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Martín-López M, González-Muñoz E, Gómez-González E, Sánchez-Pernaute R, Márquez-Rivas J, Fernández-Muñoz B. Modeling chronic cervical spinal cord injury in aged rats for cell therapy studies. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 94:76-85. [PMID: 34863466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With an expanding elderly population, an increasing number of older adults will experience spinal cord injury (SCI) and might be candidates for cell-based therapies, yet there is a paucity of research in this age group. The objective of the present study was to analyze how aged rats tolerate behavioral testing, surgical procedures, post-operative complications, intra-spinal cell transplantation and immunosuppression, and to examine the effectiveness of human iPSC-derived Neural Progenitor Cells (IMR90-hiPSC-NPCs) in a model of SCI. We performed behavioral tests in rats before and after inducing cervical hemi-contusions at C4 level with a fourth-generation Ohio State University Injury Device. Four weeks later, we injected IMR90-hiPSC-NPCs in animals that were immunosuppressed by daily cyclosporine injection. Four weeks after injection we analyzed locomotor behavior and mortality, and histologically assessed the survival of transplanted human NPCs. As rats aged, their success at completing behavioral tests decreased. In addition, we observed high mortality rates during behavioral training (41.2%), after cervical injury (63.2%) and after cell injection (50%). Histological analysis revealed that injected cells survived and remained at and around the grafted site and did not cause tumors. No locomotor improvement was observed in animals four weeks after IMR90-hiPSC-NPC transplantation. Our results show that elderly rats are highly vulnerable to interventions, and thus large groups of animals must be initially established to study the potential efficacy of cell-based therapies in age-related chronic myelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martín-López
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación celular (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RAdytTA), 41092 Sevilla, Spain; Grupo de Neurociencia Aplicada, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Sevilla (IBIS), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Programa de Doctorado en Biología Molecular, Biomedicina e Investigación Clínica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Elena González-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Emilio Gómez-González
- Grupo de Neurociencia Aplicada, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Sevilla (IBIS), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Grupo de Física Interdisciplinar, Departamento de Física Aplicada III, ETS Ingeniería, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Rosario Sánchez-Pernaute
- Unidad de Coordinación, Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RAdytTA), 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Javier Márquez-Rivas
- Grupo de Neurociencia Aplicada, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Sevilla (IBIS), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Muñoz
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación celular (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RAdytTA), 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
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Mattucci S, Speidel J, Liu J, Ramer MS, Kwon BK, Tetzlaff W, Oxland TR. Development of a traumatic cervical dislocation spinal cord injury model with residual compression in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 322:58-70. [PMID: 30951755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical spinal cord injury models do not represent the wide range of biomechanical factors seen in human injuries, such as spinal level, injury mechanism, velocity of spinal cord impact, and residual compression. These factors may be responsible for differences observed between experimental and clinical study results, especially related to the controversial issue of timing of surgical decompression. NEW METHOD Somatosensory Evoked Potentials were used to: a) characterize residual compression depths in a dislocation model, and b) evaluate the physiological effect of whether or not the spinal cord was decompressed following the initial injury, prior to the application of residual compression. Modifications to vertebral clamps and the development of a novel surgical frame allowed us to conduct surgical and injury procedures in a controlled manner without the risk of additional damage to the spinal cord. Behavioural outcomes were evaluated following varying dislocation displacements, in addition to the survivability of 4 h of residual compression following a traumatic injury. RESULTS Residual compression immediately following the initial dislocation demonstrated significantly different electrophysiological response compared to when the residual compression was delayed. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD There are currently no other residual compression models that utilize a dislocation injury mechanism. Many residual compression studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of early decompression, however the compression of the spinal cord is often not representative of clinical traumatic injuries. Preclinical studies typically model residual compression using a sustained force through quasi-static application, when human injuries often occur at high velocities, followed by a sustained displacement occlusion of the spinal canal. CONCLUSIONS This study has validated several novel procedural approaches and injury parameters, and provided critical details to implement in the development of a traumatic cervical dislocation SCI model with residual compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Mattucci
