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Grossnickle DM, Sadier A, Patterson E, Cortés-Viruet NN, Jiménez-Rivera SM, Sears KE, Santana SE. The hierarchical radiation of phyllostomid bats as revealed by adaptive molar morphology. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1284-1294.e3. [PMID: 38447572 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Adaptive radiations are bursts in biodiversity that generate new evolutionary lineages and phenotypes. However, because they typically occur over millions of years, it is unclear how their macroevolutionary dynamics vary through time and among groups of organisms. Phyllostomid bats radiated extensively for diverse diets-from insects to vertebrates, fruit, nectar, and blood-and we use their molars as a model system to examine the dynamics of adaptive radiations. Three-dimensional shape analyses of lower molars of Noctilionoidea (Phyllostomidae and close relatives) indicate that different diet groups exhibit distinct morphotypes. Comparative analyses further reveal that phyllostomids are a striking example of a hierarchical radiation; phyllostomids' initial, higher-level diversification involved an "early burst" in molar morphological disparity as lineages invaded new diet-affiliated adaptive zones, followed by subsequent lower-level diversifications within adaptive zones involving less dramatic morphological changes. We posit that strong selective pressures related to initial shifts to derived diets may have freed molars from morpho-functional constraints associated with the ancestral molar morphotype. Then, lineages with derived diets (frugivores and nectarivores) diversified within broad adaptive zones, likely reflecting finer-scale niche partitioning. Importantly, the observed early burst pattern is only evident when examining molar traits that are strongly linked to diet, highlighting the value of ecomorphological traits in comparative studies. Our results support the hypothesis that adaptive radiations are commonly hierarchical and involve different tempos and modes at different phylogenetic levels, with early bursts being more common at higher levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Grossnickle
- Natural Sciences Department, Oregon Institute of Technology, Campus Drive, Klamath Falls, OR 97601, USA.
| | - Alexa Sadier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Universite de Montpellier, Place Eugene Bataillon, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Edward Patterson
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nashaly N Cortés-Viruet
- Department of Animal Science, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Calle Post, Mayagüez, PR 00681, USA
| | - Stephanie M Jiménez-Rivera
- Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, 500 Dr. John Will Harris Street, Bayamón, PR 00957, USA
| | - Karen E Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Memorial Way NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Gartiwa G, Damia U, Megawati EI, Pradipta SID, Gunawan G, Karnati S, Wihadmadyatami H, Kusindarta DL. Morphological characterization of Horsfield's treeshrew Tupaia javanica lingual papillae: Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies. Anat Histol Embryol 2021; 50:801-811. [PMID: 34184774 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Horsfield's treeshrew (Tupaia javanica) is one of the shrews found on the island of Java that mainly feeds on fruits and occasionally insects. This shrew has an important role in the ecosystem as it spreads plant seeds and controls insects. To this day, there is no available knowledge about the structure of Horsfield's treeshrew's tongue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide data on the tongue structure of the Horsfield's treeshrew through two different methods. We investigated the tongue morphology and lingual papillae distribution of Tupaia javanica using 1) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for microscopic structure and 2) histology for microscopic organization. Our macroscopic results revealed that the tongue of Tupaia javanica can be divided into three parts: apex, corpus and radix. The dorsal surface of the medial corpus is the median groove extending to the radix. Observation using SEM and light microscopy (LM) showed that the apex of the tongue bears three types of papillae: scale-like filiform, small filiform and fungiform. These are rosette filiform papillae, cornflower filiform papillae, conical papillae and fungiform papillae in the corpus. Meanwhile, the radix contains small filiform papillae, scale-like filiform papillae, vallate papillae, conical papillae and fungiform papillae. On the lateral posterior radix, Weber's gland reacts positively to PAS reaction. Taking together, our research shows that there are variations in the papillae on the tongue surface of Horsfield's treeshrew, and the variations of these papillae are very dependent on the pattern, type of food and the function of the tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Gartiwa
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ulfah Damia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Emilia Ika Megawati
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Stanislaus I D Pradipta
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Geraldus Gunawan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Hevi Wihadmadyatami
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Liliek Kusindarta
