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Barbosa GG, Silva TL, de Oliveira APS, de Albuquerque Lima T, da Silva PM, de Santana CJC, Vieira JRC, de Sousa DR, Souza FAL, Pereira R, Zingali RB, Costa RMPB, Paiva PMG, Rodrigues GG, Castro MS, Napoleão TH. Cutaneous glands of the striped toad, Rhinella crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) (Amphibia: Bufonidae): Histological study and bioactivities of glandular secretions. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 273:110983. [PMID: 38688407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.110983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the morphology of Rhinella crucifer cutaneous glands, as well as the protein/peptide profiles and bioactivities of body gland secretions (BGS) and parotoid macrogland secretions (PS). The parotoid as well as dorsal and ventral skin fragments of male and female individuals were processed for histological analysis. The protein and peptide profiles of male and female gland secretions were evaluated. Male secretions were also assessed for proteolytic, trypsin inhibiting, hemagglutinating, hemolytic, antimicrobial, and anticoagulant activities. The R. crucifer skin structure presented protuberances that are clearly visible and formed by the integument, which has cutaneous glands throughout the body. An average of 438 and 333 glands were identified in males in females, respectively. No significant differences were observed in the distribution of glands across the body as well as for area and perimeter of glands. Differences were observed in protein composition between the PS and BGS from males and females, and secretions from animals collected from undisturbed and anthropogenically disturbed areas. Proteins with similarities to catalase and elongation factor 1-alpha were detected in the PS. Zymography revealed proteolytic activity in both male BGS and PS. Male BGS showed antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli and anticoagulant activity, being able to prolong prothrombin time by 6.34-fold and activated partial thromboplastin time by 2.17-fold. Finally, male PS and BGS caused a maximum hemolysis degree of 1.4%. The data showed that the cutaneous secretions of R. crucifer are potentially promising for biotechnological prospecting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géssica Gomes Barbosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Tulíbia Laurindo Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Thâmarah de Albuquerque Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Pollyanna Michelle da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Carlos José Correia de Santana
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | - Dyeime Ribeiro de Sousa
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Francisco Assis Leite Souza
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Russolina Benedeta Zingali
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana S Castro
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Lombardo GP, Miller A, Aragona M, Messina E, Fumia A, Kuciel M, Alesci A, Pergolizzi S, Lauriano ER. Immunohistochemical Characterization of Langerhans Cells in the Skin of Three Amphibian Species. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:210. [PMID: 38666822 PMCID: PMC11048468 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The amphibian taxon includes three orders that present different morphological characteristics: Anura, Caudata, and Apoda. Their skin has a crucial role: it acts as an immune organ constituting a physical, chemical, immunological, and microbiological barrier to pathogen insult and conducts essential physiological processes. Amphibians have developed specialized features to protect the vulnerable skin barrier, including a glandular network beneath the skin surface that can produce antimicrobial and toxic substances, thus contributing to the defense against pathogens and predators. This study aims to characterize Langerhans cells in the skin of Lithobates catesbeianus (order: Anura; Shaw, 1802), Amphiuma means (order: Caudata; Garden, 1821), and Typhlonectes natans (order: Apoda; Fischer, 1880) with the following antibodies: Langerin/CD207 (c-type lectin), Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)II, and Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 (expressed by different types of DCs). Our results showed Langerhans cells positive for Langerin CD/207 in the epidermis of the three species; moreover, some antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the connective tissue expressed TLR2 and MHCII. The distribution of the Langerhans cells is very similar in the three amphibians examined, despite their different habitats. A greater knowledge of the amphibian immune system could be useful to better understand the phylogeny of vertebrates and to safeguard amphibians from population declines. Furthermore, the similarities between amphibians' and human skin concerning immunological features may be useful in both biology and translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Pia Lombardo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Anthea Miller
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Emmanuele Messina
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Michał Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre, Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Jagellonian University, Kopernika 15, 30-501 Krakòw, Poland;
| | - Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
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Piazza YG, Czuchlej SC, Gómez ML, Meijide FJ. Gonadal morphogenesis in the South American toad Rhinella Arenarum (Anura, Bufonidae) unveils an extremely delayed rate of sex differentiation. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21611. [PMID: 37458081 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Among anurans, Bufonids are recognized for their retarded sex differentiation. However, few studies have addressed gonadal morphogenesis in this family. Here, we analyzed the early gonadogenesis in laboratory-reared Rhinella arenarum. Few germ cells were identified in the genital ridge at Gosner stage 26. At metamorphosis, somatic cells and germ cells were observed in the outer region of the undifferentiated gonad, whereas the central region was occupied by stromal tissue. A cortico-medullary organization was first recognized on Day 7 postmetamorphosis. The cortex was composed of germ cells and encompassing epithelial cells, whereas the medulla contained cells presumptively derived from the coelomic epithelium. Medullary somatic cells formed metameric knots along the length of the undifferentiated gonad. Consequently, a series of 12-14 gonomeres became recognizable externally. The first sign of ovarian differentiation was observed on Day 15 postmetamorphosis, when a cavity was formed within each gonomere. In contrast, testes were recognized by a uniform distribution of germ cells and intermingled somatic cells, as the division into cortex and medulla was lost. By Day 50 postmetamorphosis, the gonadal metameric organization was still apparent both in the ovaries and testes. Follicles containing diplotene oocytes were observed within the ovary. In the testis, an incipient lobular architecture was recognized without initiation of meiosis within the seminiferous cords. These observations reveal an extremely delayed gonadal development in R. arenarum, not reported previously for other anuran species. In addition, the late differentiation of the gonads contrasted with the early appearance of follicles in the Bidder's organ. Lastly, we observed that delayed metamorphs exhibited an undifferentiated gonad, demonstrating that gonadogenesis in this species is more dependent on somatic development than on age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina G Piazza
