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Zhang MM, Feng YP, Qiu XT, Chen T, Bai Y, Feng JM, Wang JD, Chen Y, Zhang MZ, Duan HK, Zhao M, Teng YH, Cao J, Zang WD, Yang K, Li YQ. Neurotensin Attenuates Nociception by Facilitating Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission in the Mouse Spinal Cord. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 15:775215. [PMID: 35002634 PMCID: PMC8740200 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.775215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) is an endogenous tridecapeptide in the central nervous system. NT-containing neurons and NT receptors are widely distributed in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH), indicating their possible modulatory roles in nociception processing. However, the exact distribution and function of NT, as well as NT receptors (NTRs) expression in the SDH, have not been well documented. Among the four NTR subtypes, NTR2 is predominantly involved in central analgesia according to previous reports. However, the expression and function of NTR2 in the SDH has not yet been directly elucidated. Specifically, it remains unclear how NT-NTR2 interactions contribute to NT-mediated analgesia. In the present study, by using immunofluorescent histochemical staining and immunohistochemical staining with in situ hybridization histochemical staining, we found that dense NT- immunoreactivity (NT-ir) and moderate NTR2-ir neuronal cell bodies and fibers were localized throughout the superficial laminae (laminae I-II) of the SDH at the light microscopic level. In addition, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and NTR2 mRNA were colocalized in some neuronal cell bodies, predominantly in lamina II. Using confocal and electron microscopy, we also observed that NT-ir terminals made both close contacts and asymmetrical synapses with the local GABA-ir neurons. Second, electrophysiological recordings showed that NT facilitated inhibitory synaptic transmission but not glutamatergic excitatory synaptic transmission. Inactivation of NTR2 abolished the NT actions on both GABAergic and glycinergic synaptic release. Moreover, a behavioral study revealed that intrathecal injection of NT attenuated thermal pain, mechanical pain, and formalin induced acute inflammatory pain primarily by activating NTR2. Taken together, the present results provide direct evidence that NT-containing terminals and fibers, as well as NTR2-expressing neurons are widely distributed in the spinal dorsal horn, GABA-containing neurons express NTR2 mainly in lamina II, GABA coexists with NTR2 mainly in lamina II, and NT may directly increase the activity of local inhibitory neurons through NTR2 and induce analgesic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Peng Feng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin-Tong Qiu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Ming Feng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun-Da Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao-Kai Duan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yi-Hui Teng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, China
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Godai K, Moriyama T. Heme oxygenase-1 in the spinal cord plays crucial roles in the analgesic effects of pregabalin and gabapentin in a spared nerve-injury mouse model. Neurosci Lett 2021; 767:136310. [PMID: 34736722 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuropathic pain remains one of the most intractable types of pain; although calcium channel α2δ ligands, such as pregabalin and gabapentin, are classified as first-line drugs, they have only modest efficacy. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling attenuates glial activation during neuropathic pain. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)-permeable HO-1 inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP), or the BBB-impermeable HO-1 inhibitor, zinc (II) protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP), on the analgesic efficacy of pregabalin and gabapentin. Additionally, we examined the effects of co-administration of SnPP with pregabalin or gabapentin on the expression of glial markers or other genes. METHODS Neuropathic pain was induced by spared nerve injury (SNI) of the sciatic nerve. The mechanical threshold was tested using the von Frey filaments. The expression of spinal glial markers or other genes was examined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Systemic HO-1 inhibition reversed the mechanical antiallodynic effects of pregabalin and gabapentin, although peripheral HO-1 inhibition did not alter the mechanical antiallodynic effects of either pregabalin or gabapentin. Intrathecal injection of SnPP or ZnPP abolished the mechanical antiallodynic effects of pregabalin and gabapentin. Pregabalin and gabapentin increased HO-1, arginase-1, and endogenous opioid precursor preproenkephalin gene expression and decreased the expression of glial markers, interleukin-1β, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that spinal HO-1 plays a crucial role in the analgesic effects of calcium channel α2δ ligands through the attenuation of glial activation and endogenous opioid release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Godai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Moriyama