- Orthopaedic and Injury Biomechanics Group, Departments of Orthopaedics and Mechanical Engineering, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
| | - Jason Speidel
- Orthopaedic and Injury Biomechanics Group, Departments of Orthopaedics and Mechanical Engineering, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
| | - Jie Liu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
| | - Matt S Ramer
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
| | - Brian K Kwon
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
| | - Wolfram Tetzlaff
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
| | - Thomas R Oxland
- Orthopaedic and Injury Biomechanics Group, Departments of Orthopaedics and Mechanical Engineering, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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Düver P, Precht C, Fosgate G, Forterre F, Hettlich B. Cervical Intervertebral Disk to Vertebral Body Ratios of Different Dog Breeds Based on Sagittal Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:248. [PMID: 30345279 PMCID: PMC6182047 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To establish sagittal area and length reference values and ratios between apparently normal canine cervical vertebrae and intervertebral disks using magnetic resonance imaging. Sample: Retrospective evaluation of cervical vertebral column magnetic resonance imaging studies of 44 dogs representing 5 different breeds (Labrador Retriever, n = 10; French Bulldog, n = 10; Great Dane, n = 9; Chihuahua, n = 10; Dachshund, n = 5). Procedures: Mid-sagittal measurements of vertebral body and disk areas were obtained from C3 through C7 vertebrae and C2/C3 through C6/C7 intervertebral disks. Disk to vertebra area ratios were calculated and compared among dog breeds. Additionally, sagittal vertebral body and disk length measurements were obtained and disk to vertebra length ratios calculated. Inter and intra observer variability was assessed. Results: There were significant differences for disk to vertebral body area and length ratios between evaluated dog breeds and cervical vertebral locations (p < 0.001). Mean area ratio of Chihuahuas was significantly larger than all other breeds, while results from Dachshunds were only significantly different than Chihuahuas and Labrador Retrievers. Mean area ratios were statistically different between the cranial and caudal cervical vertebral locations. Regarding length ratios, results from Chihuahuas were significantly different than all breeds except Dachshunds. Mean length ratios were statistically different between all cervical locations, except C2/C3 compared to C3/C4. Intra- and interobserver variability was very good to excellent. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: There are significant differences in area and length ratios between dog breeds. Differences also exist in area and length ratios between the cranial and caudal cervical vertebral column. These differences may play a role in the development of vertebral column diseases including intervertebral disk disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Düver
- Division of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christina Precht
- Division of Clinical Radiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Geoffrey Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Franck Forterre
- Division of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bianca Hettlich
- Division of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Vo NV, Hartman RA, Patil PR, Risbud MV, Kletsas D, Iatridis JC, Hoyland JA, Le Maitre CL, Sowa GA, Kang JD. Molecular mechanisms of biological aging in intervertebral discs. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1289-306. [PMID: 26890203 PMCID: PMC4988945 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Advanced age is the greatest risk factor for the majority of human ailments, including spine-related chronic disability and back pain, which stem from age-associated intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Given the rapid global rise in the aging population, understanding the biology of intervertebral disc aging in order to develop effective therapeutic interventions to combat the adverse effects of aging on disc health is now imperative. Fortunately, recent advances in aging research have begun to shed light on the basic biological process of aging. Here we review some of these insights and organize the complex process of disc aging into three different phases to guide research efforts to understand the biology of disc aging. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge and the recent progress made to elucidate specific molecular mechanisms underlying disc aging. In particular, studies over the last few years have uncovered cellular senescence and genomic instability as important drivers of disc aging. Supporting evidence comes from DNA repair-deficient animal models that show increased disc cellular senescence and accelerated disc aging. Additionally, stress-induced senescent cells have now been well documented to secrete catabolic factors, which can negatively impact the physiology of neighboring cells and ECM. These along with other molecular drivers of aging are reviewed in depth to shed crucial insights into the underlying mechanisms of age-related disc degeneration. We also highlight molecular targets for novel therapies and emerging candidate therapeutics that may mitigate age-associated IDD. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1289-1306, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam V. Vo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert A. Hartman
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Prashanti R. Patil
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Makarand V. Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - James C. Iatridis
