1
|
Hoover RC, Hawkins OH, Rosen J, Wilson CD, Crawford CH, Holst MM, Huie JM, Summers AP, Donatelli CM, Cohen KE. It Pays to Be Bumpy: Drag Reducing Armor in the Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker, Eumicrotremus orbis. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:796-807. [PMID: 37336599 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Armor is a multipurpose set of structures that has evolved independently at least 30 times in fishes. In addition to providing protection, armor can manipulate flow, increase camouflage, and be sexually dimorphic. There are potential tradeoffs in armor function: increased impact resistance may come at the cost of maneuvering ability; and ornate armor may offer visual or protective advantages, but could incur excess drag. Pacific spiny lumpsuckers (Eumicrotremus orbis) are covered in rows of odontic, cone-shaped armor whorls, protecting the fish from wave driven impacts and the threat of predation. We are interested in measuring the effects of lumpsucker armor on the hydrodynamic forces on the fish. Bigger lumpsuckers have larger and more complex armor, which may incur a greater hydrodynamic cost. In addition to their protective armor, lumpsuckers have evolved a ventral adhesive disc, allowing them to remain stationary in their environment. We hypothesize a tradeoff between the armor and adhesion: little fish prioritize suction, while big fish prioritize protection. Using micro-CT, we compared armor volume to disc area over lumpsucker development and built 3D models to measure changes in drag over ontogeny. We found that drag and drag coefficients decrease with greater armor coverage and vary consistently with orientation. Adhesive disc area is isometric but safety factor increases with size, allowing larger fish to remain attached in higher flows than smaller fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C Hoover
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70503, USA
| | | | - Jack Rosen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Conrad D Wilson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, CA
| | - Callie H Crawford
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70503, USA
- Department of Biology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, 29528, USA
| | - Meghan M Holst
- Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jonathan M Huie
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Adam P Summers
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA, 98250, USA
| | | | - Karly E Cohen
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lowe A, Kolmann MA, Paig-Tran EWM. How to Survive a (Juvenile) Piranha Attack: An Integrative Approach to Evaluating Predator Performance. Integr Org Biol 2023; 5:obad032. [PMID: 37818205 PMCID: PMC10561132 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Figures Cory cat panel figureDrawing of bite force measuring equipment and indentation rig Pygocentrus nattereri jaw muscle morphology and skull anatomyBox plot grid of number of Pygocentrus nattereri bites before puncture along different body regions of Corydoras trilineatus during feeding trials resultsDrawing of color-coded Corydoras trilineatus with attack frequencies and average bites until puncture by Pygocentrus nattereriBox plot of average voluntary juvenile Pygocentrus nattereri bite forces to standard lengthPanel of linear ordinary least-squares regressions of Pygocentrus nattereri bite force to adductor mandibulae mass, standard length, and body massOrdinary least-squares regressions of voluntary bites to restrained bites of Pygocentrus nattereriPanel of indentation tests for intact and removed Corydoras trilineatus scutesPanel of indentation tests for Corydoras trilineatus body region. Synopsis There is an evolutionary arms race between predators and prey. In aquatic environments, predatory fishes often use sharp teeth, powerful bites, and/or streamlined bodies to help capture their prey quickly and efficiently. Conversely, prey are often equipped with antipredator adaptations including: scaly armor, sharp spines, and/or toxic secretions. This study focused on the predator-prey interactions between the armored threestripe cory catfish (Corydoras trilineatus) and juvenile red-bellied piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri). Specifically, we investigated how resistant cory catfish armor is to a range of natural and theoretical piranha bite forces and how often this protection translated to survival from predator attacks by Corydoras. We measured the bite force and jaw functional morphology of P. nattereri, the puncture resistance of defensive scutes in C. trilineatus, and the in situ predatory interactions between the two. The adductor mandibulae muscle in juvenile P. nattereri is robust and delivers an average bite force of 1.03 N and maximum bite force of 9.71 N, yet its prey, C. trilineatus, survived 37% of confirmed bites without any damage. The C. trilineatus armor withstood an average of nine bites before puncture by P. nattereri. Predation was successful only when piranhas bit unarmored areas of the body, at the opercular opening and at the caudal peduncle. This study used an integrative approach to understand the outcomes of predator-prey interactions by evaluating the link between morphology and feeding behavior. We found that juvenile P. nattereri rarely used a maximal bite force and displayed a net predation success rate on par with other adult vertebrates. Conversely, C. trilineatus successfully avoided predation by orienting predator attacks toward their resilient, axial armor and behavioral strategies that reduced the predator's ability to bite in less armored regions of the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Lowe
