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De Cristofaro GA, Paolucci M, Pappalardo D, Pagliarulo C, Sessini V, Lo Re G. Interface interactions driven antioxidant properties in olive leaf extract/cellulose nanocrystals/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) biomaterials. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132509. [PMID: 38843608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Functional packaging represents a new frontier for research on food packaging materials. In this context, adding antioxidant properties to packaging films is of interest. In this study, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and olive leaf extract (OLE) have been melt-compounded to obtain novel biomaterials suitable for applications which would benefit from the antioxidant activity. The effect of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) on the PBAT/OLE system was investigated, considering the interface interactions between PBAT/OLE and OLE/CNC. The biomaterials' physical and antioxidant properties were characterized. Morphological analysis corroborates the full miscibility between OLE and PBAT and that OLE favours CNC dispersion into the polymer matrix. Tensile tests show a stable plasticizer effect of OLE for a month in line with good interface PBAT/OLE interactions. Simulant food tests indicate a delay of OLE release from the 20 wt% OLE-based materials. Antioxidant activity tests prove the antioxidant effect of OLE depending on the released polyphenols, prolonged in the system at 20 wt% of OLE. Fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrates the nature of the non-covalent PBAT/OLE interphase interactions in π-π stacking bonds. The presence of CNC in the biomaterials leads to strong hydrogen bonding interactions between CNC and OLE, accelerating OLE released from the PBAT matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa Anna De Cristofaro
- University of Sannio - Department of Science and Technology, Via Francesco De Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Marina Paolucci
- University of Sannio - Department of Science and Technology, Via Francesco De Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Daniela Pappalardo
- University of Sannio - Department of Science and Technology, Via Francesco De Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Caterina Pagliarulo
- University of Sannio - Department of Science and Technology, Via Francesco De Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Valentina Sessini
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Giada Lo Re
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Avella A, Salse M, Sessini V, Mincheva R, Lo Re G. Reusable, Recyclable, and Biodegradable Heat-Shrinkable Melt Cross-Linked Poly(butylene adipate- co-terephthalate)/Pulp Biocomposites for Polyvinyl Chloride Replacement. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:5251-5262. [PMID: 38577586 PMCID: PMC10988786 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Heat-shrinkable films are widely used as disposable secondary packaging but are conventionally made from fossil-based and nonbiodegradable polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene. To lower the environmental impact of such products, this work reports the development of recyclable, biodegradable, and partially biosourced heat-shrinkable biocomposites that are cost-competitive with existing shrink wraps. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), a growing biodegradable thermoplastic, was simultaneously reinforced with pulp fibers and partially cross-linked in a single-step reactive melt processing. The designed peroxide-initiated reaction led to a 55 wt % cocontinuous insoluble gel incorporating all the pulp fibers into a cross-linked polymer network. In the solid state, the cross-linked biocomposite shows 60% elongation at break with a 200% increase in Young's modulus, while the only addition of pulp fibers stiffens and embrittles the matrix. Creep tests in the melt state indicated that the cross-linked network induces homogeneous shrinking even during the loading phase, demonstrating the potential use of the biocomposites as heat-shrinkable films. The shrinking also promotes the shape-memory of the biocomposite, which retains its dimensions after four cycles. The circularity of the materials was assessed by mechanical recycling and industrial composting, which have proven feasible end-of-life options for heat-shrinkable biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Avella
- Department
of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers
University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Centre, Chalmers University
of Technology, Kemigården 4, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Salse
- Department
of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers
University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Laboratoire
MATEIS, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées
Lyon, Bât. B. Pascal, Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Centre, Chalmers University
of Technology, Kemigården 4, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Valentina Sessini
- Department
of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers
University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department
of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research
“Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Centre, Chalmers University
of Technology, Kemigården 4, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rosica Mincheva
- Laboratory
of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University
of Mons (UMons), 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Giada Lo Re
- Department
of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers
University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Centre, Chalmers University
of Technology, Kemigården 4, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Wohlert J, Chen P, Berglund LA, Lo Re G. Acetylation of Nanocellulose: Miscibility and Reinforcement Mechanisms in Polymer Nanocomposites. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1882-1891. [PMID: 38048271 PMCID: PMC10811682 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The improvement of properties in nanocomposites obtained by topochemical surface modification, e.g., acetylation, of the nanoparticles is often ascribed to improved compatibility between the nanoparticle and the matrix. It is not always clear however what is intended: specific interactions at the interface leading to increased adhesion or the miscibility between the nanoparticle and the polymer. In this work, it is demonstrated that acetylation of cellulose nanocrystals greatly improves mechanical properties of their nanocomposites with polycaprolactone. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations with a combination of potential of mean force calculations and computational alchemy are employed to analyze the surface energies between the two components. The work of adhesion between the two phases decreases with acetylation. It is discussed how acetylation can still contribute to the miscibility, which leads to a stricter use of the concept of compatibility. The integrated experimental-modeling toolbox used has wide applicability for assessing changes in the miscibility of polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School
of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pan Chen
- Beijing
Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and its Derivatives, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lars A. Berglund
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School
of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giada Lo Re
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School
of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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