- Leni & Peter W May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Judith A. Hoyland
- Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester M13 9PT and NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Christine L. Le Maitre
- Musculoskeletal and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Gwendolyn A. Sowa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James D. Kang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Relevant Anatomic and Morphological Measurements of the Rat Spine: Considerations for Rodent Models of Human Spine Trauma. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2015; 40:E1084-92. [PMID: 26731709 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000001021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Basic science study measuring anatomical features of the cervical and lumbar spine in rat with normalized comparison with the human. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is to comprehensively compare the rat and human cervical and lumbar spines to investigate whether the rat is an appropriate model for spine biomechanics investigations. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Animal models have been used for a long time to investigate the effects of trauma, degenerative changes, and mechanical loading on the structure and function of the spine. Comparative studies have reported some mechanical properties and/or anatomical dimensions of the spine to be similar between various species. However, those studies are largely limited to the lumbar spine, and a comprehensive comparison of the rat and human spines is lacking. METHODS Spines were harvested from male Holtzman rats (n = 5) and were scanned using micro- computed tomography and digitally rendered in 3 dimensions to quantify the spinal bony anatomy, including the lateral width and anteroposterior depth of the vertebra, vertebral body, and spinal canal, as well as the vertebral body and intervertebral disc heights. Normalized measurements of the vertebra, vertebral body, and spinal canal of the rat were computed and compared with corresponding measurements from the literature for the human in the cervical and lumbar spinal regions. RESULTS The vertebral dimensions of the rat spine vary more between spinal levels than in humans. Rat vertebrae are more slender than human vertebrae, but the width-to-depth axial aspect ratios are very similar in both species in both the cervical and lumbar regions, especially for the spinal canal. CONCLUSION The similar spinal morphology in the axial plane between rats and humans supports using the rat spine as an appropriate surrogate for modeling axial and shear loading of the human spine.
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López-Dolado E, González-Mayorga A, Portolés MT, Feito MJ, Ferrer ML, del Monte F, Gutiérrez MC, Serrano MC. Subacute Tissue Response to 3D Graphene Oxide Scaffolds Implanted in the Injured Rat Spinal Cord. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:1861-8. [PMID: 26115359 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence and high sanitary costs of lesions affecting the central nervous system (CNS) at the spinal cord are encouraging experts in different fields to explore new avenues for neural repair. In this context, graphene and its derivatives are attracting significant attention, although their toxicity and performance in the CNS in vivo remains unclear. Here, the subacute tissue response to 3D flexible and porous scaffolds composed of partially reduced graphene oxide is investigated when implanted in the injured rat spinal cord. The interest of these structures as potentially useful platforms for CNS regeneration mainly relies on their mechanical compliance with neural tissues, adequate biocompatibility with neural cells in vitro and versatility to carry topographical and biological guidance cues. Early tissue responses are thoroughly investigated locally (spinal cord at C6 level) and in the major organs (i.e., kidney, liver, lung, and spleen). The absence of local and systemic toxic responses, along with the positive signs found at the lesion site (e.g., filler effect, soft interface for no additional scaring, preservation of cell populations at the perilesional area, presence of M2 macrophages), encourages further investigation of these materials as promising components of more efficient material-based platforms for CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa López-Dolado
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM); Finca de La Peraleda s/n 45071 Toledo Spain
| | | | - María Teresa Portolés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Ciudad Universitaria s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - María José Feito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Ciudad Universitaria s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - María Luisa Ferrer
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); C/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Francisco del Monte
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); C/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - María Concepción Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); C/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3 28049 Madrid Spain