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
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Bai Y, Li MY, Ma JB, Li JN, Teng XY, Chen YB, Yin JB, Huang J, Chen J, Zhang T, Qiu XT, Chen T, Li H, Wu SX, Peng YN, Li X, Kou ZZ, Li YQ. Enkephalinergic Circuit Involved in Nociceptive Modulation in the Spinal Dorsal Horn. Neuroscience 2020; 429:78-91. [PMID: 31917345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Enkephalin (ENK) has been implicated in pain modulation within the spinal dorsal horn (SDH). Revealing the mechanisms underlying ENK analgesia entails the anatomical and functional knowledge of spinal ENK-ergic circuits. Herein, we combined morphological and electrophysiological studies to unravel local ENK-ergic circuitry within the SDH. First, the distribution pattern of spinal ENK-ergic neurons was observed in adult preproenkephalin (PPE)-GFP knock-in mice. Next, the retrograde tracer tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) or horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) in PPE-GFP mice. Immunofluorescent staining showed I-isolectin B4 (IB4) labeled non-peptidergic afferents were in close apposition to TMR-labeled PBN-projecting neurons within lamina I as well as PPE-immunoreactivity (-ir) neurons within lamina II. Some TMR-labeled neurons were simultaneously in close association with both IB4 and PPE-ir terminals. Synaptic connections of these components were further confirmed by electron microscopy. Finally, TMR was injected into the PBN in adult C57BL/6 mice. Whole-cell patch recordings showed that δ-opioid receptor (DOR) agonist, [D-Pen2,5]-enkephalin (DPDPE, 1 µM), significantly reduced the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) and decreased the activity of TMR-labeled neurons. In conclusion, spinal ENKergic neurons receive direct excitatory inputs from primary afferents, which might be directly recruited to release ENK under the condition of noxious stimuli; ENK could inhibit the glutamatergic transmission towards projecting neurons via presynaptic and postsynaptic DORs. These morphological and functional evidence may explain the mechanisms underlying the analgesic effects exerted by ENK within the SDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng-Ying Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiang-Bo Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jia-Ni Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Teng
- Department of Anatomy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ying-Biao Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Fujian Health College, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun-Bin Yin
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin-Tong Qiu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya-Nan Peng
- Joint Laboratory of Neuroscience at Hainan Medical University and The Fourth Military Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhen-Zhen Kou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Joint Laboratory of Neuroscience at Hainan Medical University and The Fourth Military Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.
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François A, Low SA, Sypek EI, Christensen AJ, Sotoudeh C, Beier KT, Ramakrishnan C, Ritola KD, Sharif-Naeini R, Deisseroth K, Delp SL, Malenka RC, Luo L, Hantman AW, Scherrer G. A Brainstem-Spinal Cord Inhibitory Circuit for Mechanical Pain Modulation by GABA and Enkephalins. Neuron 2017; 93:822-839.e6. [PMID: 28162807 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pain thresholds are, in part, set as a function of emotional and internal states by descending modulation of nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord. Neurons of the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) are thought to critically contribute to this process; however, the neural circuits and synaptic mechanisms by which distinct populations of RVM neurons facilitate or diminish pain remain elusive. Here we used in vivo opto/chemogenetic manipulations and trans-synaptic tracing of genetically identified dorsal horn and RVM neurons to uncover an RVM-spinal cord-primary afferent circuit controlling pain thresholds. Unexpectedly, we found that RVM GABAergic neurons facilitate mechanical pain by inhibiting dorsal horn enkephalinergic/GABAergic interneurons. We further demonstrate that these interneurons gate sensory inputs and control pain through temporally coordinated enkephalin- and GABA-mediated presynaptic inhibition of somatosensory neurons. Our results uncover a descending disynaptic inhibitory circuit that facilitates mechanical pain, is engaged during stress, and could be targeted to establish higher pain thresholds. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury François