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, DBBE and IBBEA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia C Czuchlej
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, DBBE and IBBEA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María L Gómez
- Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA, CONICET, Centro Científico Tecnológico-Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Fernando J Meijide
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, DBBE and IBBEA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zhao P, Liu X, Jiang WD, Wu P, Liu Y, Ren HM, Jin XW, Zhang L, Mi HF, Feng L, Zhou XQ. Novel insights on toxicology of ochratoxin A contaminated diets to skin: Residues, mucus disruption and barrier impairment in teleost model grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115153. [PMID: 37348215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a notorious pollutant widely present worldwide, seriously pollutes aquafeeds. This paper aims to explore the toxicity effects of OTA by the way of diet on the skin barrier in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Results were shown as follows in the skin: (1) OTA increased the mRNA abundances of uptake transporter proteins (e.g., OAT3) and decreased efflux transporter proteins (e.g., ABCG2), which caused the accumulation of OTA in the skin of grass carp. (2) OTA upregulated the gene expression related to ROS production by enhancing the NOX (1, 2, 4) signaling pathway and decreased the ability to ROS elimination with downregulation of GPx1 (a,b), Trx by inhibiting the PGC1-α/Nrf2 signaling pathway, which caused oxidative damage to the skin. (3) OTA exacerbated apoptosis in the skin by upregulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins mediated by ways of endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial apoptosis. Moreover, OTA down-regulated the mRNA and protein abundances of tight junction-related proteins by inhibiting the MLCK signaling pathway, which in turn disrupted the tight junctions. (4) OTA reduced the number of mucous cup cells and decreased f LZ activities and IgM contents, and finally down-regulated the mRNA abundances of mucin (2, 3), LEAP-2 (A, B), and β-defensin (1, 2, 3), which in turn resulted in impairing skin chemical barrier. Moreover, based on the antimicrobial-related indexes (LZ activities and IgM contents), the OTA-safe upper doses were 814.827 and 813.601 μg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piao Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan 611130, China; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan 611130, China; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan 611130, China; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Hong-Mei Ren
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan 611130, China; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiao-Wan Jin
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan 611130, China; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Tongwei Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China, Healthy Aquaculture Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, 610041, China; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Hai-Feng Mi
- Tongwei Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China, Healthy Aquaculture Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, 610041, China; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan 611130, China; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan 611130, China; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China.
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Yang M, Huan W, Zhang G, Li J, Xia F, Durrani R, Zhao W, Lu J, Peng X, Gao F. Identification of Protein Quality Markers in Toad Venom from Bufo gargarizans. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083628. [PMID: 37110862 PMCID: PMC10141085 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Toad venom is a traditional Chinese medicine with high medicinal value. The existing quality evaluation standards of toad venom have obvious limitations because of the lack of research on proteins. Thus, it is necessary to screen suitable quality markers and establish appropriate quality evaluation methods for toad venom proteins to guarantee their safety and efficacy in clinical applications. SDS-PAGE, HPLC, and cytotoxicity assays were used to analyze differences in protein components of toad venom from different areas. Functional proteins were screened as potential quality markers by proteomic and bioinformatic analyses. The protein components and small molecular components of toad venom were not correlated in content. Additionally, the protein component had strong cytotoxicity. Proteomics analysis showed that 13 antimicrobial proteins, four anti-inflammatory and analgesic proteins, and 20 antitumor proteins were differentially expressed extracellular proteins. A candidate list of functional proteins was coded as potential quality markers. Moreover, Lysozyme C-1, which has antimicrobial activity, and Neuropeptide B (NPB), which has anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, were identified as potential quality markers for toad venom proteins. Quality markers can be used as the basis of quality studies of toad venom proteins and help to construct and improve safe, scientific, and comprehensive quality evaluation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyun Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Weiwei Huan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Guobing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Province People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jie Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Fengyan Xia
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 313000, China
| | - Rabia Durrani
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jidong Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xinmeng Peng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Ajduković M, Ukropina M, Cvijanović M, Vučić T, Ivanović A. Histological changes of the skin during postembryonic development of the crested newt Triturus ivanbureschi (Urodela, Salamandridae). Ann Anat 2023; 249:152097. [PMID: 37011824 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amphibian skin has been studied for many decades, especially the metamorphic changes in the skin of frogs. Less attention has been paid to salamander skin. Here, we describe changes in the skin structure during postembryonic development in a salamandrid species, the Balkan crested newt Triturus ivanbureschi. METHOD Using traditional histological techniques we examined the skin in the trunk region of three premetamorphic larval stages (hatchling, mid larval and late larval) and two postmetamorphic stages (juvenile, just after metamorphosis, and adult). RESULTS In larval stages, skin consists only of the epidermis, which gradually develops from the single epithelial cell layer in hatchlings, to a stratified epidermis with gland nests and characteristic Leydig cells at the late larval stage. During metamorphosis, Leydig cells disappear, and the dermal layer develops. In postmetamorphic stages, skin is differentiated on stratified epidermis and the dermis with well-developed glands. Three types of glands were observed in the skin of the postmetamorphic stages: mucous, granular and mixed. Gland composition appears to be stage- and sex-specific, with juveniles and adult female being more similar to each other. In juveniles and adult female, there are a similar proportion of glands in both dorsal and ventral skin, whereas in adult male granular glands dominated the dorsal skin, while mixed glands dominated the ventral skin. CONCLUSION Our results provide a baseline for future comparative research of skin anatomy in salamanders.