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 1 University Dr, Orange, CA 92866,USA
| | - M A Kolmann
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - E W M Paig-Tran
- Department of Biological Science (MH-282), California State University, Fullerton, 800 N State College Blvd, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Buser TJ, Kee VE, Terry RC, Summers AP, Sidlauskas BL. Taurus of the Tidepool? Inferring the Function of Cranial Weapons in Intertidal Sculpins (Pisces: Cottoidea: Oligocottinae). ICHTHYOLOGY & HERPETOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1643/i2022044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thaddaeus J. Buser
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; (VEK) ; and (BLS)
. ORCID: (BLS) 0000-0003-0597-4085
| | - Victoria E. Kee
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; (VEK) ; and (BLS)
. ORCID: (BLS) 0000-0003-0597-4085
| | - Rebecca C. Terry
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; . ORCID: 0000-0002-9803-6292
| | - Adam P. Summers
- Department of Biology and SAFS, University of Washington, Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, Washington; . ORCID: 0000-0003-1930-9748
| | - Brian L. Sidlauskas
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; (VEK) ; and (BLS)
. ORCID: (BLS) 0000-0003-0597-4085
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Broeckhoven C. Intraspecific competition: A missing link in dermal armour evolution? J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1562-1566. [PMID: 35633188 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Predation is widely regarded as an important selective force in the evolution and maintenance of dermal armour; yet, the basic premise that predation and armour are strongly linked to each other has proven to be difficult to assess. In this concept, I put forward the fighting-advantage hypothesis, the view that aggressive interactions with conspecifics, not predation, might have been a key selective pressure in the evolution of dermal armour. Considering intraspecific competition as a potential explanation could not only reveal previously overlooked aspects of the functional and evolutionary significance of dermal armour, but also advance the emerging field of biomimetics in which such knowledge forms the starting point of technological innovation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Broeckhoven
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Woodruff EC, Huie JM, Summers AP, Cohen KE. Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker armor - development, damage, and defense in the intertidal. J Morphol 2021; 283:164-173. [PMID: 34897789 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Predation, combat, and the slings and arrows of an abrasive and high impact environment, represent just some of the biotic and abiotic stressors that fishes are armored against. The Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker (Eumicrotremus orbis) found in the subtidal of the Northern Pacific Ocean is a rotund fish covered with epidermal, cone-shaped, enamel odontodes. The Lumpsucker is a poor swimmer in the wave swept rocky intertidal, and this armor may be a lightweight solution to the problem of collisions with abiotic obstacles. We use micro-CT and SEM to reveal the morphology and ontogeny of the armor, and to quantify the amount of mineralization relative to the endoskeleton. The non-overlapping odontodes are organized into eight rows - six rows on the body, one row surrounding the eye, and one row underneath the chin. Odontodes start as a single, hooked cone; and they grow by the addition of cusps that accrete into a spiral. The mineral investment in armor compared to skeleton increases over ontogeny. Damage to the armor occurs both through passive abrasion and breakage from impact; and there is no evidence of replacement, or repair of damaged odontodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan M Huie
- Biology Department, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Adam P Summers
- University of Washington Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA.,Biology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Karly E Cohen