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sarah A Low
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elizabeth I Sypek
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amelia J Christensen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chaudy Sotoudeh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin T Beier
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Charu Ramakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kimberly D Ritola
- Virus Services, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Reza Sharif-Naeini
- Department of Physiology and Cell Information Systems Group, McGill University, Montreal, H3G0B1 QC, Canada
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Psychiatry, CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott L Delp
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert C Malenka
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adam W Hantman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Grégory Scherrer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Luo DS, Huang J, Dong YL, Wu ZY, Wei YY, Lu YC, Wang YY, Yanagawa Y, Wu SX, Wang W, Li YQ. Connections between EM2- and SP-containing terminals and GABAergic neurons in the mouse spinal dorsal horn. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1421-7. [PMID: 24718557 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1774-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endomorphin-2 (EM2) demonstrates a potent antinociceptive effect in pain modulation. To investigate the potential interactions of EM2- and substance P (SP)-containing primary afferents and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA)-containing interneurons in lamina II in nociceptive transmission, connections between EM2- and SP-containing terminals and GABAergic neurons in the spinal dorsal horn were studied. Double-immunofluorescent labeling showed that approximately 62.3 % of EM2-immunoreactive neurons exhibited SP-immunostaining, and 76.9 % of SP-immunoreactive neurons demonstrated EM2-immunoreactivities in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Dense double-labeled EM2- and SP-immunoreactivities were mainly observed in lamina II of the lumbar dorsal horn. Furthermore, triple-immunofluorescent labeling results revealed that EM2 and SP double-labeled terminals overlapped with GABAergic neurons. Immuno-electron microscopy confirmed that the EM2- or SP-immunoreactive terminals formed synapses with GABA-immunoreactive dendrites in lamina II of the lumbar dorsal horn. During noxious information transmission induced by formalin plantar injection, GABAergic neurons expressing FOS in their nuclei were contacted with EM2- or SP-immunoreactive terminals. These results suggest that the interactions between EM2- and SP-containing terminals and GABAergic interneurons in the lamina II influence pain transmission and modulation in the spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Shu Luo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, China
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Chen J, Huang J, Wei YY, Sun XX, Wang W, Bai L, Wang YY, Kaneko T, Li YQ, Wu SX. Birth-date dependent arrangement of spinal enkephalinergic neurons: evidence from the preproenkephalin-green fluorescent protein transgenic mice. Neuroscience 2013; 260:47-58. [PMID: 24333967 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Enkephalin (ENK) has been postulated to play important roles in modulating nociceptive transmission, and it has been proved that ENKergic neurons acted as a critical component of sensory circuit in the adult spinal cord. Revealing the developmental characteristics of spinal ENKergic neurons will be helpful for understanding the formation and alteration of the sensory circuit under pain status. However, the relationship between the embryonic birth date and the adult distribution of ENKergic neurons has remained largely unknown due to the difficulties in visualizing the ENKergic neurons clearly. Taking advantage of the preproenkephalin-green fluorescent protein (PPE-GFP) transgenic mice in identifying ENKergic neurons, we performed the current birth-dating study and examined the spinal ENKergic neurogenesis. The ENKergic neurons born on different developmental stages and their final location during adulthood were investigated by combining bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and GFP labeling. The spinal ENKergic neurogenesis was restricted at E9.5 to E14.5, and fitted in the same pattern of spinal neurogenesis. Further comparative analysis revealed that spinal ENKergic neurons underwent heterogeneous characteristics. Our study also indicated that the laminar arrangement of ENKergic neurons in the superficial spinal dorsal horn depended on the neurogenesis stages. Taken together, the present study suggested that the birth date of ENKergic neurons is one determinant for their arrangement and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - J Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Y-Y Wei