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Ibarra-Vega R, Galván-Hernández AR, Salazar-Monge H, Zataraín-Palacios R, García-Villalvazo PE, Zavalza-Galvez DI, Valdez-Velazquez LL, Jiménez-Vargas JM. Antimicrobial Compounds from Skin Secretions of Species That Belong to the Bufonidae Family. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:145. [PMID: 36828459 PMCID: PMC9968139 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin secretions of toads are a complex mixture of molecules. The substances secreted comprise more than 80 different compounds that show diverse pharmacological activities. The compounds secreted through skin pores and parotid glands are of particular interest because they help toads to endure in habitats full of pathogenic microbes, i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, due to their content of components such as bufadienolides, alkaloids, and antimicrobial peptides. We carried out an extensive literature review of relevant articles published until November 2022 in ACS Publications, Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. It was centered on research addressing the biological characterization of the compounds identified in the species of genera Atelopus, Bufo, Duttaphrynus, Melanophryniscus, Peltopryne, Phrynoidis, Rhaebo, and Rhinella, with antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic activities; as well as studies performed with analogous compounds and skin secretions of toads that also showed these activities. This review shows that the compounds in the secretions of toads could be candidates for new drugs to treat infectious diseases or be used to develop new molecules with better properties from existing ones. Some compounds in this review showed activity against microorganisms of medical interest such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Coronavirus varieties, HIV, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania chagasi, Plasmodium falciparum, and against different kinds of fungi that affect plants of economic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ibarra-Vega
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Coquimatlán 28040, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juana María Jiménez-Vargas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Coquimatlán 28040, Mexico
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico City 03940, Mexico
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8
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The Complex Bridge between Aquatic and Terrestrial Life: Skin Changes during Development of Amphibians. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:jdb11010006. [PMID: 36810458 PMCID: PMC9944868 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibian skin is a particularly complex organ that is primarily responsible for respiration, osmoregulation, thermoregulation, defense, water absorption, and communication. The skin, as well as many other organs in the amphibian body, has undergone the most extensive rearrangement in the adaptation from water to land. Structural and physiological features of skin in amphibians are presented within this review. We aim to procure extensive and updated information on the evolutionary history of amphibians and their transition from water to land-that is, the changes seen in their skin from the larval stages to adulthood from the points of morphology, physiology, and immunology.
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O'Donohoe MA, Rosset SD, Regueira E, Haddad CF, Basso NG, Hermida GN. Comparative skin histology of neotropical odontophrynid frogs. ZOOL ANZ 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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10
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Regueira E, O'Donohoe MEA, Pavón Novarin M, Michou Etcheverría GC, Tropea C, Hermida GN. Integrating morphology and physiology of the key endocrine organ during tadpole development: The interrenal gland. J Anat 2022; 241:1357-1370. [PMID: 36056596 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Indirect development is widespread in anurans and is considered an ancestral condition. The metamorphosis of larvae into juveniles involves highly coordinated morphological, physiological, biochemical, and behavioral changes, promoted by the thyroid hormone and interrenal corticosteroids. Stress response to environmental changes is also mediated by corticosteroids, affecting the timing and rate of metamorphosis and leading to great developmental plasticity in tadpoles. Given the potential effect of interrenal gland ontogeny alterations on metamorphosis and the lack of studies addressing both the morphology and endocrinology of this gland in tadpoles, we present corticosterone (CORT) production and histological changes through the ontogeny of interrenal gland in the generalized pond-type tadpole of Rhinella arenarum (Anura, Bufonidae). This species shows the highest concentration of whole-body CORT by the early climax when drastic metamorphic changes begin. This is coincident with the morphological differentiation of steroidogenic cells and the formation of interrenal cords. By this stage, steroidogenic cells have a shrunken cytoplasm, with a significantly higher nucleus-to-cell diameter ratio. The lowest CORT concentration during premetamorphosis and late climax is associated with small undifferentiated cells with lipid inclusions surrounding large blood vessels between kidneys, and with cords of differentiated steroidogenic cells with a significantly lower nucleus-to-cell diameter ratio, respectively. Our study characterizes the morphological and physiological pattern of interrenal gland development, showing an association between certain histological and morphometric characteristics and CORT levels. Variations in this morpho-physiological pattern should be considered when studying the phenotypic plasticity or variable growth rates of tadpoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Regueira
- Laboratorio Biología de Anfibios - Histología Animal, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CABA, Argentina
| | - M E Ailín O'Donohoe
- Laboratorio Biología de Anfibios - Histología Animal, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CABA, Argentina
| | - Mariela Pavón Novarin
- Laboratorio Biología de Anfibios - Histología Animal, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Gabriela C Michou Etcheverría
- Laboratorio Biología de Anfibios - Histología Animal, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Carolina Tropea
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CABA, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción y el Crecimiento de Crustáceos Decápodos, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Gladys N Hermida
- Laboratorio Biología de Anfibios - Histología Animal, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
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11
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Co-occurrence between the presence of epidermal giant cells and alarm chemical cues in tadpole skin homogenates: An ontogenetic and cross-species comparison analysis. ZOOLOGY 2022; 153:126024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2022.126024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Meta-analysis of tadpole taste tests: consumption of anuran prey across development and predator strategies. Oecologia 2022; 199:845-857. [PMID: 35857113 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The risk of predation and the costs and benefits of diverse anti-predator strategies can shift across the life stages of an organism. Yet, empirical examples of ontogenetic switches in defense mechanisms are scarce. Anurans represent an alleged exception; previous meta-analytic work suggests that unpalatability of developing anurans is "rare", whereas adult anurans in many lineages are well defended by toxic and/or unpalatable skin secretions. Here, we revisit the question of the unpalatability of anuran young in a meta-analysis of the relative proportion of prey consumed within 922 predation tests, including 135 anuran species. We tested the hypotheses that a predator's propensity to consume anuran young depends on (1) prey family, (2) predator manipulation strategy, and (3) prey ontogenetic stage. We used a binomial mixed model approach with considerations for multiple effect sizes within studies to evaluate the log odds ratio of the proportion of prey consumed by individual predators. Prey consumption was highly variable, but toads (Bufonidae) were consumed in lower proportions. Chewing invertebrates consumed more anuran prey than biting vertebrates. Late stage tadpoles were more vulnerable to predation than other stages of anuran ontogeny. However, more studies are needed to unravel the roles of development and evolutionary history in the chemical ecology of anuran young. This synthesis provides clear meta-analytic evidence that relative unpalatability is an important component in the anti-predator defenses of young in some anuran families, calling into question the degree to which chemically defended anuran families undergo ontogenetic switches in anti-predator strategies.