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Paddock K, Zeigler L, Harvey B, Prufrock KA, Liptak JM, Ficorilli CM, Hogg RT, Bonar CJ, Evans S, Williams L, Vinyard CJ, DeLeon VB, Smith TD. Comparative dental anatomy in newborn primates: Cusp mineralization. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 303:2415-2475. [PMID: 31802627 PMCID: PMC7269855 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Previous descriptive work on deciduous dentition of primates has focused disproportionately on great apes and humans. To address this bias in the literature, we studied 131 subadult nonhominoid specimens (including 110 newborns) describing deciduous tooth morphology and assessing maximum hydroxyapatite density (MHD). All specimens were CT scanned at 70 kVp and reconstructed at 20.5-39 μm voxels. Grayscale intensity from scans was converted to hydroxyapatite (HA) density (mg HA/cm3 ) using a linear conversion of grayscale values to calibration standards of known HA density (R2 = .99). Using Amira software, mineralized dental tissues were captured by segmenting the tooth cusps first and then capturing the remainder of the teeth at descending thresholds of gray levels. We assessed the relationship of MHD of selected teeth to cranial length using Pearson correlation coefficients. In monkeys, anterior teeth are more mineralized than postcanine teeth. In tarsiers and most lemurs and lorises, postcanine teeth are the most highly mineralized. This suggests that monkeys have a more prolonged process of dental mineralization that begins with incisors and canines, while mineralization of postcanine teeth is delayed. This may in part be a result of relatively late weaning in most anthropoid primates. Results also reveal that in lemurs and lorises, MHD of the mandibular first permanent molar (M1 ) negatively correlates with cranial length. In contrast, the MHD of M1 positively correlates with cranial length in monkeys. This supports the hypothesis that natural selection acts independently on dental growth as opposed to mineralization and indicates clear phylogenetic differences among primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Paddock
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania
| | - Larissa Zeigler
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania
| | - Brianna Harvey
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristen A. Prufrock
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jordan M. Liptak
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Russell T. Hogg
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida
| | | | | | - Lawrence Williams
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, Bastrop, Texas
| | - Christopher J. Vinyard
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Valerie B. DeLeon
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Timothy D. Smith
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania
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Buser TJ, Boyd OF, Cortés Á, Donatelli CM, Kolmann MA, Luparell JL, Pfeiffenberger JA, Sidlauskas BL, Summers AP. The Natural Historian's Guide to the CT Galaxy: Step-by-Step Instructions for Preparing and Analyzing Computed Tomographic (CT) Data Using Cross-Platform, Open Access Software. Integr Org Biol 2020; 2:obaa009. [PMID: 33791553 PMCID: PMC7671151 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The decreasing cost of acquiring computed tomographic (CT) data has fueled a global effort to digitize the anatomy of museum specimens. This effort has produced a wealth of open access digital three-dimensional (3D) models of anatomy available to anyone with access to the Internet. The potential applications of these data are broad, ranging from 3D printing for purely educational purposes to the development of highly advanced biomechanical models of anatomical structures. However, while virtually anyone can access these digital data, relatively few have the training to easily derive a desirable product (e.g., a 3D visualization of an anatomical structure) from them. Here, we present a workflow based on free, open source, cross-platform software for processing CT data. We provide step-by-step instructions that start with acquiring CT data from a new reconstruction or an open access repository, and progress through visualizing, measuring, landmarking, and constructing digital 3D models of anatomical structures. We also include instructions for digital dissection, data reduction, and exporting data for use in downstream applications such as 3D printing. Finally, we provide Supplementary Videos and workflows that demonstrate how the workflow facilitates five specific applications: measuring functional traits associated with feeding, digitally isolating anatomical structures, isolating regions of interest using semi-automated segmentation, collecting data with simple visual tools, and reducing file size and converting file type of a 3D model.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Buser
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - O F Boyd
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Á Cortés
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - C M Donatelli
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, USA
| | - M A Kolmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J L Luparell
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - B L Sidlauskas
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - A P Summers
- Department of Biology and SAFS, University of Washington, Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, Washington, DC, USA
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