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Bai H, Ding J, Wang S, Zhang S, Jiang N, Wu X, Chen G, Dang Q, Liu M, Tang B, Wang X. Murine skeletal muscle satellite cells isolation and preliminary study on regulation in immune microenvironment during nurse cells formation of Trichinella spiralis infection. Vet Parasitol 2024:110175. [PMID: 38614824 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
As an intracellular parasitic nematode, Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) can induce the formation of nurse cells (NC) in host muscles and keep it to survive within the NC for an extended period. The formation of NC is similar to muscle cell injury and repair which lead to the arrest of satellite cells in the G2/M phase and build a suitable parasitic environment for the muscle larvae of T. spiralis. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle repair through skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSC) and the host immune response during T. spiralis infection have not been fully elucidated. In this study, histopathological examination revealed that the severity of damage increased as the infection progressed in the soleus muscle. SMSCs were isolated from BALB/c mice infected with T. spiralis at 4, 21 and 35 days post-infection (dpi). The immunological characteristics of these cells were analyzed by real-time PCR and flow cytometry (FCM). FCM analysis revealed a notable increase in the expression of B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1) in SMSCs following T. spiralis infection, while conversely, the expression of inducible costimulatory ligand (ICOSL) significantly decreased. Furthermore, real-time PCR results showed that toll like receptor 3 (TLR3) expression in SMSCs of the infected mice was upregulated at 21 dpi. The expression levels of three subtypes (PPARα, PPARβ and PPARγ) of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) also increased in the cells. This study highlights the immunological regulation significance of SMSCs host during T. spiralis infection and suggests that SMSCs actively participant in the local immune response to T. spiralis by regulating the interaction between the parasite and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Saining Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shuyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Guoliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Qianqian Dang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Bin Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xuelin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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Kazuta T, Murakami A, Noda S, Hirano S, Kito H, Tsujikawa K, Nakanishi H, Kimura S, Sahashi K, Koike H, Katsuno M. Clinicopathological features of graft versus host disease-associated myositis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2024; 11:508-519. [PMID: 38152056 PMCID: PMC10863911 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Chronic graft versus host disease (GVHD)-associated myositis targeting skeletal muscle is a relatively rare but potentially debilitating complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We reviewed the clinicopathological features of GVHD-associated myositis among patients receiving allogeneic HSCT to elucidate the cellular pathogenesis. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed clinical data and muscle biopsy results from 17 consecutive patients diagnosed with GVHD-associated myositis at our institution between 1995 and 2019. Immunostaining findings of GVHD-associated myositis were compared to those of patients with anti-tRNA-synthetase antibody-associated myopathy (ASM) (n = 13) and dermatomyositis (DM) (n = 12). RESULTS The majority of patients with GVHD-associated myositis showed subacute or chronic progression of mild to moderate limb weakness together with elevated serum creatine kinase. These patients also exhibited mild C-reactive protein elevation but were negative for myositis-related autoantibodies. Programmed death-1 (PD-1)-positive cells were observed in muscle interstitium adjacent to myofibers expressing human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR. The interstitium was also HLA-DR-positive, similar to biopsy samples from ASM patients but not DM patients. The proportions of HLA-DR-positive muscle fibers and PD-1-positive interstitial cells were significantly higher in GVHD and ASM samples than DM samples. The PD-1-positive cells were mostly CD-8-positive lymphocytes. DISCUSSION GVHD-associated myositis is characterized by HLA-DR-positive myofibers and infiltration of PD-1-positive lymphocytes. These features distinguish GVHD-associated myositis from DM but not from ASM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kazuta
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
- Department of NeurologyChutoen General Medical CenterKakegawaJapan
| | - Ayuka Murakami
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
- National Hospital Organization Suzuka National HospitalSuzukaJapan
| | - Seiya Noda
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
- National Hospital Organization Suzuka National HospitalSuzukaJapan
| | - Satoko Hirano
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
- National Hospital Organization Suzuka National HospitalSuzukaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Kito
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
- National Hospital Organization Suzuka National HospitalSuzukaJapan
| | - Koyo Tsujikawa
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | | | - Seigo Kimura
- National Hospital Organization Suzuka National HospitalSuzukaJapan
| | - Kentaro Sahashi
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Haruki Koike
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal MedicineSaga University Faculty of MedicineSagaJapan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
- Department of Clinical Research EducationNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
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3