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13
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Tang X, Xi L, Niu Z, Jia L, Bai Y, Wang H, Ma M, Chen Q. Does a Moderately Warming Climate Compensate for the Negative Effects of UV-B Radiation on Amphibians at High Altitudes? A Test of Rana kukunoris Living on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060838. [PMID: 35741359 PMCID: PMC9220193 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Both the warming climate and ultraviolet-B radiation are notable environmental factors affecting tadpole development. However, the phenotypes of tadpoles living at high altitudes may be improved by moderately warming temperatures, reducing or eliminating the negative effects of oxidative damage caused by cool temperatures or strong ultraviolet-B radiation. To verify this hypothesis, Rana kukunoris tadpoles, which live at high altitudes, were exposed to ultraviolet-B radiation and ultraviolet-B radiation-free environments at 14 (cool temperature) and 22 °C (warm temperature), respectively. Ultraviolet-B radiation and a warm temperature had opposite influences on several traits of the tadpoles, and the moderate temperature could compensate for or override the negative effects of ultraviolet-B radiation by increasing the tadpoles’ preferred body temperature and critical tolerance temperature, thus enhancing the locomotion ability and thermal sensitivity of their antioxidant systems. The dark skin coloration and aggregation behavior of R. kukunoris tadpoles may also be effective strategies for allowing them to resist ultraviolet-B radiation and helping them to better adapt to a warming environment with stronger ultraviolet-B radiation. Thus, a moderate degree of warming may increase the capacity of living organisms to adapt to environmental changes and thus have positive effects on the development of tadpoles living at high altitudes. Abstract Both the warming climate and ultraviolet-B radiation (UVBR) are considered to be notable environmental factors affecting amphibian population decline, with particular effects on tadpole development. However, the phenotypes of tadpoles living at high altitudes may be improved by moderately warming temperatures, reducing or eliminating the negative effects of oxidative damage caused by cool temperatures or strong UVBR at high altitudes. To verify this hypothesis, Rana kukunoris tadpoles, which live at high altitudes, were used to test the effect of the interaction of temperature and UVBR on their development and antioxidant systems in a fully factorial design. The tadpoles were exposed to UVBR and UVBR-free environments at 14 (cool temperature) and 22 °C (warm temperature), respectively. UVBR and a warm temperature had opposite influences on several traits of the tadpoles, including their survival, developmental rate, individual size, preferred body temperature, thermal tolerance temperature, oxidative damage, and enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant systems. The moderate temperature could compensate for or override the negative effects of UVBR by increasing the tadpoles’ preferred body temperature and critical tolerance temperature, thus enhancing the locomotion ability and thermal sensitivity of their antioxidant systems. Furthermore, the dark skin coloration and aggregation behavior of R. kukunoris tadpoles may also be effective strategies for allowing them to resist UVBR and helping them to better adapt to a warming environment with stronger UVBR. Thus, it is possible that a moderate degree of warming may increase the capacity of living organisms to adapt to environmental changes and thus have positive effects on the development of tadpoles living at high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Tang
- Department of Animal and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, No. 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (L.X.); (Z.N.); (L.J.)
- Correspondence: (X.T.); (Q.C.)
| | - Lu Xi
- Department of Animal and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, No. 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (L.X.); (Z.N.); (L.J.)
| | - Zhiyi Niu
- Department of Animal and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, No. 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (L.X.); (Z.N.); (L.J.)
| | - Lun Jia
- Department of Animal and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, No. 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (L.X.); (Z.N.); (L.J.)
| | - Yucheng Bai
- Linxia People’s Hospital, Linxia 731199, China;
| | - Huihui Wang
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
| | - Miaojun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Animal and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, No. 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (L.X.); (Z.N.); (L.J.)
- Correspondence: (X.T.); (Q.C.)