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Hooshmand MJ, Galvan MD, Partida E, Anderson AJ. Characterization of recovery, repair, and inflammatory processes following contusion spinal cord injury in old female rats: is age a limitation? IMMUNITY & AGEING 2014; 11:15. [PMID: 25512759 PMCID: PMC4265993 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-11-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Although the incidence of spinal cord injury (SCI) is steadily rising in the elderly human population, few studies have investigated the effect of age in rodent models. Here, we investigated the effect of age in female rats on spontaneous recovery and repair after SCI. Young (3 months) and aged (18 months) female rats received a moderate contusion SCI at T9. Behavioral recovery was assessed, and immunohistocemical and stereological analyses performed. Results Aged rats demonstrated greater locomotor deficits compared to young, beginning at 7 days post-injury (dpi) and lasting through at least 28 dpi. Unbiased stereological analyses revealed a selective increase in percent lesion area and early (2 dpi) apoptotic cell death caudal to the injury epicenter in aged versus young rats. One potential mechanism for these differences in lesion pathogenesis is the inflammatory response; we therefore assessed humoral and cellular innate immune responses. No differences in either acute or chronic serum complement activity, or acute neutrophil infiltration, were observed between age groups. However, the number of microglia/macrophages present at the injury epicenter was increased by 50% in aged animals versus young. Conclusions These data suggest that age affects recovery of locomotor function, lesion pathology, and microglia/macrophage response following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra J Hooshmand
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, 2001 Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research, Irvine, CA 92697-4292, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Manuel D Galvan
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elizabeth Partida
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, 2001 Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research, Irvine, CA 92697-4292, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Griffin C, Choong WY, Teh W, Buxton AJ, Bolton PS. Head and cervical spine posture in behaving rats: implications for modeling human conditions involving the head and cervical spine. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 298:455-62. [PMID: 25219425 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to define the temporal and spatial (postural) characteristics of the head and cervical vertebral column (spine) of behaving rats in order to better understand their suitability as a model to study human conditions involving the head and neck. Time spent in each of four behavioral postures was determined from video tape recordings of rats (n = 10) in the absence and presence of an intruder rat. Plain film radiographic examination of a subset of these rats (n = 5) in each of these postures allowed measurement of head and cervical vertebral column positions adopted by the rats. When single they were quadruped or crouched most (∼80%) of the time and bipedal either supported or free standing for only ∼10% of the time. The introduction of an intruder significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced the proportion of time rats spent quadruped (median, from 71% to 47%) and bipedal free standing (median, from 2.9% to 0.4%). The cervical spine was orientated (median, 25-75 percentile) near vertical (18.8°, 4.2°-30.9°) when quadruped, crouched (15.4°, 7.6°-69.3°) and bipedal supported (10.5°, 4.8°-22.6°) but tended to be less vertical oriented when bipedal free standing (25.9°, 7.7°-39.3°). The range of head positions relative to the cervical spine was largest when crouched (73.4°) and smallest when erect free standing (17.7°). This study indicates that, like humans, rats have near vertical orientated cervical vertebral columns but, in contrast to humans, they displace their head in space by movements at both the cervico-thoracic junction and the cranio-cervical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Griffin
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
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Laing AC, Brenneman EC, Yung A, liu J, Kozlowski P, Oxland T. The Effects of Age on the Morphometry of the Cervical Spinal Cord and Spinal Column in Adult Rats: An MRI-Based Study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1885-95. [PMID: 25044631 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Laing
- Injury Biomechanics and Aging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology; University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West; Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD); University of British Columbia; 818 West 10th Avenue Vancouver British Columbia V5Z 1M9 Canada
| | - Elora C. Brenneman
- Injury Biomechanics and Aging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology; University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West; Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Andrew Yung
- MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia; 2221 Westbrook Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 2B5 Canada
| | - Jie liu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD); University of British Columbia; 818 West 10th Avenue Vancouver British Columbia V5Z 1M9 Canada
| | - Piotr Kozlowski
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD); University of British Columbia; 818 West 10th Avenue Vancouver British Columbia V5Z 1M9 Canada
- MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia; 2221 Westbrook Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 2B5 Canada
| | - Thomas Oxland
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD); University of British Columbia; 818 West 10th Avenue Vancouver British Columbia V5Z 1M9 Canada
- Orthopaedics and Injury Biomechanics Group, Departments of Orthopaedics and Mechanical Engineering; University of British Columbia; 818 West 10th Avenue Vancouver British Columbia V5Z 1M9 Canada