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Sasaki H, Umezawa N, Itakura T, Iwai H, Yasuda S. Pathogenicity of functionally activated PD-1 +CD8 + cells and counterattacks by muscular PD-L1 through IFNγ in myositis. J Autoimmun 2024; 142:103131. [PMID: 37931332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Programmed-cell-death 1 (PD-1) expression is associated not only with T-cell activation but with exhaustion. Specifically, PD-1+ T cells present an exhausted phenotype in conditions of chronic antigen exposure, such as tumor microenvironments and chronic viral infection. However, the immune status regarding exhaustion of PD-1+CD8+ T cells in chronic autoimmune diseases including idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) remains unclear. We aimed to clarify the role of PD-1+CD8+ T cells and PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) in IIMs. We showed that PD-1+ cells infiltrated into PD-L1-expressing muscles in patients with IIMs and immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myopathy. According to the peripheral blood immunophenotyping, the PD-1+CD8+ cell proportions were comparable between the active and inactive patients. Of note, PD-1+CD8+ cells in the active patients highly expressed cytolytic molecules, indicating their activation, while PD-1-CD8+ cells expressed low levels of cytolytic molecules in the active and inactive patients. A part of PD-1+CD8+ cells expressed the HMG-box transcription factor TOX highly and presented the exhausted phenotype in the active patients. Among PD-1+CD4+ T cells, PD-1highCXCR5-CD45RO+CD4+ peripheral helper T cells were increased in the active patients. PD-L1-deficient mice developed severer C-protein-induced myositis (CIM), a model of polymyositis, with abundant infiltration of PD-1+CD8+ cells expressing cytolytic molecules than wild-type mice, indicating pathogenicity of the PD-1+CD8+ cells and the protective role of PD-L1. The deficiency of IFNγ, a general PD-L1-inducer, impaired muscular PD-L1 expression and exacerbated CIM, indicating IFNγ-dependent muscular PD-L1 regulation. IFNγ-induced PD-L1 on myotubes was protective in an established muscle injury model. In conclusion, PD-1+CD8+ T cells rather than PD-1-CD8+ T cells were a pathogenic subset of IIMs. Muscular PD-L1 was regulated by IFNγ and exerted protective properties in IIMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Sasaki
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuka Umezawa
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuji Itakura
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Iwai
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yasuda
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
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Kummer K, Bertram I, Zechel S, Hoffmann DB, Schmidt J. Inflammasome in Skeletal Muscle: NLRP3 Is an Inflammatory Cell Stress Component in Inclusion Body Myositis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10675. [PMID: 37445853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a chronic, mostly treatment-resistant, inflammatory myopathy with a pathology that centers around specific interactions between inflammation and protein accumulation. The study aimed to identify the inflammasome as a key event in the complex network of pathomechanisms. Regulation of the inflammasome was assessed in a well-established pro-inflammatory cell culture model using human myoblasts and primary human myotubes. By quantitative PCR, western blot and immunocytochemistry, inflammasome markers including NLRP3 were assessed in muscle cells exposed to the cytokines IL-1β and IFN-γ. The data were corroborated by analysis of muscle biopsies from patients with IBM compared to other myositis subtypes. In the cell culture model of IBM, the NLRP3 inflammasome was significantly overexpressed, as evidenced by western blot (p = 0.03) and quantitative PCR (p < 0.01). Target genes that play a role in inflammasome assembly, T-cell migration, and MHC-I expression (p = 0.009) were highly co-upregulated. NLRP3 was significantly overexpressed in muscle biopsies from IBM samples compared to disease controls (p = 0.049), including other inflammatory myopathies. Due to the extraordinary features of the pathogenesis and the pronounced upregulation of NLRP3 in IBM, the inflammasome could serve as a key molecule that drives the inflammatory cascade as well as protein accumulation in the muscle. These data can be useful for future therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Kummer
- Department of Neurology and Pain Treatment, Neuromuscular Center, Center for Translational Medicine, Immanuel Klinik Rüdersdorf, University Hospital of the Brandenburg Medical School, 15562 Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 15562 Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Center, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Imke Bertram
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Center, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Zechel
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel B Hoffmann
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedic and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Schmidt
- Department of Neurology and Pain Treatment, Neuromuscular Center, Center for Translational Medicine, Immanuel Klinik Rüdersdorf, University Hospital of the Brandenburg Medical School, 15562 Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 15562 Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Center, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Evidence of the Autophagic Process during the Fish Immune Response of Skeletal Muscle Cells against Piscirickettsia salmonis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050880. [PMID: 36899738 PMCID: PMC10000225 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process implicated in the health of the cell, acting as a cytoplasmatic quality control machinery by self-eating unfunctional organelles and protein aggregates. In mammals, autophagy can participate in the clearance of intracellular pathogens from the cell, and the activity of the toll-like receptors mediates its activation. However, in fish, the modulation of autophagy by these receptors in the muscle is unknown. This study describes and characterizes autophagic modulation during the immune response of fish muscle cells after a challenge with intracellular pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis. For this, primary cultures of muscle cells were challenged with P. salmonis, and the expressions of immune markers il-1β, tnfα, il-8, hepcidin, tlr3, tlr9, mhc-I and mhc-II were analyzed through RT-qPCR. The expressions of several genes involved in autophagy (becn1, atg9, atg5, atg12, lc3, gabarap and atg4) were also evaluated with RT-qPCR to understand the autophagic modulation during an immune response. In addition, LC3-II protein content was measured via Western blot. The challenge of trout muscle cells with P. salmonis triggered a concomitant immune response to the activation of the autophagic process, suggesting a close relationship between these two processes.