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14
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Eye and Skin Differences between Atelognathus patagonicus Morphotypes: Two Environments, Two Strategies (Anura; Batrachylidae). J HERPETOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1670/20-081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Curi L, Cuzziol Boccioni A, Peltzer P, Attademo A, Bassó A, León E, Lajmanovich R. Signals from predators, injured conspecifics, and pesticide modify the swimming behavior of the gregarious tadpole of the Dorbigny’s Toad, Rhinella dorbignyi (Anura: Bufonidae). CAN J ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2021-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tadpoles detect chemical signals released from predators and conspecifics, as well as those present in the environment, and adjust their behavioral responses. This study evaluated the swimming activity of Dorbigny’s Toad (Rhinella dorbignyi (Duméril and Bibron, 1841)) tadpoles exposed to chemical signals, including cues from a predator fish, the marbled swamp eel (Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795), and an injured conspecific; sublethal concentration of insecticide cypermethrin; and their combination. Swimming behavior (total distance moved, mean speed, global activity, number of contacts between tadpoles) was evaluated in an individual (1) and groups of different size (3, 5, 7, and 10 tadpoles) using a video-tracking software tool. Predator exposure modified behavioral parameters, reducing encounters with predators and, therefore, mortality. Total distance moved and mean speed increased in trials involving 1 tadpole and 3 interacting tadpoles exposed to injured conspecifics, whereas global activity increased in all group sizes, showing that gregarious tadpoles may be affected by alarm cues and their behavior may be disrupted. The insecticide treatments (alone and combined) increased parameters in all group sizes, causing hyperactivity due to its neurotoxic effect. The different responses observed after exposure to alarm cues and environmental signals in the different group sizes modified the normal behavior and the ecological dynamics of gregarious tadpoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.M. Curi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ictiología del Nordeste (INICNE), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (FCV, UNNE), Sargento Cabral 2139, CP 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - A.P. Cuzziol Boccioni
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FBCB-UNL-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje “El Pozo”, RN N° 168, Km 472, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - P.M. Peltzer
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FBCB-UNL-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje “El Pozo”, RN N° 168, Km 472, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A.M. Attademo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FBCB-UNL-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje “El Pozo”, RN N° 168, Km 472, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A. Bassó
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FBCB-UNL-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje “El Pozo”, RN N° 168, Km 472, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E.J. León
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FBCB-UNL-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje “El Pozo”, RN N° 168, Km 472, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Conservación de tetrápodos (INALI-UNL- CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje “El Pozo”, RN n° 168, Km 472, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - R.C. Lajmanovich
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FBCB-UNL-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje “El Pozo”, RN N° 168, Km 472, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
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16
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Ishii T, Takashimizu I, Casco-Robles MM, Taya Y, Yuzuriha S, Toyama F, Maruo F, Kishi K, Chiba C. Skin Wound Healing of the Adult Newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster: A Unique Re-Epithelialization and Scarless Model. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121892. [PMID: 34944708 PMCID: PMC8698868 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In surgical and cosmetic studies, scarless regeneration is an ideal method to heal skin wounds. To study the technologies that enable scarless skin wound healing in medicine, animal models are useful. However, four-limbed vertebrates, including humans, generally lose their competency of scarless regeneration as they transit to their terrestrial life-stages through metamorphosis, hatching or birth. Therefore, animals that serve as a model for postnatal humans must be an exception to this rule, such as the newt. Here, we evaluated the adult newt in detail for the first time. Using a Japanese fire-bellied newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster, we excised the full-thickness skin at various locations on the body, and surveyed their re-epithelialization, granulation or dermal fibrosis, and recovery of texture and appendages as well as color (hue, tone and pattern) for more than two years. We found that the skin of adult newts eventually regenerated exceptionally well through unique processes of re-epithelialization and the absence of fibrotic scar formation, except for the dorsal-lateral to ventral skin whose unique color patterns never recovered. Color pattern is species-specific. Consequently, the adult C. pyrrhogaster provides an ideal model system for studies aimed at perfect skin wound healing and regeneration in postnatal humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyuki Ishii
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University, Shinanomachi 35, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
| | - Ikkei Takashimizu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; (I.T.); (S.Y.)
| | - Martin Miguel Casco-Robles
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (M.M.C.-R.); (F.M.)
| | - Yuji Taya
- Department of Pathology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Fujimi 1-9-20, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan;
| | - Shunsuke Yuzuriha
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; (I.T.); (S.Y.)
| | - Fubito Toyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Yoto 7-1-2, Utsunomiya 321-8585, Japan;
| | - Fumiaki Maruo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (M.M.C.-R.); (F.M.)
| | - Kazuo Kishi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University, Shinanomachi 35, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Chikafumi Chiba
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (M.M.C.-R.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (C.C.)
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17
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Morphological diversity in the parotoid macroglands of neotropical true toads (Anura: Bufonidae) and its association with the release of glandular secretion. ZOOL ANZ 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Üveges B, Basson AC, Móricz ÁM, Bókony V, Hettyey A. Chemical defence effective against multiple enemies: Does the response to conspecifics alleviate the response to predators? Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Üveges
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Plant Protection Institute Centre for Agricultural Research Eötvös Loránd Research Network Budapest Hungary
| | - Anna C. Basson
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Plant Protection Institute Centre for Agricultural Research Eötvös Loránd Research Network Budapest Hungary
- Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - Ágnes M. Móricz
- Department of Pathophysiology Plant Protection Institute Centre for Agricultural Research Eötvös Loránd Research Network Budapest Hungary
| | - Veronika Bókony
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Plant Protection Institute Centre for Agricultural Research Eötvös Loránd Research Network Budapest Hungary
- Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - Attila Hettyey
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Plant Protection Institute Centre for Agricultural Research Eötvös Loránd Research Network Budapest Hungary
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19
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Rose CS. Amphibian Hormones, Calcium Physiology, Bone Weight, and Lung Use Call for a More Inclusive Approach to Understanding Ossification Sequence Evolution. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.620971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeleton plays a huge role in understanding how vertebrate animals have diversified in phylogeny, ecology and behavior. Recent evo-devo research has used ossification sequences to compare skeletal development among major groups, to identify conserved and labile aspects of a sequence within a group, to derive ancestral and modal sequences, and to look for modularity based on embryonic origin and type of bone. However, questions remain about how to detect and order bone appearances, the adaptive significance of ossification sequences and their relationship to adult function, and the utility of categorizing bones by embryonic origin and type. Also, the singular focus on bone appearances and the omission of other tissues and behavioral, ecological and life history events limit the relevance of such analyses. Amphibians accentuate these concerns because of their highly specialized biphasic life histories and the exceptionally late timing, and high variability of their ossification sequences. Amphibians demonstrate a need for a whole-animal, whole-ontogeny approach that integrates the entire ossification process with physiology, behavior and ecology. I discuss evidence and hypotheses for how hormone mediation and calcium physiology might elicit non-adaptive variability in ossification sequence, and for adaptive strategies to partition larval habitats using bone to offset the buoyancy created by lung use. I also argue that understanding plasticity in ossification requires shifting focus away from embryonic development and adult function, and toward postembryonic mechanisms of regulating skeletal growth, especially ones that respond directly to midlife environments and behaviors.
