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Akbarpour A, Rahimnejad M, Sadeghi-Aghbash M, Feizi F. Bioactive nanofibrous mats constructs: Separate efficacy of Lawsonia inermis and Scrophularia striata extracts in PVA/alginate matrices for enhanced wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134545. [PMID: 39116967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The study explores the use of electrospinning technology to create advanced wound dressing materials by integrating natural extracts from Lawsonia inermis (LI) and Scrophularia striata (SS) into nanofibrous matrices composed of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and Alginate (ALG). These macromolecular complexes aim to leverage the unique properties of the botanical extracts for wound healing purposes. The research assesses the physical, chemical, and mechanical attributes of the nanofibrous constructs as well as their antimicrobial activities and ability to promote wound repair. Evaluation of Cellular Viability and Cytotoxicity (MTT) tests showed high biocompatibility of the nanofibrous mats, with cell viability percentages of 92 % for LI-loaded mats and 89 % for SS-loaded mats. The antibacterial rate of extract-containing mats was 70 % higher than non-extract-containing mats. In vivo assessments on rat models with burn injuries demonstrated that mats containing LI and SS extracts substantially accelerate tissue regeneration and overall healing. Nanofibrous mats containing LI extract showed a 45 % faster wound healing process than the control, while those containing SS extract showed a 40 % improvement. Overall, the study highlights the potential of PVA/ALG nanofibrous mats augmented with LI and SS extracts as effective platforms for wound management, offering enhanced properties for superior healing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbarpour
- Biofuel and Renewable Energy Research Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rahimnejad
- Biofuel and Renewable Energy Research Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran.
| | - Mona Sadeghi-Aghbash
- Biofuel and Renewable Energy Research Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
| | - Farideh Feizi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran
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Ndlovu SP, Motaung KSCM, Adeyemi SA, Ubanako P, Ngema L, Fonkui TY, Ndinteh DT, Kumar P, Choonara YE, Aderibigbe BA. Sodium alginate-based nanofibers loaded with Capparis Sepiaria plant extract for wound healing. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2024:1-22. [PMID: 39037962 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2024.2381375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Burn wounds are associated with infections, drug resistance, allergic reactions, odour, bleeding, excess exudates, and scars, requiring prolonged hospital stay. It is crucial to develop wound dressings that can effectively combat allergic reactions and drug resistance, inhibit infections, and absorb excess exudates to accelerate wound healing. To overcome the above-mentioned problems associated with burn wounds, SA/PVA/PLGA/Capparis sepiaria and SA/PVA/Capparis sepiaria nanofibers incorporated with Capparis sepiaria plant extract were prepared using an electrospinning technique. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful incorporation of the extract into the nanofibers without any interaction between the extract and the polymers. The nanofibers displayed porous morphology and a rough surface suitable for cellular adhesion and proliferation. SA/PVA/PLGA/Capparis sepiaria and SA/PVA/Capparis sepiaria nanofibers demonstrated significant antibacterial effects against wound infection-associated bacterial strains: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Mycobaterium smegmatis, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus vulgaris, and Staphylococcus aureus. Cytocompatibility studies using HaCaT cells revealed the non-toxicity of the nanofibers. SA/PVA/PLGA/Capparis sepiaria and SA/PVA/Capparis sepiaria nanofibers exhibited hemostatic properties, resulting from the synergistic effect of the plant extract and polymers. The in vitro scratch wound healing assay showed that the SA/PVA/Capparis sepiaria nanofiber wound-healing capability is more than the plant extract and a commercially available wound dressing. The wound-healing potential of SA/PVA/Capparis sepiaria nanofiber is attributed to the synergistic effect of the phytochemicals present in the extract, their porosity, and the ECM-mimicking structure of the nanofibers. The findings suggest that the electrospun nanofibers loaded with Capparis sepiaria extract are promising wound dressings that should be explored for burn wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindi P Ndlovu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | | | - Samson A Adeyemi
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Philemon Ubanako
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lindokuhle Ngema
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thierry Y Fonkui
- Drug Discovery and Smart Molecules Research Labs, Centre for Natural Product Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Derek T Ndinteh
- Drug Discovery and Smart Molecules Research Labs, Centre for Natural Product Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yahya E Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Mouro C, Gouveia IC. Electrospun wound dressings with antibacterial function: a critical review of plant extract and essential oil incorporation. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:641-659. [PMID: 37156536 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2193859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Among the many different types of wound dressings, nanofiber-based materials produced through electrospinning are claimed to be ideal because of their advantageous intrinsic properties and the feasibility of employing several strategies to load bioactive compounds into their structure. Bioactive compounds with antimicrobial properties have been incorporated into different wound dressings to promote healing as well as prevent and treat bacterial infections. Among these, natural products, such as medicinal plant extracts and essential oils (EOs), have proven particularly attractive thanks to their nontoxic nature, minor side effects, desirable bioactive properties, and favorable effects on the healing process. To this end, the present review provides an exhaustive and up-to-date revision of the most prominent medicinal plant extracts and EOs with antimicrobial properties that have been incorporated into nanofiber-based wound dressings. The most common methods used for incorporating bioactive compounds into electrospun nanofibers include: pre-electrospinning (blend, encapsulation, coaxial, and emulsion electrospinning), post-electrospinning (physical adsorption, chemical immobilization, and layer-by-layer assembly), and nanoparticle loading. Furthermore, a general overview of the benefits of EOs and medicinal plant extracts is presented, describing their intrinsic properties and biotechniques for their incorporation into wound dressings. Finally, the current challenges and safety issues that need to be adequately clarified and addressed are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Mouro