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Xiao J, Huang J, Jian X, Wang H, Lan H, Liao Z, Gu R, Hu J, Liao H. IRE1α arm of unfolded protein response in muscle-specific TGF-β signaling-mediated regulation of muscle cell immunological properties. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:15. [PMID: 36849929 PMCID: PMC9972623 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00429-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and the unfolded protein response (UPR) are involved in various muscle pathological states. The IRE1α arm of UPR can affect immunological properties of myofiber through restraining p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation under inflammatory milieu. However, the relevant pathway molecules regulating the initiation of the IRE1α arm in myofiber remain unclear. In this work, expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and TGF-β receptor II (TGF-βr2), and UPR pathway activation were examined in cardiotoxin (CTX)-damaged mouse muscle, which revealed the activation of TGF-β signaling and UPR in CTX-damaged muscle and in regenerating myofibers. Using control or transgenic mice with TGF-βr2 deleted in skeletal muscle (SM TGF-βr2-/-) and the derived primary differentiating myogenic precursor cells (MPCs) treated with/without ERS activator or inhibitor, IRE1α pathway inhibitor, or TGF-β signaling activator, this study further revealed an essential role of intrinsic TGF-β signaling in regulating muscle cell to express inflammation-related molecules including H-2Kb, H2-Eα, TLR3, and special myokines. TGF-β signaling prompted UPR IRE1α arm and restrained p38 MAPK activation in myofiber under inflammatory milieu. This study uncovers a previously unrecognized function of TGF-β signaling acting as an upstream factor controlling myofiber immune capacities in the inflamed state through the UPR-IRE1α-p38 MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Xiao
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Jingwen Huang
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Xiaoting Jian
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Han Wang
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Haiqiang Lan
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Zhaohong Liao
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Ruicai Gu
- grid.266902.90000 0001 2179 3618Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Jijie Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Hua Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Huang J, Jian X, Xu M, Wang H, Liao Z, Lan H, Wang L, Hu J, Yu Q, Liao H. Muscle cytotoxicity and immuno-reactivity analysis of the porous carbon nanospheres fabricated by high temperature calcination. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 48:102632. [PMID: 36435365 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials have a high specific surface area, biocompatibility, and controlled mesopore structures. These characteristics make carbon nanospheres excellent carriers for drugs, biological dyes, photosensitizers, etc. Nevertheless, little is known about the impact of topological features on the surface of carbon nanomaterials on their in vivo immunoreactivity. In this study, we fabricated mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MCNs) and solvent-processable carbon vesicles (CVs) by high-temperature calcination. The hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining suggested CVs' relatively poor dispersion capacity compared to MCNs and carbon precursors (CPs), leading to more severe muscle inflammation and necrosis. Immunostaining and Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter (FACS) analysis further showed that both MCNs and CVs triggered a transient immune response in transplanted muscle and muscle-draining lymph nodes, but did not alter muscle resistance to exogenous viruses. In conclusion, this study provides insights into how carbon nanoparticles modulate the activation of immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- JingWen Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - XiaoTing Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - MengMeng Xu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Han Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - ZhaoHong Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - HaiQiang Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - LinGe Wang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - JiJie Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - QianQian Yu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Hua Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Eggelbusch M, Shi A, Broeksma BC, Vázquez-Cruz M, Soares MN, de Wit GMJ, Everts B, Jaspers RT, Wüst RCI. The NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to inflammation-induced morphological and metabolic alterations in skeletal muscle. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:3048-3061. [PMID: 35978267 PMCID: PMC9745466 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation is associated with skeletal muscle atrophy and metabolic dysfunction. Although the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome contributes to cytokine production in immune cells, its role in skeletal muscle is poorly understood. Here, we studied the link between inflammation, NLRP3, muscle morphology, and metabolism in in vitro cultured C2C12 myotubes, independent of immune cell involvement. METHODS Differentiated C2C12 myotubes were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0, 10, and 100-200 ng/mL) to induce activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome with and without MCC950, a pharmacological inhibitor of NLRP3-induced IL-1β production. We assessed markers of the NLRP3 inflammasome, cell diameter, reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial function. RESULTS NLRP3 gene expression and protein concentrations increased in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. Intracellular IL-1β concentration significantly increased (P < 0.0001), but significantly less with MCC950 (P = 0.03), suggestive of moderate activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in cultured myotubes upon LPS stimulation. LPS suppressed myotube growth after 24 h (P = 0.03), and myotubes remained smaller up to 72 h (P = 0.0009). Exposure of myotubes to IL-1β caused similar alterations in cell morphology, and MCC950 mitigated these LPS-induced differences in cell diameter. NLRP3 appeared to co-localize with mitochondria, more so upon exposure to LPS. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species were higher after LPS (P = 0.03), but not after addition of MCC950. Myotubes had higher glycolytic rates, and mitochondria were more fragmented upon LPS exposure, which was not altered by MCC950 supplementation. CONCLUSIONS LPS-induced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in cultured myotubes contributes to morphological and metabolic alterations, likely due to its mitochondrial association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Eggelbusch
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Center of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andi Shi
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bonnie C Broeksma
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariana Vázquez-Cruz
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Madu N Soares
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard M J de Wit
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rob C I Wüst
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wang Y, Lu J, Liu Y. Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Cardiotoxin-Induced Muscle Injury Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113380. [PMID: 36362166 PMCID: PMC9657523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle injuries occur frequently in daily life and exercise. Understanding the mechanisms of regeneration is critical for accelerating the repair and regeneration of muscle. Therefore, this article reviews knowledge on the mechanisms of skeletal muscle regeneration after cardiotoxin-induced injury. The process of regeneration is similar in different mouse strains and is inhibited by aging, obesity, and diabetes. Exercise, microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation, and mechanical loading improve regeneration. The mechanisms of regeneration are complex and strain-dependent, and changes in functional proteins involved in the processes of necrotic fiber debris clearance, M1 to M2 macrophage conversion, SC activation, myoblast proliferation, differentiation and fusion, and fibrosis and calcification influence the final outcome of the regenerative activity.