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20
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Fedotovskikh GV, Arifulova II, Dujsebayeva TN. Ultrastructural study of the mucocytes in the dermal glands of
Bufotes pewzowi
(Amphibia, Bufonidae), with some reflections on the polymorphism of the secretory epithelium. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Gardner KM, Hunt RL, Mathis A. Response to conspecific alarm cues by larval and juvenile spotted salamanders ( Ambystoma maculatum). ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2019.1691058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn M. Gardner
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S. National, Springfield MO 65897, USA
- Department of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA
| | - Robert L. Hunt
- Missouri Department of Natural Resources, 1101 Riverside Drive, Jefferson City, MO 65102, USA
| | - Alicia Mathis
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S. National, Springfield MO 65897, USA
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22
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Langowski JKA, Singla S, Nyarko A, Schipper H, van den Berg FT, Kaur S, Astley HC, Gussekloo SWS, Dhinojwala A, van Leeuwen JL. Comparative and functional analysis of the digital mucus glands and secretions of tree frogs. Front Zool 2019; 16:19. [PMID: 31210775 PMCID: PMC6563374 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mucus and mucus glands are important features of the amphibian cutis. In tree frogs, the mucus glands and their secretions are crucial components of the adhesive digital pads of these animals. Despite a variety of hypothesised functions of these components in tree frog attachment, the functional morphology of the digital mucus glands and the chemistry of the digital mucus are barely known. Here, we use an interdisciplinary comparative approach to analyse these components, and discuss their roles in tree frog attachment. Results Using synchrotron micro-computer-tomography, we discovered in the arboreal frog Hyla cinerea that the ventral digital mucus glands differ in their morphology from regular anuran mucus glands and form a subdermal gland cluster. We show the presence of this gland cluster also in several other—not exclusively arboreal—anuran families. Using cryo-histochemistry as well as infrared and sum frequency generation spectroscopy on the mucus of two arboreal (H. cinerea and Osteopilus septentrionalis) and of two terrestrial, non-climbing frog species (Pyxicephalus adspersus and Ceratophrys cranwelli), we find neutral and acidic polysaccharides, and indications for proteinaceous and lipid-like mucus components. The mucus chemistry varies only little between dorsal and ventral digital mucus in H. cinerea, ventral digital and abdominal mucus in H. cinerea and O. septentrionalis, and between the ventral abdominal mucus of all four studied species. Conclusions The presence of a digital mucus gland cluster in various anuran families, as well as the absence of differences in the mucus chemistry between arboreal and non-arboreal frog species indicate an adaptation towards generic functional requirements as well as to attachment-related requirements. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of the role of glands and their secretions in tree frog attachment and in bioadhesion in general, as well as the evolution of anurans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12983-019-0315-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian K A Langowski
- 1Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, Wageningen, 6708 WD The Netherlands
| | - Saranshu Singla
- 2Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909 USA
| | - Alex Nyarko
- 2Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909 USA
| | - Henk Schipper
- 1Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, Wageningen, 6708 WD The Netherlands
| | - Frank T van den Berg
- 1Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, Wageningen, 6708 WD The Netherlands
| | - Sukhmanjot Kaur
- 2Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909 USA
| | - Henry C Astley
- 3Biomimicry Research & Innovation Center, Departments of Biology and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, 235 Carroll St., Akron, Ohio 44325-3908 USA
| | - Sander W S Gussekloo
- 1Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, Wageningen, 6708 WD The Netherlands
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- 2Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909 USA
| | - Johan L van Leeuwen
- 1Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, Wageningen, 6708 WD The Netherlands
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23
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O´donohoe MEA, Luna MC, Regueira E, Brunetti AE, Basso NG, Lynch JD, Pereyra MO, Hermida GN. Diversity and evolution of the parotoid macrogland in true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Skin glands in amphibians are either distributed throughout the skin or aggregated in multiglandular structures such as the parotoids typical of most species of Bufonidae. Although many early divergent and derived bufonids lack a discrete parotoid in the postorbital–supratympanic (PoSt) region, they have a great macroscopic diversity in the skin morphology of this region. To understand the origin and evolution of this diversity, in particular of the parotoids, we describe the histomorphology of the skin of the PoSt and dorsal regions in 17 species of bufonids, with or without external evident parotoid, and compare it with previously published descriptions. The survey results in 27 characters that were optimized on a phylogenetic hypothesis of Bufonidae. Our results reveal that the PoSt region has a noteworthy morphological diversity of types of glands, spatial organization and differences in the secretion products. Some morphological characters represent putative synapomorphies of internal clades of Bufonidae and are related to the progressive differentiation towards defined structures (macroglands, parotoids). These morphological results, along with published information on the toxicity of the skin secretions and defensive behaviours in some representative species, allow us to infer possible relationships between these features.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Ailin O´donohoe
- Laboratorio Biología de Anfibios. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Piso. (C1428EGA), CABA, Argentina
| | - María Celeste Luna
- División Herpetología. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’-CONICET., CABA, Argentina
| | - Eleonora Regueira
- Laboratorio Biología de Anfibios. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Piso. (C1428EGA), CABA, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andres E Brunetti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nestor G Basso
- Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral (IDEAus-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - John D Lynch
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martín O Pereyra
- División Herpetología. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’-CONICET., CABA, Argentina
| | - Gladys N Hermida
- Laboratorio Biología de Anfibios. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Piso. (C1428EGA), CABA, Argentina