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - X-X Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - W Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - L Bai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Y-Y Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - T Kaneko
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Y-Q Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
| | - S-X Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
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Kou ZZ, Qu J, Zhang DL, Li H, Li YQ. Noise-induced hearing loss is correlated with alterations in the expression of GABAB receptors and PKC gamma in the murine cochlear nucleus complex. Front Neuroanat 2013; 7:25. [PMID: 23908607 PMCID: PMC3726868 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Noise overexposure may induce permanent noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). The cochlear nucleus complex (CNC) is the entry point for sensory information in the central auditory system. Impairments in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)—mediated synaptic transmission in the CNC have been implicated in the pathogenesis of auditory disorders. However, the role of protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway in GABAergic inhibition in the CNC in NIHL remains elusive. Thus, we investigated the alterations of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67, the chemical marker for GABA-containing neurons), PKC γ subunit (PKCγ) and GABAB receptor (GABABR) expression in the CNC using transgenic GAD67-green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in mice, BALB/c mice and C57 mice. Immunohistochemical results indicate that the GFP-labeled GABAergic neurons were distributed in the molecular layer (ML) and fusiform cell layer (FCL) of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). We found that 69.91% of the GFP-positive neurons in the DCN were immunopositive for both PKCγ and GABABR1. The GAD67-positive terminals made contacts with PKCγ/GABABR1 colocalized neurons. Then we measured the changes of auditory thresholds in mice after noise exposure for 2 weeks, and detected the GAD67, PKCγ, and GABABR expression at mRNA and protein levels in the CNC. With noise over-exposure, there was a reduction in GABABR accompanied by an increase in PKCγ expression, but no significant change in GAD67 expression. In summary, our results demonstrate that alterations in the expression of PKCγ and GABABRs may be involved in impairments in GABAergic inhibition within the CNC and the development of NIHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Kou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
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Matsuta Y, Mally AD, Zhang F, Shen B, Wang J, Roppolo JR, de Groat WC, Tai C. Contribution of opioid and metabotropic glutamate receptor mechanisms to inhibition of bladder overactivity by tibial nerve stimulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R126-33. [PMID: 23576608 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00572.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) and opioid receptors to inhibition of bladder overactivity by tibial nerve stimulation (TNS) was investigated in cats under α-chloralose anesthesia using LY341495 (a group II mGluR antagonist) and naloxone (an opioid receptor antagonist). Slow infusion cystometry was used to measure the volume threshold (i.e., bladder capacity) for inducing a large bladder contraction. After measuring the bladder capacity during saline infusion, 0.25% acetic acid (AA) was infused to irritate the bladder, activate the nociceptive C-fiber bladder afferents, and induce bladder overactivity. AA significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced bladder capacity to 26.6 ± 4.7% of saline control capacity. TNS (5 Hz, 0.2 ms) at 2 and 4 times the threshold (T) intensity for inducing an observable toe movement significantly increased bladder capacity to 62.2 ± 8.3% at 2T (P < 0.01) and 80.8 ± 9.2% at 4T (P = 0.0001) of saline control capacity. LY341495 (0.1-5 mg/kg iv) did not change bladder overactivity, but completely suppressed the inhibition induced by TNS at a low stimulus intensity (2T) and partially suppressed the inhibition at high intensity (4T). Following administration of LY341495, naloxone (0.01 mg/kg iv) completely eliminated the high-intensity TNS-induced inhibition. However, without LY341495 treatment a 10 times higher dose (0.1 mg/kg) of naloxone was required to completely block TNS inhibition. These results indicate that interactions between group II mGluR and opioid receptor mechanisms contribute to TNS inhibition of AA-induced bladder overactivity. Understanding neurotransmitter mechanisms underlying TNS inhibition of bladder overactivity is important for the development of new treatments for bladder disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Matsuta