- University of Washington Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA.,Biology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kolmann MA, Hughes LC, Hernandez LP, Arcila D, Betancur-R R, Sabaj MH, López-Fernández H, Ortí G. Phylogenomics of Piranhas and Pacus (Serrasalmidae) Uncovers How Dietary Convergence and Parallelism Obfuscate Traditional Morphological Taxonomy. Syst Biol 2020; 70:576-592. [PMID: 32785670 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Amazon and neighboring South American river basins harbor the world's most diverse assemblages of freshwater fishes. One of the most prominent South American fish families is the Serrasalmidae (pacus and piranhas), found in nearly every continental basin. Serrasalmids are keystone ecological taxa, being some of the top riverine predators as well as the primary seed dispersers in the flooded forest. Despite their widespread occurrence and notable ecologies, serrasalmid evolutionary history and systematics are controversial. For example, the sister taxon to serrasalmids is contentious, the relationships of major clades within the family are inconsistent across different methodologies, and half of the extant serrasalmid genera are suggested to be non-monophyletic. We analyzed exon capture to reexamine the evolutionary relationships among 63 (of 99) species across all 16 serrasalmid genera and their nearest outgroups, including multiple individuals per species to account for cryptic lineages. To reconstruct the timeline of serrasalmid diversification, we time-calibrated this phylogeny using two different fossil-calibration schemes to account for uncertainty in taxonomy with respect to fossil teeth. Finally, we analyzed diet evolution across the family and comment on associated changes in dentition, highlighting the ecomorphological diversity within serrasalmids. We document widespread non-monophyly of genera within Myleinae, as well as between Serrasalmus and Pristobrycon, and propose that reliance on traits like teeth to distinguish among genera is confounded by ecological homoplasy, especially among herbivorous and omnivorous taxa. We clarify the relationships among all serrasalmid genera, propose new subfamily affiliations, and support hemiodontids as the sister taxon to Serrasalmidae. [Characiformes; exon capture; ichthyochory; molecular time-calibration; piscivory.].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Kolmann
- Dept of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.,Dept of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queens Park, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada
| | - L C Hughes
- Dept of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.,Dept of Ichthyology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 10th St. & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - L P Hernandez
- Dept of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - D Arcila
- Dept of Ichthyology, Sam Noble Museum, 2401 Chautauqua Ave, Norman, OK 73072, USA.,Dept of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 660 Parrington Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - R Betancur-R
- Dept of Ichthyology, Sam Noble Museum, 2401 Chautauqua Ave, Norman, OK 73072, USA.,Dept of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 660 Parrington Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - M H Sabaj
- Dept of Ichthyology, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Pkwy, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
| | - H López-Fernández
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - G Ortí
- Dept of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.,Dept of Ichthyology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 10th St. & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kolmann MA, Peixoto T, Pfeiffenberger JA, Summers AP, Donatelli CM. Swimming and defence: competing needs across ontogeny in armoured fishes (Agonidae). J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200301. [PMID: 32781934 PMCID: PMC7482565 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological armours are potent model systems for understanding the complex series of competing demands on protective exoskeletons; after all, armoured organisms are the product of millions of years of refined engineering under the harshest conditions. Fishes are no strangers to armour, with various types of armour plating common to the 400-500 Myr of evolution in both jawed and jawless fishes. Here, we focus on the poachers (Agonidae), a family of armoured fishes native to temperate waters of the Pacific rim. We examined armour morphology, body stiffness and swimming performance in the northern spearnose poacher (Agonopsis vulsa) over ontogeny. As juveniles, these fishes make frequent nocturnal forays into the water column in search of food, while heavily armoured adults are bound to the benthos. Most armour dimensions and density increase with body length, as does body stiffness. Juvenile poachers have enlarged spines on their armour whereas adults invest more mineral in armour plate bases. Adults are stiffer and accelerate faster than juveniles with an anguilliform swimming mode. Subadults more closely approximate adults more than smaller juveniles, with regards to both swimming and armour mechanics. Poacher armour serves multiple functions over ontogeny, from facilitating locomotion, slowing sinking and providing defence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Kolmann
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington College of the Environment, Friday Harbor, WA, USA
- Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - T. Peixoto
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington College of the Environment, Friday Harbor, WA, USA