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Olea GB, Cheij EO, Curi LM, Cuzziol Boccioni AP, Céspedez JA, Lombardo DM. Histological and immunohistochemical characterization of the integument and parotoids glands Rhinella bergi (Anura: Bufsonidae): Development and differentiation. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:277-283. [PMID: 30678807 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A detailed description of the tegument and parotoid glands of pre-metamorphic, post-metamorphic, juvenile and adult individuals of Rhinella bergi is presented to provide an exhaustive analysis of the integumentary characteristics of this species. Fragments of the tegument were fixed in Bouin solution and preserved in buffered Formol 10%. Subsequently, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to characterize the macroscopic structure of these regions. Microscopic observations were made from histological sections stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Alcian Blue (pH 2,5), PAS-H, Coomassie Blue, Oil Red, and Bielschowsky Impregnation.. There were three types of protuberance: warts, tubers, and thorns. These structures became evident from post-metamorphic stages. The ventral surface shows elevations similar to flat warts; however, tubers and spines are absent. Histologically, each structure consists of a spongy dermis of lax connective tissue and dense and compact dermis, associated with granular glands and a keratinized epidermis. The latter, in the dorsal region, forms projections called thorns. The granular glands accumulate, and their alveoli increase in size progressively. This work provides a morphological and histological description of the integument and the parotoid glands during the larval and post-metamorphic stage of the genus Rhinella, with aspects described for the first time in the genus.
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Mailho-Fontana PL, Antoniazzi MM, Sciani JM, Pimenta DC, Barbaro KC, Jared C. Morphological and biochemical characterization of the cutaneous poison glands in toads ( Rhinella marina group) from different environments. Front Zool 2018; 15:46. [PMID: 30479646 PMCID: PMC6251109 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-018-0294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amphibian defence against predators and microorganisms is directly related to cutaneous glands that produce a huge number of different toxins. These glands are distributed throughout the body but can form accumulations in specific regions. When grouped in low numbers, poison glands form structures similar to warts, quite common in the dorsal skin of bufonids (toads). When accumulated in large numbers, the glands constitute protuberant structures known as macroglands, among which the parotoids are the most common ones. This work aimed at the morphological and biochemical characterization of the poison glands composing different glandular accumulations in four species of toads belonging to group Rhinella marina (R. icterica, R. marina, R. schneideri and R. jimi). These species constitute a good model since they possess other glandular accumulations together with the dorsal warts and the parotoids and inhabit environments with different degrees of water availability. Results We have observed that the toads skin has three types of poison glands that can be differentiated from each other through the morphology and the chemical content of their secretion product. The distribution of these different glands throughout the body is peculiar to each toad species, except for the parotoids and the other macroglands, which are composed of an exclusive gland type that is usually different from that composing the dorsal warts. Each type of poison gland presents histochemical and biochemical peculiarities, mainly regarding protein components. Conclusions The distribution, morphology and chemical composition of the different types of poison glands, indicate that they may have different defensive functions in each toad species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Maria Antoniazzi
- 1Laboratory of Cell Biology, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, 05503-000 Brazil
| | - Juliana Mozer Sciani
- 2Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Jared
- 1Laboratory of Cell Biology, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, 05503-000 Brazil
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26
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Chen W, Hudson CM, DeVore JL, Shine R. Sex and weaponry: The distribution of toxin-storage glands on the bodies of male and female cane toads ( Rhinella marina). Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8950-8957. [PMID: 29152190 PMCID: PMC5677481 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The parotoid macroglands of bufonid anurans store (and can expel) large volumes of toxic secretions and have attracted detailed research. However, toxins also are stored in smaller glands that are distributed on the limbs and dorsal surface of the body. Female and male cane toads (Rhinella marina) differ in the location of toxin‐storage glands and the extent of glandular structures. Female toads store a larger proportion of their toxins in the parotoids than males as well as (to a lesser extent) in smaller glands on the forelimbs. Males have smaller and more elongate parotoids than females, but glands cover more of the skin surface on their limbs (especially hindlimbs) and dorsal surface. The delay to toxin exudation in response to electrostimulation varied among glands in various parts of the body, and did so differently in males than in females. The spatial distribution of toxin glands differs between the sexes even in toads that have been raised under standardized conditions in captivity; hence, the sexual dimorphism is due to heritable factors rather than developmentally plastic responses to ecological (e.g., habitat, predation risk) differences between the sexes. The selective advantages of this sexual dimorphism remain unclear. A priori, we might expect to see toxin widely dispersed across any part of the body likely to be contacted by a predator; and a wide distribution also would be expected if the gland secretions have other (e.g., male–male rivalry) functions. Why, then, is toxin concentrated in the parotoids, especially in female toads? That concentration may enhance the effectiveness of frontal displays to deter predation and also may facilitate the transfer of stored toxins to eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia.,Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Mianyang Normal University Mianyang 621000 China
| | - Cameron M Hudson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Jayna L DeVore
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Richard Shine
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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27