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Nowak A, Mathieson HR, Chapman RJ, Janzsó G, Yanagawa Y, Obata K, Szabo G, King AE. Kv3.1b and Kv3.3 channel subunit expression in murine spinal dorsal horn GABAergic interneurones. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 42:30-8. [PMID: 21440618 PMCID: PMC3161392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
GABAergic interneurones, including those within spinal dorsal horn, contain one of the two isoforms of the synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), either GAD65 or GAD67. The physiological significance of these two GABAergic phenotypes is unknown but a more detailed anatomical and functional characterization may help resolve this issue. In this study, two transgenic Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) knock-in murine lines, namely GAD65-GFP and GAD67-GFP (Δneo) mice, were used to profile expression of Shaw-related Kv3.1b and Kv3.3 K(+)-channel subunits in dorsal horn interneurones. Neuronal expression of these subunits confers specific biophysical characteristic referred to as 'fast-spiking'. Immuno-labelling for Kv3.1b or Kv3.3 revealed the presence of both of these subunits across the dorsal horn, most abundantly in laminae I-III. Co-localization studies in transgenic mice indicated that Kv3.1b but not Kv3.3 was associated with GAD65-GFP and GAD67-GFP immunopositive neurones. For comparison the distributions of Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 K(+)-channel subunits which are linked to an excitatory neuronal phenotype were characterized. No co-localization was found between GAD-GFP +ve neurones and Kv4.2 or Kv4.3. In functional studies to evaluate whether either GABAergic population is activated by noxious stimulation, hindpaw intradermal injection of capsaicin followed by c-fos quantification in dorsal horn revealed co-expression c-fos and GAD65-GFP (quantified as 20-30% of GFP +ve population). Co-expression was also detected for GAD67-GFP +ve neurones and capsaicin-induced c-fos but at a much reduced level of 4-5%. These data suggest that whilst both GAD65-GFP and GAD67-GFP +ve neurones express Kv3.1b and therefore may share certain biophysical traits, their responses to peripheral noxious stimulation are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nowak
- Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Huang J, Wang W, Chen J, Ge SN, Wei YY, Wang YY, Kaneko T, Li YQ, Wu SX. Neurochemical features of enkephalinergic neurons in the mouse trigeminal subnucleus caudalis. Neurochem Int 2011; 58:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Huang J, Chen J, Wang W, Wang YY, Wang W, Wei YY, Shi RY, Kaneko T, Li YQ, Wu SX. Expression Pattern of Enkephalinergic Neurons in the Developing Spinal Cord Revealed by Preproenkephalin-Green Fluorescent Protein Transgenic Mouse and Its Colocalization with GABA Immunoreactivity. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 193:404-16. [DOI: 10.1159/000321403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Han LC, Zhang H, Wang W, Wei YY, Sun XX, Yanagawa Y, Li YQ, Xu LX, Wu SX. The Effect of Sevoflurane Inhalation on Gabaergic Neurons Activation: Observation on the GAD67-GFP Knock-In Mouse. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:2114-22. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Wu SX, Wang W, Li H, Wang YY, Feng YP, Li YQ. The synaptic connectivity that underlies the noxious transmission and modulation within the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 91:38-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Huang J, Chen J, Wang W, Wang W, Koshimizu Y, Wei YY, Kaneko T, Li YQ, Wu SX. Neurochemical properties of enkephalinergic neurons in lumbar spinal dorsal horn revealed by preproenkephalin-green fluorescent protein transgenic mice. J Neurochem 2010; 113:1555-64. [PMID: 20367750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Enkephalin (ENK) has been implicated in nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord while its functional role is not clear because of difficulties in ideally visualizing ENKergic neurons. We thus developed preproenkephalin-green fluorescent protein transgenic mice to better identify ENKergic neurons. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) together with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were first employed to confirm the successful transgenic manipulation and its application in showing spinal ENKergic neurons. The proportions of ENKergic neurons in the spinal cord laminae I, II, III and IV-VI among dorsal horn neurons were 15.8 +/- 3.1%, 39.5 +/- 3.3%, 11.8 +/- 1.9% and 10.7 +/- 2.1%, respectively. Double labeling with other molecules was then performed to further clarify the neurochemical properties of spinal ENKergic neurons. GABA was found to exist in 42.9 +/- 2.8% of ENKergic neurons that were mainly located in lamina I-III. The proportions of parvalbumin-, calretinin-, calbindin- and neuronal nitric oxide synthase-positive cells among the ENKergic neurons were 5.2 +/- 0.7%, 42.6 +/- 2.3%, 25.8 +/- 2.2% and 11.1 +/- 1.6%, respectively. Compared with previously findings obtained with ENK antibody labeling, this line of newly generated mice can be a reliable tool for the study of specific spinal ENKergic neuronal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Li Z, Sun ZJ, Liao CG, Ma L, Ma BF, Zhang YQ. Regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted originating from the epididymis differentially associates with viable and defective spermatozoa. Fertil Steril 2010; 93:2661-7. [PMID: 20189554 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression and cellular distribution of regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) in the male reproductive system. DESIGN Basic research. SETTING University academic medical center. PATIENT(S) Three adult male organ donors. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in situ hybridization, immunohistochemical staining, and immunofluorescence staining were used to examine the distribution of RANTES in human and mouse epididymis. Western blot was used to quantitate the levels of RANTES expression in mouse epididymis on postnatal days. Immunofluorescence staining was applied to detect RANTES association with spermatozoa from mouse epididymis. RESULT(S) The location of RANTES was restricted to ciliated cells of the efferent duct and apical, narrow, and basal cells of the epididymal ducts, in both humans and mouse. RANTES-positive basal cells were only identified in the epididymal ducts in humans. The signals of RANTES were first detected on day 28 and increased during mouse sexual maturation. We also observed that RANTES was bound on both normal and defective epididymal sperm, but in different patterns. CONCLUSION(S) RANTES is constitutively expressed in the epididymis and secreted into the lumen of epididymis throughout sexual maturity, and differentially associates with viable and defective spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Restrepo CE, Lundfald L, Szabó G, Erdélyi F, Zeilhofer HU, Glover JC, Kiehn O. Transmitter-phenotypes of commissural interneurons in the lumbar spinal cord of newborn mice. J Comp Neurol 2009; 517:177-92. [PMID: 19731323 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Commissural interneurons (CINs) are a necessary component of central pattern generators (CPGs) for locomotion because they mediate the coordination of left and right muscle activity. The projection patterns and relative locations of different classes of CINs in the ventromedial part of the rodent lumbar cord have been described (Eide et al. [1999] J Comp Neurol 403:332-345; Stokke et al. [2002] J Comp Neurol 446:349-359; Nissen et al. [2005] J Comp Neurol 483:30-47). However, the distribution and relative prevalence of different CIN neurotransmitter phenotypes in the ventral region of the mammalian spinal cord where the locomotor CPG is localized is unknown. In this study we describe the relative proportions and anatomical locations of putative inhibitory and excitatory CINs in the lumbar spinal cord of newborn mice. To directly visualize potential neurotransmitter phenotypes we combined retrograde labeling of CINs with in situ hybridization against the glycine transporter, GlyT2, or the vesicular glutamate transporter, vGluT2, in wildtype mice and in transgenic mice expressing eGFP driven by the promoters of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65, GAD67, or GlyT2. Our study shows that putative glycinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic CINs are expressed in almost equal numbers, with a small proportion of CINs coexpressing GlyT2 and GAD67::eGFP, indicating a putative combined glycinergic/GABAergic phenotype. These different CIN phenotypes were intermingled in laminas VII and VIII. Our results suggest that glycinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic CINs are the principal CIN phenotypes in the CPG region of the lumbar spinal cord in the newborn mouse. We compare these results to descriptions of CIN neurotransmitter phenotypes in other vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ernesto Restrepo
- Mammalian Locomotor Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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