- FibEnTech Research Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Isabel C Gouveia
- FibEnTech Research Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Yalcinkaya B, Buzgo M. Optimization of Electrospun TORLON ® 4000 Polyamide-Imide (PAI) Nanofibers: Bridging the Gap to Industrial-Scale Production. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1516. [PMID: 38891462 PMCID: PMC11174607 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyamide-imide (PAI) is an exceptional polymer known for its outstanding mechanical, chemical, and thermal resistance. This makes it an ideal choice for applications that require excellent durability, such as those in the aerospace sector, bearings, gears, and the oil and gas industry. The current study explores the optimization of TORLON® 4000 T HV polyamide-imide nanofibers utilizing needleless electrospinning devices, ranging from laboratory-scale to industrial-scale production, for the first time. The PAI polymer has been dispersed in several solvent systems at varying concentrations. The diameter of the electrospun PAI nanofibers ranged from 65.8 nanometers to 1.52 μm. Their filtering efficiency was above 90% for particles with a size of 0.3 microns. The TGA results proved that PAI nanofibers have excellent resistance to high temperatures up to 450 °C. The PAI nanofibers are ideal for hot air intake filtration and fire-fighter personal protection equipment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baturalp Yalcinkaya
- Respilon Membranes s.r.o., Nové sady 988/2, Staré Brno, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
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Mutlu B, Çiftçi F, Üstündağ CB, Çakır-Koç R. Lavandula stoechas extract incorporated polylactic acid nanofibrous mats as an antibacterial and cytocompatible wound dressing. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126932. [PMID: 37729996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, great efforts have been devoted to the design and production of bioactive wound dressings that promote skin regeneration and prevent infection. Many plant extracts and essential oils have been widely accepted in traditional medicine for a wide variety of medicinal purposes, especially wound healing. Over the past decade, many studies have focused on manufacturing and designing wound dressings containing plant compounds and extracts. In this study, Lavandula stoechas extract (LSE) (0.25 %, 0.5 %, and 1%wt) incorporated-polylactic acid (PLA) nanofibrous mats were successfully produced and characterized. Microstructural analysis by SEM revealed that the fiber diameter changed with the increase in the amount of LSE. Also, the nanofibrous mats were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial, cytotoxicity, and wound healing properties for their use as a wound dressing material. According to the results of the disc diffusion test, PLA nanofibrous mats containing LSE %1 showed 9.65 ± 0.46 and 7.37 ± 0.03 inhibition zone (mm) against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. According to the results of the in vitro wound healing assay, mats containing 0.5 % LSE showed better-wound closure activity compared to the control. Our results show that LSE-incorporated nanofibrous dressings can be an effective alternative with good antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Mutlu
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Esenler, İstanbul, Turkey; Health Biotechnology Joint Research and Application Center of Excellence, 34220 Esenler, Istanbul, Turkiye.
| | - Fatih Çiftçi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem Bülent Üstündağ
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Esenler, İstanbul, Turkey; Health Biotechnology Joint Research and Application Center of Excellence, 34220 Esenler, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Rabia Çakır-Koç
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Esenler, İstanbul, Turkey; Turkish Biotechnology Institute, Health Institutes of Turkey (TUSEB), İstanbul, Turkey; Health Biotechnology Joint Research and Application Center of Excellence, 34220 Esenler, Istanbul, Turkiye
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Camparotto NG, Neves TDF, Mastelaro VR, Prediger P. Hydrophobization of aerogels based on chitosan, nanocellulose and tannic acid: Improvements on the aerogel features and the adsorption of contaminants in water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115197. [PMID: 36592805 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic chitosan aerogels are promising adsorbents for immiscible contaminants such as oils and organic solvents. However, few studies have reported the application of hydrophobic aerogels as adsorbent for organic contaminants dissolved in water. Herein, novel highly hydrophobic chitosan (CS) beads containing cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and hydrophobized tannic acid (HTA) composite were prepared with different CS and CNC-HTA content to achieve an optimized adsorbent to remove emerging contaminants from water in batch and fixed-bed assays. The CS@CNC-HTA beads properties were assessed by FTIR, XRD, SEM, XPS, Micro-CT, WCA, and zeta potential. Supramolecular interactions and physical interlacements between CS and CNC-HTA enabled the formation of CS@CNC-HTA beads with high porosity (98.6%), great volume of open pore space (10.16 mm3) and hydrophobicity (121.8°). The 1:1 CS@CNC-HTA beads showed the best performance for removing the pharmaceutical sildenafil citrate, the basic blue 26 dye, and the surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride, reaching adsorption capacities of 86 (73%), 375 (84%), and 390 (90%) mg.g-1, respectively. The 1:1 CS@CNC-HTA beads efficiently removed sildenafil citrate, basic blue 26 and cetylpyridinium chloride in fixed-bed experiments with exhaustion times of 890, 300, and 470 min, respectively. Theoretical calculations and adsorption assays indicate that the main attractive interactions are pyridinium-π, π-π, electrostatic and hydrophobic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valmor Roberto Mastelaro
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo - Usp, 13566-590, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Prediger
