release, smoke density, toxic gas release and physical properties of PO composites were thoroughly studied in detail. The RES could enhance the vertical burning rating and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PO/IFR composites. Moreover, the residual char of the thermogravimetric analysis increased from 9.7% to 11.4 wt% after the RES added in PO/IFR system. Interestingly, the PO/IFR system containing Gd2Sn2O7 exhibits the lowest peak heat release rate of 233.7 kW/m2. Excellent flame resistance due to the formation of a complete and compact protective char layer. In addition, the toxic release of PO during combustion is also effectively reduced by introducing the RES. The tube furnace combustion test shows that the emission of carbon oxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) of PO/IFR/Gd2Sn2O7 are the lowest. It can be attributed to the catalytic effect of rare earth elements and the blocking effect of the dense char layer. In addition, compared with the PO/IFR composites, the PO/IFR/RES system demonstrate higher mechanical properties and volume resistivity. Therefore, the addition of RES has a positive effect on improving the physical properties and fire safety properties of the PO/IFR cable composites, especially suitable for using in confined spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization, Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Baotou 014030, China
| | - Jingyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization, Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Baotou 014030, China
| | - Zhenting Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma' anshan, Anhui 243002, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization, Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Baotou 014030, China
| | - Liying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization, Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Baotou 014030, China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
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17
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Wang L, Wei Y, Deng H, Lyu R, Zhu J, Yang Y. Synergistic Flame Retardant Effect of Barium Phytate and Intumescent Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2900. [PMID: 34502940 PMCID: PMC8434477 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, widespread concern has been aroused on environmentally friendly materials. In this article, barium phytate (Pa-Ba) was prepared by the reaction of phytic acid with barium carbonate in deionized water, which was used to blend with intumescent flame retardant (IFR) as a flame retardant and was added to epoxy resin (EP). Afterward, the chemical structure and thermal stability of Pa-Ba were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. On this basis, the flammability and flame retardancy of EP composites were researched. It is shown that EP/14IFR/2Ba composite has the highest limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 30.7%. Moreover, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of EP/14IFR/2Ba decreases by 69.13% compared with pure EP. SEM and Raman spectra reveal the carbonization quality of EP/14IFR/2Ba is better than that of other composites. The results prove that Pa-Ba can cooperate with IFR to improve the flame retardancy of EP, reducing the addition amount of IFR in EP, thus expanding the application range of EP. In conclusion, adding Pa-Ba to IFR is a more environmentally friendly and efficient method compared with others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (Y.W.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yue Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (Y.W.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Hongbo Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (Y.W.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Ruiqi Lyu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (Y.W.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jiajie Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (Y.W.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yabing Yang
- Petroleum Engineering Design Co., Ltd., China Petrochemical Corporation, Dongying 257026, China;
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18
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Zhang J, Wang H, Sun W, Zhang Z, Li H, Zhang S, Sun J, Gu X. Surface modification on ammonium polyphosphate and its enhanced flame retardancy in thermoplastic polyurethane. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingfan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Huqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co., Ltd. Beijing China
| | - Wenxiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Hongfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Jun Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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19
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Aldalbahi A, El-Naggar ME, Khattab TA, Hossain M. Preparation of flame-retardant, hydrophobic, ultraviolet protective, and luminescent transparent wood. LUMINESCENCE 2021; 36:1922-1932. [PMID: 34323352 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transparent wood with multifunctional properties has recently attracted more attention as an efficient building product. Here, we describe the development of transparent wood with long-persistent phosphorescence, tough surface, high durability, photostability, and reversibility without fatigue, and with ultraviolet shielding, superhydrophobicity, and flame-retardant activity. This long-persistent phosphorescent, or glow-in-the-dark, smart wood exhibited an ability to continue emitting light for prolonged periods of time. The photoluminescent translucent wooden substrate was prepared by immobilizing lignin-modulated wooden bulk with an admixture of methylmethacrylate (MMA), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and lanthanide-doped strontium aluminate (LSA; SrAl2 O4 :Eu2+ ,Dy3+ ) phosphor nanoparticles. The photoluminescent transparent wood displayed a colour switch from colourless to bright white beneath ultraviolet (UV) light and greenish-yellow in the dark as reported by Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage laboratory colorimetric space coordinates. The generated phosphorescent wooden substrates demonstrated an absorbance band at 365 nm and an emission band at 516 nm. The phosphorescent transparent wood was improved flame-retardant properties, ultraviolet shielding, and superhydrophobic properties, as well as a reversible long-persistent phosphorescent responsiveness to UV light without fatigue. The current approach demonstrated a potential large-scale production strategy for multifunctional transparent wooden substrates for a range of applications such as smart windows, gentle indoor and outdoor lighting, and safety directional signs in buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aldalbahi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehrez E El-Naggar
- Textile Research Division, National Research Center (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tawfik A Khattab
- Textile Research Division, National Research Center (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mokarram Hossain
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, College of Engineering, Swansea University, UK
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20
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Chen Z, Li Y, Ni L, Jiang J, Yu Y, Chen Q. Preparation of the organic–inorganic double‐shell microencapsulated aluminum hypophosphite and its improved flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Yang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Lei Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Juncheng Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
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