1
|
Grossnickle DM, Sadier A, Patterson E, Cortés-Viruet NN, Jiménez-Rivera SM, Sears KE, Santana SE. The hierarchical radiation of phyllostomid bats as revealed by adaptive molar morphology. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1284-1294.e3. [PMID: 38447572 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Adaptive radiations are bursts in biodiversity that generate new evolutionary lineages and phenotypes. However, because they typically occur over millions of years, it is unclear how their macroevolutionary dynamics vary through time and among groups of organisms. Phyllostomid bats radiated extensively for diverse diets-from insects to vertebrates, fruit, nectar, and blood-and we use their molars as a model system to examine the dynamics of adaptive radiations. Three-dimensional shape analyses of lower molars of Noctilionoidea (Phyllostomidae and close relatives) indicate that different diet groups exhibit distinct morphotypes. Comparative analyses further reveal that phyllostomids are a striking example of a hierarchical radiation; phyllostomids' initial, higher-level diversification involved an "early burst" in molar morphological disparity as lineages invaded new diet-affiliated adaptive zones, followed by subsequent lower-level diversifications within adaptive zones involving less dramatic morphological changes. We posit that strong selective pressures related to initial shifts to derived diets may have freed molars from morpho-functional constraints associated with the ancestral molar morphotype. Then, lineages with derived diets (frugivores and nectarivores) diversified within broad adaptive zones, likely reflecting finer-scale niche partitioning. Importantly, the observed early burst pattern is only evident when examining molar traits that are strongly linked to diet, highlighting the value of ecomorphological traits in comparative studies. Our results support the hypothesis that adaptive radiations are commonly hierarchical and involve different tempos and modes at different phylogenetic levels, with early bursts being more common at higher levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Grossnickle
- Natural Sciences Department, Oregon Institute of Technology, Campus Drive, Klamath Falls, OR 97601, USA.
| | - Alexa Sadier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Universite de Montpellier, Place Eugene Bataillon, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Edward Patterson
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nashaly N Cortés-Viruet
- Department of Animal Science, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Calle Post, Mayagüez, PR 00681, USA
| | - Stephanie M Jiménez-Rivera
- Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, 500 Dr. John Will Harris Street, Bayamón, PR 00957, USA
| | - Karen E Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Memorial Way NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Smith TD, Santana SE, Eiting TP. Ecomorphology and sensory biology of bats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2660-2669. [PMID: 37656052 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
This special issue of The Anatomical Record is inspired by and dedicated to Professor Kunwar P. Bhatnagar, whose lifelong interests in biology, and long career studying bats, inspired many and advanced our knowledge of the world's only flying mammals. The 15 articles included here represent a broad range of investigators, treading topics familiar to Prof. Bhatnagar, who was interested in seemingly every aspect of bat biology. Key topics include broad themes of bat development, sensory systems, and specializations related to flight and diet. These articles paint a complex picture of the fascinating adaptations of bats, such as rapid fore limb development, ear morphologies relating to echolocation, and other enhanced senses that allow bats to exploit niches in virtually every part of the world. In this introduction, we integrate and contextualize these articles within the broader story of bat ecomorphology, providing an overview of each of the key themes noted above. This special issue will serve as a springboard for future studies both in bat biology and in the broader world of mammalian comparative anatomy and ecomorphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Smith
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas P Eiting
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dickinson E, Tomblin E, Rose M, Tate Z, Gottimukkula M, Granatosky MC, Santana SE, Hartstone-Rose A. Ecomorphological correlates of inner and middle ear anatomy within phyllostomid bats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2751-2764. [PMID: 36823766 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Echolocation is the primary sense used by most bats to navigate their environment. However, the influence of echolocating behaviors upon the morphology of the auditory apparatus remains largely uninvestigated. While it is known that middle ear ossicle size scales positively with body mass across mammals, and that peak call frequency scales negatively with body mass among bats, there are still large gaps in our understanding of the degree to which allometry or ecology influences the morphology of the chiropteran auditory apparatus. To investigate this, we used μCT datasets to quantify three morphological components of the inner and middle ear: ossicle size, ossicle shape, and cochlear spirality. These data were collected across 27 phyllostomid species, spanning a broad range of body sizes, habitats, and dietary categories, and the relationships between these variables and ear morphology were assessed using a comparative phylogenetic approach. Ossicle size consistently scaled with strong negative allometry relative to body mass. Cochlear spirality was significantly (p = .025) associated with wing aspect ratio (a proxy for habitat use) but was not associated with body mass. From a morphological perspective, the malleus and incus exhibited some variation in kind with diet and call frequency, while stapes morphology is more closely tied to body size. Future work will assess these relationships within other chiropteran lineages, and investigate potential morphological differences in the middle and inner ear of echolocating-vs-non-echolocating taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Emily Tomblin