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - Unicamp, 13484-332, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Preparation and characterization of electrospun nanofibre membranes incorporated with an ethanol extract of Capparis spinosa L. as a potential packaging material. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Cheng X, Ye Y, Li Z, Chen X, Bai Q, Wang K, Zhang Y, Drioli E, Ma J. Constructing Environmental-Friendly "Oil-Diode" Janus Membrane for Oil/Water Separation. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4684-4692. [PMID: 35235288 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oil leakage is a global environmental issue and happens frequently, resulting in a waste of oil resources and even threatening the safety of marine creatures and humans. Because of unidirectional oil transportation performance, "oil-diode" Janus membranes have attracted lots of attention for oil/water separation. However, the hydrophobic side of traditional "oil-diode" Janus membrane is completely hydrophobic, resulting in an easy permeation of oil, which hampers light oil recycling. Herein, we provide a facile approach to develop "oil-diode" Janus membranes with the special wettable structure for fast oil refining. The material characteristics and surface wettability of the membranes that generate superimposed efforts are vital to fabricate "oil-diode" Janus membranes. Interestingly, the manufactured membranes exhibit extra-high oil intrusion pressure up to 12 kPa and present high permeance of about 2993 L m-2 h-1 bar-1 in separating stable water-in-oil emulsion containing surfactant and separation efficiency up to 99.6%, thereby showing promising potential in oil recovery and refining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiquan Cheng
- School of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
- Shandong Sino-European Membrane Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Weihai Key Laboratory of Water Treatment and Membrane Technology, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Ye
- School of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
| | - Zhixing Li
- School of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
| | - Xueying Chen
- School of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
| | - Qing Bai
- School of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
- Shandong Sino-European Membrane Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Weihai Key Laboratory of Water Treatment and Membrane Technology, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
- Shandong Sino-European Membrane Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Weihai Key Laboratory of Water Treatment and Membrane Technology, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
| | - Enrico Drioli
- Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM-CNR), Via P. Bucci 17c, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
- Shandong Sino-European Membrane Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Weihai Key Laboratory of Water Treatment and Membrane Technology, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Wang S, Li J, Ma Z, Sun L, Hou L, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Guo B, Yang F. A Sequential Therapeutic Hydrogel With Injectability and Antibacterial Activity for Deep Burn Wounds' Cleaning and Healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:794769. [PMID: 34926433 PMCID: PMC8675388 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.794769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a severe clinical challenge, escharotomy and infection are always the core concerns of deep burn injuries. However, a usual dressing without multifunctionality leads to intractable treatment on deep burn wounds. Herein, we fabricated a sequential therapeutic hydrogel to solve this problem. Cross-linked by modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA-SH/ε-PL) and benzaldehyde-terminated F127 triblock copolymers (PF127-CHO), the hydrogel demonstrated excellent mechanical properties, injectability, tissue adhesiveness, antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, and satisfactory wound cleaning through both in vitro and in vivo assays. Additionally, based on the conception of “sequential therapy,” we proposed for the first time to load bromelain and EGF into the same hydrogel in stages for wound cleaning and healing. This work provides a strategy to fabricate a promising wound dressing for the treatment of deep burn wounds with injectability and improved patients’ compliance as it simplified the process of treatment due to its “three in one” characteristic (antibacterial activity, wound cleaning, and healing effects); therefore, it has great potential in wound dressing development and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhen Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Dermatology, 967 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Dalian, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linhong Sun
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Hou
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunchang Zhang
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Guo
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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An In Vitro Study of Antibacterial Properties of Electrospun Hypericum perforatum Oil-Loaded Poly(lactic Acid) Nonwovens for Potential Biomedical Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11178219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The growth of population and increase in diseases that cause an enormous demand for biomedical material consumption is a pointer to the pressing need to develop new sustainable biomaterials. Electrospun materials derived from green polymers have gained popularity in recent years for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, wound dressings, and drug delivery. Among the various bioengineering materials used in the synthesis of a biodegradable polymer, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has received the most attention from researchers. Hypericum perforatum oil (HPO) has antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacteria. This study aimed to investigate the development of an antibacterial sustainable material based on PLA by incorporating HPO via a simple, low-cost electrospinning method. Chemical, morphological, thermal, thickness and, air permeability properties, and in vitro antibacterial activity of the electrospun nonwoven fabric were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the morphology of the electrospun nonwoven fabric, which had bead-free morphology ultrafine fibers. Antibacterial tests revealed that the Hypericum perforatum oil-loaded poly(lactic acid) nonwoven fabrics obtained had high antibacterial efficiency against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, indicating a strong potential for use in biomedical applications.
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