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Exosome biopotentiated hydrogel restores damaged skeletal muscle in a porcine model of stress urinary incontinence. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:58. [PMID: 36175423 PMCID: PMC9523025 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary incontinence afflicts up to 40% of adult women in the United States. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) accounts for approximately one-third of these cases, precipitating ~200,000 surgical procedures annually. Continence is maintained through the interplay of sub-urethral support and urethral sphincter coaptation, particularly during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure. Currently, surgical correction of SUI focuses on the re-establishment of sub-urethral support. However, mesh-based repairs are associated with foreign body reactions and poor localized tissue healing, which leads to mesh exposure, prompting the pursuit of technologies that restore external urethral sphincter function and limit surgical risk. The present work utilizes a human platelet-derived CD41a and CD9 expressing extracellular vesicle product (PEP) enriched for NF-κB and PD-L1 and derived to ensure the preservation of lipid bilayer for enhanced stability and compatibility with hydrogel-based sustained delivery approaches. In vitro, the application of PEP to skeletal muscle satellite cells in vitro drove proliferation and differentiation in an NF-κB-dependent fashion, with full inhibition of impact on exposure to resveratrol. PEP biopotentiation of collagen-1 and fibrin glue hydrogel achieved sustained exosome release at 37 °C, creating an ultrastructural “bead on a string” pattern on scanning electron microscopy. Initial testing in a rodent model of latissimus dorsi injury documented activation of skeletal muscle proliferation of healing. In a porcine model of stress urinary incontinence, delivery of PEP-biopotentiated collagen-1 induced functional restoration of the external urethral sphincter. The histological evaluation found that sustained PEP release was associated with new skeletal muscle formation and polarization of local macrophages towards the regenerative M2 phenotype. The results provided herein serve as the first description of PEP-based biopotentiation of hydrogels implemented to restore skeletal muscle function and may serve as a promising approach for the nonsurgical management of SUI.
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11
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Regulatory T cells in skeletal muscle repair and regeneration: recent insights. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:680. [PMID: 35931697 PMCID: PMC9356005 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle repair and regeneration after injury is a multi-stage process, involving a dynamic inflammatory microenvironment consisting of a complex network formed by the interaction of immune cells and their secreted cytokines. The homeostasis of the inflammatory microenvironment determines whether skeletal muscle repair tissues will ultimately form scar tissue or regenerative tissue. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) regulate homeostasis within the immune system and self-immune tolerance, and play a crucial role in skeletal muscle repair and regeneration. Dysregulated Tregs function leads to abnormal repair. In this review, we discuss the role and mechanisms of Tregs in skeletal muscle repair and regeneration after injury and provide new strategies for Treg immunotherapy in skeletal muscle diseases.