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Madison Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zoe Tate
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mihika Gottimukkula
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael C Granatosky
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Quinche LL, Santana SE, Rico-Guevara A. Morphological specialization to nectarivory in Phyllostomus discolor (Wagner, 1843) (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2830-2841. [PMID: 36573585 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dedicated nectarivory is a derived feeding habit that requires specialized cranial and soft-tissue morphologies to extract nectar from flowers. Nectarivory has evolved many times in terrestrial vertebrates, and in four bat families (Pteropodidae, Phyllostomidae, Vespertilionidae, and Mystacinidae). Within phyllostomids, specializations to nectarivory have been well documented in two subfamilies, Glossophaginae and Lonchophyllinae. However, nectarivory has also evolved independently in the genus Phyllostomus (subfamily Phyllostominae). Since Phyllostomus species have an omnivorous diet with a high consumption of nectar, they can be used to explore the basic morphological modifications linked to evolving a nectarivorous habit. Here, we focused on describing and comparing the morphological features potentially associated with nectarivory in Phyllostomus discolor. We present the first detailed tongue and palate morphological descriptions for P. discolor and perform skull morphometric analysis including 10 species. We found hair-like papillae on the tongue of P. discolor, a convergent feature with Glossophaginae and nectarivorous Pteropodids; these papillae likely confer an advantage when feeding on nectar. P. discolor does not show skull morphological features characteristic of nectarivorous bats, such as a long and narrow snout. We pose that the consumption of a variety of food, such as hard insects and fruits, and the large size of P. discolor relative to specialized nectarivores may create trade-offs against morphological specialization of the skull towards nectarivory. In contrast, a long and mobile tongue with hair-like papillae may be an evolutionary solution for nectar extraction that does not have a major impact on this species' ability to feed on other resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Quinche
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alejandro Rico-Guevara
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stanchak KE, Faure PA, Santana SE. Ontogeny of cranial musculoskeletal anatomy and its relationship to allometric increase in bite force in an insectivorous bat (Eptesicus fuscus). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2842-2852. [PMID: 37005737 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Bite force is a performance metric commonly used to link cranial morphology with dietary ecology, as the strength of forces produced by the feeding apparatus largely constrains the foods an individual can consume. At a macroevolutionary scale, there is evidence that evolutionary changes in the anatomical elements involved in producing bite force have contributed to dietary diversification in mammals. Much less is known about how these elements change over postnatal ontogeny. Mammalian diets drastically shift over ontogeny-from drinking mother's milk to feeding on adult foods-presumably with equally drastic changes in the morphology of the feeding apparatus and bite performance. Here, we investigate ontogenetic morphological changes in the insectivorous big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), which has an extreme, positive allometric increase in bite force during development. Using contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography scans of a developmental series from birth to adult morphology, we quantified skull shape and measured skeletal and muscular parameters directly related to bite force production. We found pronounced changes in the skull over ontogeny, including a large increase in the volume of the temporalis and masseter muscles, and an expansion of the skull dome and sagittal crest that would serve to increase the temporalis attachment area. These changes indicate that development of the jaw adductors play an important role in the development of biting performance of these bats. Notably, static bite force increases with positive allometry with respect to all anatomical measures examined, suggesting that modifications in biting dynamics and/or improved motor coordination also contribute to increases in biting performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul A Faure