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Gómez RO, Regueira E, O’Donohoe MA, Hermida GN. Delayed osteogenesis and calcification in a large true toad with a comparative survey of the timing of skeletal ossification in anurans. ZOOL ANZ 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Mailho-Fontana PL, Antoniazzi MM, Rodrigues I, Sciani JM, Pimenta DC, Brodie ED, Rodrigues MT, Jared C. Parotoid, radial, and tibial macroglands of the frog Odontophrynus cultripes: Differences and similarities with toads. Toxicon 2017; 129:123-133. [PMID: 28235580 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anuran integument is characterized by the presence of glands, some of which are responsible for toxin production. In some species these glands accumulate in parts of the body strategically located against predators, forming structures known as macroglands. This is the case for parotoid macroglands, on the dorsum of the head, tibial macroglands, on the rear limbs, and radial macroglands, on the forelimbs of toads and some other anurans. The toad Rhinella jimi, for example, simultaneously displays all three types of macroglands, which is unusual even among bufonids. Interestingly, considering the phylogenetic distance, the frog Odontophrynus cultripes (Odontophrynidae) also presents these three macroglandular types. In this study we analyze the morphology of O. cultripes macroglands and the chemical composition of their poison using an interdisciplinary approach. In this species, the parotoid, tibial, and radial macroglands consist of aggregates of elongated and juxtaposed poison glands, arranged in a honeycomb style, very similar to that of toads. Comparative analysis of these three macrogland types shows significant differences in both the morphology of secretory granules and biochemical composition. The present work on O. cultripes contributes to the evidence that amphibians, or at least anurans, share a basic design for all cutaneous glandular accumulations. The determinant factor for macroglandular formation may be the selective pressure for defense against predators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juliana M Sciani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Edmund D Brodie
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
| | | | - Carlos Jared
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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29
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Regueira E, Dávila C, Sassone AG, O'Donohoe MEA, Hermida GN. Post-metamorphic development of skin glands in a true toad: Parotoids versus dorsal skin. J Morphol 2017; 278:652-664. [PMID: 28165149 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chemical defenses in amphibians are a common antipredatory and antimicrobial strategy related to the presence of dermal glands that synthesize and store toxic or unpalatable substances. Glands are either distributed throughout the skin or aggregated in multiglandular structures, being the parotoids the most ubiquitous macrogland in toads of Bufonidae. Even though dermal glands begin to develop during late-larval stages, many species, including Rhinella arenarum, have immature glands by the end of metamorphosis, and their post-metamorphic growth is unknown. Herein, we compared the post-metamorphic development of parotoids and dorsal glands by histological and allometric studies in a size series of R. arenarum. Histological and histochemical studies to detect proteins, acidic glycoconjugates, and catecholamines, showed that both, parotoids and dorsal glands, acquire characteristics of adults in individuals larger than 50 mm; that is, a moment in which the cryptic coloration disappears. Parotoid height increased allometrically as a function of body size, whereas the size of small dorsal glands decreased with body size. The number of glands in the dorsum was not linearly related to body size, appearing to be an individual characteristic. Only adult specimens had intraepithelial granular glands in the duct of the largest glands of the parotoids. Since toxic secretions accumulate in the central glands of parotoids, allometric growth of parotoids may translate into greater protection from predators in the largest animals. Conversely, large glands in the dorsum, which produce a proteinaceous secretion of unknown function, grow isometrically to body size. Some characteristics, like intraepithelial glands in the ducts and basophilic glands in the dorsum, are limited to adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Regueira
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Biología de Anfibios-Histología Animal, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Camila Dávila
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Biología de Anfibios-Histología Animal, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Alina G Sassone
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Biología de Anfibios-Histología Animal, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - María E Ailín O'Donohoe
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Biología de Anfibios-Histología Animal, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Gladys N Hermida
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Biología de Anfibios-Histología Animal, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
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Abruzzese GA, Heber MF, Ferreira SR, Velez LM, Reynoso R, Pignataro OP, Motta AB. Prenatal hyperandrogenism induces alterations that affect liver lipid metabolism. J Endocrinol 2016; 230:67-79. [PMID: 27179108 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal hyperandrogenism is hypothesized as one of the main factors contributing to the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS patients have high risk of developing fatty liver and steatosis. This study aimed to evaluate the role of prenatal hyperandrogenism in liver lipid metabolism and fatty liver development. Pregnant rats were hyperandrogenized with testosterone. At pubertal age, the prenatally hyperandrogenized (PH) female offspring displayed both ovulatory (PHov) and anovulatory (PHanov) phenotypes that mimic human PCOS features. We evaluated hepatic transferases, liver lipid content, the balance between lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation pathway, oxidant/antioxidant balance and proinflammatory status. We also evaluated the general metabolic status through growth rate curve, basal glucose and insulin levels, glucose tolerance test, HOMA-IR index and serum lipid profile. Although neither PH group showed signs of liver lipid content, the lipogenesis and fatty oxidation pathways were altered. The PH groups also showed impaired oxidant/antioxidant balance, a decrease in the proinflammatory pathway (measured by prostaglandin E2 and cyclooxygenase-2 levels), decreased glucose tolerance, imbalance of circulating lipids and increased risk of metabolic syndrome. We conclude that prenatal hyperandrogenism generates both PHov and PHanov phenotypes with signs of liver alterations, imbalance in lipid metabolism and increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome. The anovulatory phenotype showed more alterations in liver lipogenesis and a more impaired balance of insulin and glucose metabolism, being more susceptible to the development of steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Adriana Abruzzese
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología OváricaCentro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Florencia Heber
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología OváricaCentro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvana Rocio Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología OváricaCentro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro Martin Velez
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología OváricaCentro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxana Reynoso
- Laboratorio de EndocrinologíaDepartamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Omar Pedro Pignataro
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Transducción de SeñalesInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Beatriz Motta
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología OváricaCentro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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