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Ding Y, Jiang J, Zhou J, Wu X, Huang Z, Chen J, Zhu Q. The effects of osteoporosis and disc degeneration on vertebral cartilage endplate lesions in rats. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2014; 23:1848-55. [PMID: 24806259 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-014-3324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evidence has shown that osteoporosis or intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) led to cartilage endplate lesions (CEL), but their combined effects on the lesion remain unknown. This study developed an innovative rat model combined ovariectomy (OVX) and cervical muscle section (CMS), and aimed to evaluate the combined effects of osteoporosis and IDD on cartilage endplate lesions of cervical spine. METHODS Fifty-two Sprague-Dawley female rats were assigned randomly into four groups as follows: the sham group (n = 10) underwent sham surgery; the OVX group (n = 14) was subjected to bilateral ovariectomy; the CMS group (n = 14) had posterior paraspinal muscles cut from C2 to C7; the CMS-OVX group (n = 14) underwent the OVX and CMS surgeries consecutively. Samples of C6-C7 segments were harvested at 12, 18 and 24 weeks post-surgery. Micro-CT analysis was performed to evaluate the CEL, intervertebral disc height (IDH) and structural indices. Histological analysis with Safranine O/fast green stain and histological score were used to observe the characteristics of the degenerative discs. RESULTS Ovariectomy surgery resulted in significant changes of most structural indices of the C6 body, such as decrease of percent bone volume and number of bone trabecula at 12 weeks, and greater changes at 18 and 24 weeks. The CEL following CMS surgery was seen on the ventral, while the CEL in the OVX and sham groups on the peripheral. The CEL was greatest in the CMS-OVX group and significantly greater than that in the CMS and OVX groups at 12 and 18 weeks (P < 0.05). The CMS surgery resulted in significant IDH decrease at 12, 18 and 24 weeks (P < 0.05), while the OVX surgery resulted in mild IDH decrease when compared with the sham group. The IDH in the CMS-OVX group was significantly lower than that in the CMS group at 24 weeks (P < 0.05). Histological evaluation suggested cartilage endplate abrasion at 12 weeks, and in situ calcification at 18 and 24 weeks in the CMS and CMS-OVX groups. Disc degenerative scores were higher following CMS or OVX surgery, and correlated with the CEL and IDH (P < 0.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggested that a combination of OVX and CMS led to more lesion of cartilage endplate than any one thereof, as well as more decrease of IDH. The lesion and IDH decrease were associated with the disc degeneration levels. The cartilage endplate was worn out at the early stage and calcified in situ later. The results indicate that osteoporosis may deteriorate the disc degeneration at specific time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Ding
- Department of Spine Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, 510515, Guangzhou, China
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De Decker S, Gielen IMVL, Duchateau L, Volk HA, Van Ham LML. Intervertebral disk width in dogs with and without clinical signs of disk associated cervical spondylomyelopathy. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:126. [PMID: 22839697 PMCID: PMC3411421 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disk-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (DA-CSM) is a multifactorial neurological disorder in which progressive caudal cervical spinal cord compression is mainly caused by one or more intervertebral disk protrusions. The Doberman pinscher breed seems predisposed for this condition. The underlying cause and pathophysiology of DA-CSM are currently unknown. Recently, wider intervertebral disks have been put forward as a risk factor for development of clinically relevant DA-CSM. However, little is known about other factors affecting intervertebral disk width. Therefore the aim of this study was to assess the association between intervertebral disk width, measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and clinical status, age, gender and intervertebral disk location in dogs with and without clinical signs of DA-CSM. METHODS Doberman pinschers with clinical signs of DA-CSM (N=17),clinically normal Doberman pinschers (N=20), and clinically normal English Foxhounds (N=17), underwent MRI of the cervical vertebral column. On sagittal T2-weighted images, intervertebral disk width was measured from C2-C3 to C6-C7. Intra -and interobserver agreement were assessed on a subset of 20 of the 54 imaging studies. RESULTS Intervertebral disk width was not significantly different between Doberman pinschers with clinical signs of DA-CSM, clinically normal Doberman pinschers or clinically normal English Foxhounds (p=0.43). Intervertebral disk width was positively associated with increasing age (p=0.029). Each monthly increase in age resulted in an increase of disk width by 0.0057 mm. Intervertebral disk width was not significantly affected by gender (p=0.056), but was significantly influenced by intervertebral disk location (p <0.0001). The assessed measurements were associated with a good intra -and interobserver agreement. CONCLUSIONS The present study does not provide evidence that wider intervertebral disks are associated with clinical status in dogs with and without DA-CSM. Instead, it seems that cervical intervertebral disk width in dogs is positively associated with increase in age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven De Decker
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL97TA, UK.
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Bibliography Current World Literature. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/bco.0b013e318256e7f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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