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Huang T, Huang J, Liao Z, Lan H, Jian X, Gu R, Ouyang J, Hu J, Liao H. Regenerating myofiber directs Tregs and Th17 responses in inflamed muscle through the intrinsic TGF-β signaling-mediated IL-6 production. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E92-E106. [PMID: 35532076 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00247.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is considered to be an important immune regulatory cytokine. However, it remains unknown whether and how the muscle fiber specific-TGF-β signaling is directly involved in intramuscular inflammatory regulation by affecting T cells. Here, we addressed these in a mouse tibialis anterior muscle Cardiotoxin injection-induced injury repair model in muscle creatine kinase (MCK)-Cre control or transgenic mice with TGF-β receptor II (TGF-βr2) being specifically deleted in muscle cells (SM TGF-βr2-/-). In control mice, TGF-β2 and TGF-βr2 were found significantly upregulated in muscle after the acute injury. In mutant mice, deficiency of TGF-β signaling in muscle cells caused more serious muscle inflammation, with the increased infiltration of macrophages and CD4+ T cells at the degeneration stage (D4) and the early stage of regeneration (D7) after myoinjury. Notably, the loss of TGF-β signaling in myofibers dramatically affected CD4+ T cell function and delayed T cells withdrawal at the later stage of muscle regeneration (D10 and D15), marked by the elevated Th17, but the impaired Tregs response. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro, the intrinsic TGF-β signaling affected immune behaviors of muscle cells and directed CD4+ T cells differentiation by impairing IL-6 production and release. It suggests that local muscle inflammation can be inhibited potentially by directly activating the TGF-β signaling pathway in muscle cells to suppress Th17, but induce Tregs responses. Thus, according to the results of this study, we found a new idea for the control of local acute inflammation in skeletal muscle.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Myofiber mediates muscle inflammatory response through activating the intrinsic TGF-β signaling. The specific TGF-β signaling activation contributes to myofiber IL-6 production and directs muscle-specific Th17 and Treg cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - JingWen Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - ZhaoHong Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - HaiQiang Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - XiaoTing Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - RuiCai Gu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jijie Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Nieuwenhuis S, Widomska J, Blom P, ‘t Hoen PBAC, van Engelen BGM, Glennon JC. Blood Transcriptome Profiling Links Immunity to Disease Severity in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 (DM1). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3081. [PMID: 35328504 PMCID: PMC8954763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood transcriptome was examined in relation to disease severity in type I myotonic dystrophy (DM1) patients who participated in the Observational Prolonged Trial In DM1 to Improve QoL- Standards (OPTIMISTIC) study. This sought to (a) ascertain if transcriptome changes were associated with increasing disease severity, as measured by the muscle impairment rating scale (MIRS), and (b) establish if these changes in mRNA expression and associated biological pathways were also observed in the Dystrophia Myotonica Biomarker Discovery Initiative (DMBDI) microarray dataset in blood (with equivalent MIRS/DMPK repeat length). The changes in gene expression were compared using a number of complementary pathways, gene ontology and upstream regulator analyses, which suggested that symptom severity in DM1 was linked to transcriptomic alterations in innate and adaptive immunity associated with muscle-wasting. Future studies should explore the role of immunity in DM1 in more detail to assess its relevance to DM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Nieuwenhuis
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.N.); (P.-B.A.C.‘t.H.)
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Joanna Widomska
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Paul Blom
- VDL Enabling Technologies Group B.V., 5651 GH Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Peter-Bram A. C. ‘t Hoen
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.N.); (P.-B.A.C.‘t.H.)
| | - Baziel G. M. van Engelen
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Jeffrey C. Glennon
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Américo-Da-Silva L, Aguilera J, Quinteros-Waltemath O, Sánchez-Aguilera P, Russell J, Cadagan C, Meneses-Valdés R, Sánchez G, Estrada M, Jorquera G, Barrientos G, Llanos P. Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Increases the IL-1β Level and Decreases GLUT4 Translocation in Skeletal Muscle during Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10212. [PMID: 34638553 PMCID: PMC8508423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-grade chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance (IR), and skeletal muscle has a central role in this condition. NLRP3 inflammasome activation pathways promote low-grade chronic inflammation in several tissues. However, a direct link between IR and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in skeletal muscle has not been reported. Here, we evaluated the NLRP3 inflammasome components and their role in GLUT4 translocation impairment in skeletal muscle during IR. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with a normal control diet (NCD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. The protein levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, gasdermin-D (GSDMD), and interleukin (IL)-1β were measured in both homogenized and isolated fibers from the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) or soleus muscle. GLUT4 translocation was determined through GLUT4myc-eGFP electroporation of the FBD muscle. Our results, obtained using immunofluorescence, showed that adult skeletal muscle expresses the inflammasome components. In the FDB and soleus muscles, homogenates from HFD-fed mice, we found increased protein levels of NLRP3 and ASC, higher activation of caspase-1, and elevated IL-1β in its mature form, compared to NCD-fed mice. Moreover, GSDMD, a protein that mediates IL-1β secretion, was found to be increased in HFD-fed-mice muscles. Interestingly, MCC950, a specific pharmacological NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, promoted GLUT4 translocation in fibers isolated from the FDB muscle of NCD- and HFD-fed mice. In conclusion, we found increased NLRP3 inflammasome components in adult skeletal muscle of obese insulin-resistant animals, which might contribute to the low-grade chronic metabolic inflammation of skeletal muscle and IR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Américo-Da-Silva
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (L.A.-D.-S.); (J.A.); (O.Q.-W.); (C.C.)
| | - Javiera Aguilera
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (L.A.-D.-S.); (J.A.); (O.Q.-W.); (C.C.)
| | - Oscar Quinteros-Waltemath
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (L.A.-D.-S.); (J.A.); (O.Q.-W.); (C.C.)
| | - Pablo Sánchez-Aguilera
- Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.S.-A.); (R.M.-V.)
| | - Javier Russell
- Escuela de Pedagogía en Educación Física, Facultad de Educación, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8900000, Chile;
| | - Cynthia Cadagan
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (L.A.-D.-S.); (J.A.); (O.Q.-W.); (C.C.)
| | - Roberto Meneses-Valdés
- Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.S.-A.); (R.M.-V.)
| | - Gina Sánchez
- Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Manuel Estrada
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Gonzalo Jorquera
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile;
| | - Genaro Barrientos
- Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.S.-A.); (R.M.-V.)