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J. A. Pfeiffenberger
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A. P. Summers
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington College of the Environment, Friday Harbor, WA, USA
| | - C. M. Donatelli
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Buser TJ, Boyd OF, Cortés Á, Donatelli CM, Kolmann MA, Luparell JL, Pfeiffenberger JA, Sidlauskas BL, Summers AP. The Natural Historian's Guide to the CT Galaxy: Step-by-Step Instructions for Preparing and Analyzing Computed Tomographic (CT) Data Using Cross-Platform, Open Access Software. Integr Org Biol 2020; 2:obaa009. [PMID: 33791553 PMCID: PMC7671151 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The decreasing cost of acquiring computed tomographic (CT) data has fueled a global effort to digitize the anatomy of museum specimens. This effort has produced a wealth of open access digital three-dimensional (3D) models of anatomy available to anyone with access to the Internet. The potential applications of these data are broad, ranging from 3D printing for purely educational purposes to the development of highly advanced biomechanical models of anatomical structures. However, while virtually anyone can access these digital data, relatively few have the training to easily derive a desirable product (e.g., a 3D visualization of an anatomical structure) from them. Here, we present a workflow based on free, open source, cross-platform software for processing CT data. We provide step-by-step instructions that start with acquiring CT data from a new reconstruction or an open access repository, and progress through visualizing, measuring, landmarking, and constructing digital 3D models of anatomical structures. We also include instructions for digital dissection, data reduction, and exporting data for use in downstream applications such as 3D printing. Finally, we provide Supplementary Videos and workflows that demonstrate how the workflow facilitates five specific applications: measuring functional traits associated with feeding, digitally isolating anatomical structures, isolating regions of interest using semi-automated segmentation, collecting data with simple visual tools, and reducing file size and converting file type of a 3D model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Buser
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - O F Boyd
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Á Cortés
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - C M Donatelli
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, USA
| | - M A Kolmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J L Luparell
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - B L Sidlauskas
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - A P Summers
- Department of Biology and SAFS, University of Washington, Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Smith TD, Laitman JT. Extreme Anatomy: The Lottery Winners, Specialists, and Extreme Adaptations That Are No More. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:214-217. [PMID: 31859448 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This special issue of The Anatomical Record explores extravagant adaptions that vertebrates have evolved from their base groups to survive in the most challenging environments. It stems from a symposium entitled "Extreme Anatomy: Living beyond the edge," which was held April 23, 2017, at the annual meeting of the American Association for Anatomy, in Chicago, IL. In Part 1 of this issue, we examined extreme morphologies that allow exploration of new niches. In this issue, we return to the evolution of terrestriality by digging deeply into the fossil history of the piscine antecedent of tetrapods. These were truly "lottery winners" among vertebrates. This issue also bears on extreme specialists that once thrived but are now long extinct and some extant species that thrive in the hottest terrestrial niches. Herein, several contributions discuss developmental strategies that facilitate later demanding locomotor regimens and feeding strategies for accessing nutrients from less than ideal food sources. From mole-rats to short-faced breeds of domestic dogs, we encounter another host of the most unusual of earth's creatures, who have much to teach us about our world. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy Anat Rec, 303:214-217, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Smith
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey T Laitman
- Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huie JM, Summers AP, Kolmann MA. Body shape separates guilds of rheophilic herbivores (Myleinae: Serrasalmidae) better than feeding morphology. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1635/053.166.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Huie
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Adam P. Summers
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, 620 University Road, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
| | - Matthew A. Kolmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, 800 22nd St NW, Suite 6000, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| |
Collapse
|