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Pawlak A, Krajenta J. Entanglements of Macromolecules and Their Influence on Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Polymers. Molecules 2024; 29:3410. [PMID: 39064989 PMCID: PMC11280004 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Flexible macromolecules easily become entangled with neighboring macromolecules. The resulting network determines many polymer properties, including rheological and mechanical properties. Therefore, a number of experimental and modeling studies were performed to describe the relationship between the degree of entanglement of macromolecules and polymer properties. The introduction presents general information about the entanglements of macromolecule chains, collected on the basis of studies of equilibrium entangled polymers. It is also shown how the density of entanglements can be reduced. The second chapter presents experiments and models leading to the description of the movement of a single macromolecule. The next part of the text discusses how the rheological properties change after partial disentangling of the polymer. The results on the influence of the degree of chain entanglement on mechanical properties are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Pawlak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Lodz, Poland;
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2
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Movva S, Schirmeister CG, Hees T, Tavakoli D, Licht EH, Mülhaupt R, Garmestani H, Jacob KI. Crystallographic Texture Evolution in 3D Printed Polyethylene Reactor Blends. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:21016-21034. [PMID: 38764669 PMCID: PMC11097177 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
In this work, crystallographic texture evolution in 3D printed trimodal polyethylene (PE) blends and high-density PE (HDPE) benchmark material were investigated to quantify the resulting material anisotropy, and the results were compared to materials made from conventional injection molded (IM) samples. Trimodal PE reactor blends consisting of HDPE, ultrahigh molecular weight PE (UHMWPE), and HDPE_wax have been used for 3D printing and injection molding. Changes in the preferred orientation and distribution of crystallites, i.e., texture evolution, were quantified utilizing the wide angle X-ray diffraction through pole figures and orientation distribution functions (ODFs) for 3D printed and IM samples. Since the change in weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of the blend was expected to significantly affect the resulting crystallinity and orientation, the overall Mw of the trimodal PE blend was varied while keeping the UHMWPE component weight fraction to 10% in the blend. The resulting texture was analyzed by varying the overall Mw of the trimodal blend and the process parameters in 3D printing and compared to the texture of conventional IM samples. The printing speed and orientation (defined with respect to the axis along the length of the samples) were used as the variable process parameters for 3D printing. The degree of anisotropy increases with an increase in the nonuniform distribution of intensities in pole figures and ODFs. All the highest intensity major texture components in IM and 3D printed samples (0° printing orientation) of reactor blends are observed to have crystals oriented in [001] or [001̅]. Overall, for the same throughput, 3D printed samples in the 0° orientation showed greater texture evolution and higher anisotropy compared to IM samples. Most notably, an increase in 3D printing speed increased the crystalline distribution closer to the 0° direction, increasing the anisotropy, while deviation from this printing orientation reduced crystalline distribution closer to the 0° direction, thus increasing isotropy. This demonstrates that tailoring material properties in specific directions can be achieved more effectively with 3D printing than with the injection molding process. Change in the overall Mw of the trimodal PE blend changed the preferential orientation distribution of the crystal planes to some degree. However, the degree of anisotropy remained the same in almost all cases, indicating that the effect of molecular weight distribution is not as significant as the printing speed and printing orientation in tailoring the resulting properties. The 3D printing process parameters (speed and orientation) were shown to have more influence on the texture than the material parameters associated with the blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahitya Movva
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Intel
Corporation, 2501 NE
Century Blvd, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Carl G. Schirmeister
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center FMF and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
- Basell
Sales & Marketing B.V., LyondellBasell
Industries, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt a.M. D-65926, Germany
| | - Timo Hees
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center FMF and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - David Tavakoli
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Erik H. Licht
- Basell
Sales & Marketing B.V., LyondellBasell
Industries, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt a.M. D-65926, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center FMF and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
- Sustainability
Center Freiburg, Ecker-Str.
4, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Hamid Garmestani
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Karl I. Jacob
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- G.W. Woodruff
School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Sui Y, Li J, Cui Y, Qiu Z, Wei P, Cong C, Meng X, Zhou Q. Eminent differences in cryogenic toughness of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene with different entanglement densities. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, New Energy and Material College China University of Petroleum‐Beijing Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Failure, Corrosion, and Protection of Oil/Gas Facilities China University of Petroleum‐Beijing Beijing China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, New Energy and Material College China University of Petroleum‐Beijing Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Failure, Corrosion, and Protection of Oil/Gas Facilities China University of Petroleum‐Beijing Beijing China
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, New Energy and Material College China University of Petroleum‐Beijing Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Failure, Corrosion, and Protection of Oil/Gas Facilities China University of Petroleum‐Beijing Beijing China
| | - Zhangjie Qiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, New Energy and Material College China University of Petroleum‐Beijing Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Failure, Corrosion, and Protection of Oil/Gas Facilities China University of Petroleum‐Beijing Beijing China
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, New Energy and Material College China University of Petroleum‐Beijing Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Failure, Corrosion, and Protection of Oil/Gas Facilities China University of Petroleum‐Beijing Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Chuanbo Cong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, New Energy and Material College China University of Petroleum‐Beijing Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Failure, Corrosion, and Protection of Oil/Gas Facilities China University of Petroleum‐Beijing Beijing China
| | - Xiaoyu Meng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, New Energy and Material College China University of Petroleum‐Beijing Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Failure, Corrosion, and Protection of Oil/Gas Facilities China University of Petroleum‐Beijing Beijing China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, New Energy and Material College China University of Petroleum‐Beijing Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Failure, Corrosion, and Protection of Oil/Gas Facilities China University of Petroleum‐Beijing Beijing China
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4
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Wu SL, Qiao J, Guan J, Chen HM, Wang T, Wang C, Wang Y. Nascent disentangled UHMWPE: Origin, synthesis, processing, performances and applications. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Metallocene Polyolefins Reinforced by Low-Entanglement UHMWPE through Interfacial Entanglements. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9344096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
By introducing low-entanglement UHMWPE, the mechanical properties of polyolefins are improved to varying degrees. For polypropylene, the lack of interaction between UHMWPE and polypropylene results in an unsatisfactory reinforcement effect, and the disentangled state makes it easier for the particles to form defects driven by a chain explosion. In contrast, regarding polyethylene and elastomer containing ethylene segments, low-entanglement UHMWPE plays a better role in reinforcement. A series of measurements including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), rheological measurements, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical measurement were used to investigate the mechanisms for the different enhancement effects. It originates from interdiffusion and entanglement forming of polyethylene segments across the interface, endowing the material with different aggregated and defect structures. For instance, EPDM possesses a higher optimal dosage of UHMWPE particles reflected in good interfacial interdiffusion with UHMWPE particles, leading to significant optimized mechanical performance.
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Chen Y, Tao G, Li W, Zhou Q, Shu B, Jiang B, Wang J, Yang Y. The in situ synthesis of weakly entangled
ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene
/
polyethylene
wax blends and its synergetic disentanglement effect on
LLDPE
reinforcement. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Chen
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University Ningbo People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Gan Tao
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University Ningbo People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University Ningbo People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University of Technology Ningbo People's Republic of China
| | - Baoqiang Shu
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University Ningbo People's Republic of China
| | - Binbo Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jingdai Wang
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University Ningbo People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yongrong Yang
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University Ningbo People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
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Yang B, Wang S, Ding M, Wang C, Lv C, Wang Y, Yang Y, Zhang N, Shi Z, Qian J, Xia R, Fang Y. Hierarchical structure and properties of
high‐density
polyethylene (
HDPE
) microporous films fabricated via
thermally‐induced
phase separation (
TIPS
): Effect of presence of
ultra‐high
molecular weight polyethylene (
UHMWPE
). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
- Anhui Zhongding Sealing Parts Co., Ltd., Key Laboratory of High‐Performance Rubber and Products of Anhui Province Ningguo Anhui China
| | - Shun Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Mengya Ding
- ChangXin Memory Technologies Co, Ltd. Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjun Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Lv
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Yang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Nuo Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Shi
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
- Anhui Zhongding Sealing Parts Co., Ltd., Key Laboratory of High‐Performance Rubber and Products of Anhui Province Ningguo Anhui China
| | - Jiasheng Qian
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Xia
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province Anhui University Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Yirong Fang
- Longteng Security & Surveillance Technology Co, Ltd. Lu'an Anhui People's Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Di Y, Ye C, Zhang L, Tang X, Shu B, Yan X, Li W, Wang J, Yang Y. Morphology evolution and mechanical property enhancement of linear low‐density polyethylene by adding disentangled ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang China
- Ningbo Research Institute Zhejiang University Ningbo China
| | - Yutao Di
- Ningbo Research Institute Zhejiang University Ningbo China
| | - Chunlin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Polyolefins and Catalysis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Catalysis Technology for Polyolefins Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Shanghai China
| | - Letian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polyolefins and Catalysis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Catalysis Technology for Polyolefins Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Shanghai China
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang China
- Ningbo Research Institute Zhejiang University Ningbo China
| | - Baoqiang Shu
- Ningbo Research Institute Zhejiang University Ningbo China
| | - Xiang Yan
- Ningbo Research Institute Zhejiang University Ningbo China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang China
- Ningbo Research Institute Zhejiang University Ningbo China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Jingdai Wang
- Ningbo Research Institute Zhejiang University Ningbo China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Yongrong Yang
- Ningbo Research Institute Zhejiang University Ningbo China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
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