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Paola Llanos
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (L.A.-D.-S.); (J.A.); (O.Q.-W.); (C.C.)
- Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.S.-A.); (R.M.-V.)
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Liu D, Xiao Y, Zhou B, Gao S, Li L, Zhao L, Chen W, Dai B, Li Q, Duan H, Zuo X, Luo H, Zhu H. PKM2-dependent glycolysis promotes skeletal muscle cell pyroptosis by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome in dermatomyositis/polymyositis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:2177-2189. [PMID: 33165604 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Muscle cell necrosis is the most common pathological manifestation of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Evidence suggests that glycolysis might participate in it. However, the mechanism is unclear. This study aimed to determine the role of glycolysis in the muscle damage that occurs in DM/PM. METHODS Mass spectrometry was performed on muscle lesions from DM/PM and control subjects. The expression levels of pyruvate kinase isozyme M2 (PKM2), the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and pyroptosis-related genes in muscle tissues or plasma were determined by real-time PCR, western blot analysis, IF and ELISA. In addition, IFNγ was used to stimulate myotubes, and the relationships among PMK2 expression, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis were investigated. RESULTS Mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analysis suggested that multiple glycolysis processes, the NLRP3 inflammasome and programmed cell death pathway-related proteins were dysregulated in the muscle tissues of DM/PM. PKM2 and the NLRP3 inflammasome were upregulated and positively correlated in the muscle fibres of DM/PM. Moreover, the pyroptosis-related proteins were increased in muscle tissues of DM/PM and were further increased in PM. The levels of PKM2 in muscle tissues and IL-1β in plasma were high in patients with anti-signal recognition particle autoantibody expression. The pharmacological inhibition of PKM2 in IFNγ-stimulated myotubes attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequently inhibited pyroptosis. CONCLUSION Our study revealed upregulated glycolysis in the lesioned muscle tissues of DM/PM, which activated the NLRP3 inflammasome and leaded to pyroptosis in muscle cells. The levels of PKM2 and IL-1β were high in patients with anti-signal recognition particle autoantibody expression. These proteins might be used as new biomarkers for muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital
- Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Central South University, Changsha
| | - Yizhi Xiao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital
- Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Central South University, Changsha
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao
| | - Siming Gao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing
| | - Liya Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital
- Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Central South University, Changsha
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital
- Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Central South University, Changsha
| | - Weilin Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital
- Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Central South University, Changsha
| | - Bingying Dai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital
- Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Central South University, Changsha
| | - Qiuxiang Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huiqian Duan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zuo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital
- Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Central South University, Changsha
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital
- Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Central South University, Changsha
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital
- Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Central South University, Changsha
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Li C, Qiu J, Xue Y. Low-dose Diosbulbin-B (DB) activates tumor-intrinsic PD-L1/NLRP3 signaling pathway mediated pyroptotic cell death to increase cisplatin-sensitivity in gastric cancer (GC). Cell Biosci 2021; 11:38. [PMID: 33579380 PMCID: PMC7881658 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidences suggests that Diosbulbin-B (DB) is effective to improve cisplatin (DDP)-sensitivity in gastric cancer (GC), but its molecular mechanisms were not fully delineated, and this study managed to investigate this issue. Methods Genes expressions were determined by Real-Time qPCR and Western Blot at transcriptional and translational levels. Cell proliferation and viability were evaluated by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and trypan blue staining assay. Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining assay was used to examine cell apoptosis. The Spheroid formation assay was used to evaluated cell stemness. The xenograft tumor-bearing mice models were established, and the tumors were monitored and the immunohistochemistry (IHC) was employed to examine the expressions and localization of Ki67 protein in mice tumor tissues. Results Low-dose DB (12.5 μM) downregulated PD-L1 to activate NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis, and inhibited cancer stem cells (CSCs) properties, to sensitize cisplatin-resistant GC (CR-GC) cells to cisplatin. Mechanistically, the CR-GC cells were obtained, and either low-dose DB or cisplatin alone had little effects on cell viability in CR-GC cells, while low-dose DB significantly induced apoptotic cell death in cisplatin treated CR-GC cells. In addition, low-dose DB triggered cell pyroptosis in CR-GC cells co-treated with cisplatin, which were abrogated by silencing NLRP3. Next, CSCs tended to be enriched in CR-GC cells, instead of their parental cisplatin-sensitive GC (CS-GC) cells, and low-dose DB inhibited spheroid formation and stemness biomarkers (SOX2, OCT4 and Nanog) expressions to eliminate CSCs in CR-GC cells, which were reversed by upregulating programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1). Furthermore, we proved that PD-L1 negatively regulated NLRP3 in CR-GC cells, and low-dose DB activated NLRP3-mediated pyroptotic cell death in cisplatin treated CR-GC cells by downregulating PD-L1. Also, low-dose DB aggravated the inhibiting effects of cisplatin on tumorigenesis of CR-GC cells in vivo. Conclusions Collectively, low-dose DB regulated intrinsic PD-L1/NLRP3 pathway to improve cisplatin-sensitivity in CR-GC cells, and this study provided alternative therapy treatments for GC.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Li
- Gastrointestinal Surgical Ward, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Haping Road 150, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Junqiang Qiu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Xueyuan Road No. 3, Haikou, 571199, Hainan, China
| | - Yingwei Xue
- Gastrointestinal Surgical Ward, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Haping Road 150, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China.
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Yoshida S, Hagiwara Y, Tsuchiya M, Shinoda M, Koide M, Hatakeyama H, Chaweewannakorn C, Suzuki K, Yano T, Sogi Y, Itaya N, Sekiguchi T, Yabe Y, Sasaki K, Kanzaki M, Itoi E. Involvement of inflammasome activation via elevation of uric acid level in nociception in a mouse model of muscle pain. Mol Pain 2020; 15:1744806919858797. [PMID: 31161887 PMCID: PMC6614954 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919858797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle pain is a common condition in many diseases and is induced by muscle
overuse. Muscle overuse induces an increase in uric acid, which stimulates the
nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR). This receptor
contains the pyrin domain NLRP-3 inflammasome which when activated, results in
the secretion of potent pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β
(IL-1β). The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of
inflammasome activation via the elevation of uric acid level in nociception in a
mouse model of muscle pain. The right hind leg muscles of BALB/c mice were
stimulated electrically to induce excessive muscle contraction. The left hind
leg muscles were not stimulated as a control. Mechanical withdrawal thresholds,
levels of uric acid, IL-1β, and NLRP3, caspase-1 activity, and the number of
macrophages were investigated. Furthermore, the effects of xanthine oxidase
inhibitors, such as Brilliant Blue G, caspase-1 inhibitor, and clodronate
liposome, on pain were investigated. In the stimulated muscles, mechanical
withdrawal thresholds decreased, and the levels of uric acid, NLRP3, and IL-1β,
caspase-1 activity, and the number of macrophages increased compared to that in
the non-stimulated muscles. Administration of the inhibitors attenuated
hyperalgesia caused by excessive muscle contraction. These results suggested
that IL-1β secretion and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages produced
mechanical hyperalgesia by elevating uric acid level, and xanthine oxidase
inhibitors may potentially reduce over-exercised muscle pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichirou Yoshida
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hagiwara
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Masamichi Shinoda
- 3 Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Koide
- 4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Matsuda Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Hatakeyama
- 5 Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Kazuaki Suzuki
- 6 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, JR Sendai Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Yano
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Sogi
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Itaya
- 6 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, JR Sendai Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takuya Sekiguchi
- 7 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Iwate Prefectural Central Hospital, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yabe
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiichi Sasaki
- 8 Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makoto Kanzaki
- 5 Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eiji Itoi
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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18
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Irgm1 knockout indirectly inhibits regeneration after skeletal muscle injury in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106515. [PMID: 32311672 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunity-related GTPase family M1 protein (lRGM1) plays an important role in host resistance to infection, immune inflammation, and tumors, and it is expressed in various tissues and cells, including the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, bone marrow-derived cells, glioma, and melanoma. However, the effect of IRGM1 in the muscles has not been reported to date. In this study, Irgm1-/- mice were used to evaluate the effect of lrgm1 on regeneration after skeletal muscle injury. The tibialis anterior muscle in Irgm1-/- mice was poorly repaired after BaCl2-induced injury, whereas lrgm1 knockout itself had no significant effect on the differentiation of myoblasts. However, the microenvironment of Irgm1-/- mice with a high interferon-gamma level inhibited the differentiation of myoblasts in vivo. These results suggest that lrgm1 knockout indirectly inhibits skeletal muscle regeneration after injury, providing new insights into the biological function of IRGM1.
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Yamamura K, Ashida H, Okano T, Kinoshita-Daitoku R, Suzuki S, Ohtani K, Hamagaki M, Ikeda T, Suzuki T. Inflammasome Activation Induced by Perfringolysin O of Clostridium perfringens and Its Involvement in the Progression of Gas Gangrene. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2406. [PMID: 31708887 PMCID: PMC6823607 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is Gram-positive anaerobic, spore-forming rod-shaped bacterial pathogen that is widely distributed in nature. This bacterium is known as the causative agent of a foodborne illness and of gas gangrene. While the major virulence factors are the α-toxin and perfringolysin O (PFO) produced by type A strains of C. perfringens, the precise mechanisms of how these toxins induce the development of gas gangrene are still not well understood. In this study, we analyzed the host responses to these toxins, including inflammasome activation, using mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Our results demonstrated, for the first time, that C. perfringens triggers the activation of caspase-1 and release of IL-1β through PFO-mediated inflammasome activation via a receptor of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family, pyrin-domain containing 3 protein (NLRP3). The PFO-mediated inflammasome activation was not induced in the cultured myocytes. We further analyzed the functional roles of the toxins in inducing myonecrosis in a mouse model of gas gangrene. Although the myonecrosis was found to be largely dependent on the α-toxin, PFO also induced myonecrosis to a lesser extent, again through the mediation of NLRP3. These results suggest that C. perfringens triggers inflammatory responses via PFO-mediated inflammasome activation via NLRP3, and that this axis contributes in part to the progression of gas gangrene. Our findings provide a novel insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of gas gangrene caused by C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyonobu Yamamura
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ashida
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tokuju Okano
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Kinoshita-Daitoku
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Suzuki
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Ohtani
- Department of Bacteriology and Bacterial Infection, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Miwako Hamagaki
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Ikeda
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Suzuki
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Gu R, Huang T, Xiao J, Liao Z, Li J, Lan H, Ouyang J, Hu J, Liao H. The IRE1α Arm of UPR Regulates Muscle Cells Immune Characters by Restraining p38 MAPK Activation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1198. [PMID: 31607947 PMCID: PMC6761248 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle repair and systemic inflammation/immune responses are linked to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) pathways in myopathic muscle, and muscle cells play an active role in muscular immune reactions by exhibiting immunological characteristics under persistent proinflammation stimuli. Whether ER stress affects the intrinsic immunological capacities of myocytes in the inflammatory milieu, as it does to immune cells, and which arms of the unfolded protein response (UPR) mainly participate in these processes remain mostly unknown. We investigated this issue and showed that inflammatory stimuli can induce the activation of the protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) arms of the UPR in myocytes both in vivo and in vitro. UPR stressor administration reversed the increased IFN-γ-induced expression of the MHC-II molecule H2-Ea, the MHC-I molecule H-2Kb, toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and some proinflammatory myokines in differentiated primary myotubes in vitro. However, further IRE1α inhibition thoroughly corrected the trend in the UPR stressor-triggered suppression of immunobiological molecules. In IFN-γ-treated myotubes, dramatic p38 MAPK activation was observed under IRE1α inhibitory conditions, and the pharmacological inhibition of p38 reversed the immune molecule upregulation induced by IRE1α inhibition. In parallel, our coculturing system verified that the ovalbumin (OVA) antigen presentation ability of inflamed myotubes to OT-I T cells was enhanced by IRE1α inhibition, but was attenuated by further p38 inhibition. Thus, the present findings demonstrated that p38 MAPK contributes greatly to IRE1α arm-dependent immunobiological suppression in myocytes under inflammatory stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- RuiCai Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - JiangWei Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - ZhaoHong Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - JunHua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - HaiQiang Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - JiJie Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Liao ZH, Huang T, Xiao JW, Gu RC, Ouyang J, Wu G, Liao H. Estrogen signaling effects on muscle-specific immune responses through controlling the recruitment and function of macrophages and T cells. Skelet Muscle 2019; 9:20. [PMID: 31358063 PMCID: PMC6661750 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-019-0205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogen signaling is indispensable for muscle regeneration, yet the role of estrogen in the development of muscle inflammation, especially in the intramuscular T cell response, and the influence on the intrinsic immuno-behaviors of myofibers remain largely unknown. We investigated this issue using the mice model of cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced myoinjury, with or without estrogen level adjustment. Methods CTX injection i.m. (tibialis anterior, TA) was performed for preparing mice myoinjury model. Injection s.c. of 17β-estradiol (E2) or estrogen receptor antagonist 4-OHT, or ovariectomy (OVX), was used to change estrogen level of animal models in vivo. Serum E2 level was evaluated by ELISA. Gene levels of estrogen receptor (ERs) and cytokines/chemokines in inflamed muscle were monitored by qPCR. Inflammatory infiltration was observed by immunofluorescence. Macrophage and T cell phenotypes were analyzed by FACS. Immunoblotting was used to assess protein levels of ERs and immunomolecules in C2C12 myotubes treated with E2 or 4-OHT, in the presence of IFN-γ. Results We monitored the increased serum E2 level and the upregulated ERβ in regenerated myofibres after myotrauma. The absence of estrogen in vivo resulted in the more severe muscle inflammatory infiltration, involving the recruitment of monocyte/macrophage and CD4+ T cells, and the heightened proinflammatory (M1) macrophage. Moreover, estrogen signaling loss led to Treg cells infiltration decrease, Th1 response elevation in inflamed muscle, and the markedly expression upregulation of immunomolecules in IFN-γ-stimulated C2C12 myotubes in vitro. Conclusion Our data suggest that estrogen is a positive intervention factor for muscle inflammatory response, through its effects on controlling intramuscular infiltration and phenotypes of monocytes/macrophages, on affecting accumulation and function of Treg cells, and on suppressing Th1 response in inflamed muscle. Our findings also imply an inhibition effect of estrogen on the intrinsic immune behaviors of muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Hong Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiang Wei Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Rui Cai Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Emergency, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Hua Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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