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Mammalogy, Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, Seattle, Western Australia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sadier A, Anthwal N, Krause AL, Dessalles R, Lake M, Bentolila LA, Haase R, Nieves NA, Santana SE, Sears KE. Bat teeth illuminate the diversification of mammalian tooth classes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4687. [PMID: 37607943 PMCID: PMC10444822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth classes are an innovation that has contributed to the evolutionary success of mammals. However, our understanding of the mechanisms by which tooth classes diversified remain limited. We use the evolutionary radiation of noctilionoid bats to show how the tooth developmental program evolved during the adaptation to new diet types. Combining morphological, developmental and mathematical modeling approaches, we demonstrate that tooth classes develop through independent developmental cascades that deviate from classical models. We show that the diversification of tooth number and size is driven by jaw growth rate modulation, explaining the rapid gain/loss of teeth in this clade. Finally, we mathematically model the successive appearance of tooth buds, supporting the hypothesis that growth acts as a key driver of the evolution of tooth number and size. Our work reveal how growth, by tinkering with reaction/diffusion processes, drives the diversification of tooth classes and other repeated structure during adaptive radiations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Sadier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Neal Anthwal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Renaud Dessalles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Greenshield, 46 rue Saint-Antoine, 75004, Paris, France
| | - Michael Lake
- Advanced Light Microscopy and Spectroscopy Laboratory, California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Laurent A Bentolila
- Advanced Light Microscopy and Spectroscopy Laboratory, California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Robert Haase
- DFG Cluster of Excellence "Physics of Life", TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Natalie A Nieves
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen E Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rickman J, Burtner AE, Linden TJ, Santana SE, Law CJ. Size And Locomotor Ecology Have Differing Effects on the External and Internal Morphologies of Squirrel (Rodentia: Sciuridae) Limb Bones. Integr Org Biol 2023; 5:obad017. [PMID: 37361915 PMCID: PMC10286724 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals exhibit a diverse range of limb morphologies that are associated with different locomotor ecologies and structural mechanics. Much remains to be investigated, however, about the combined effects of locomotor modes and scaling on the external shape and structural properties of limb bones. Here, we used squirrels (Sciuridae) as a model clade to examine the effects of locomotor mode and scaling on the external shape and structure of the two major limb bones, the humerus and femur. We quantified humeral and femoral morphologies using 3D geometric morphometrics and bone structure analyses on a sample of 76 squirrel species across their four major ecotypes. We then used phylogenetic generalized linear models to test how locomotor ecology, size, and their interaction influenced morphological traits. We found that size and locomotor mode exhibit different relationships with the external shape and structure of the limb bones, and that these relationships differ between the humerus and femur. External shapes of the humerus and, to a lesser extent, the femur are best explained by locomotor ecology rather than by size, whereas structures of both bones are best explained by interactions between locomotor ecology and scaling. Interestingly, the statistical relationships between limb morphologies and ecotype were lost when accounting for phylogenetic relationships among species under Brownian motion. That assuming Brownian motion confounded these relationships is not surprising considering squirrel ecotypes are phylogenetically clustered; our results suggest that humeral and femoral variation partitioned early between clades and their ecomorphologies were maintained to the present. Overall, our results show how mechanical constraints, locomotor ecology, and evolutionary history may enact different pressures on the shape and structure of limb bones in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T J Linden
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - S E Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Linden TJ, Burtner AE, Rickman J, McFeely A, Santana SE, Law CJ. Scaling patterns of body plans differ among squirrel ecotypes. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14800. [PMID: 36718452 PMCID: PMC9884040 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Body size is often hypothesized to facilitate or constrain morphological diversity in the cranial, appendicular, and axial skeletons. However, how overall body shape scales with body size (i.e., body shape allometry) and whether these scaling patterns differ between ecological groups remains poorly investigated. Here, we test whether and how the relationships between body shape, body size, and limb lengths differ among species with different locomotor specializations, and describe the underlying morphological components that contribute to body shape evolution among squirrel (Sciuridae) ecotypes. We quantified the body size and shape of 87 squirrel species from osteological specimens held at museum collections. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we first found that body shape and its underlying morphological components scale allometrically with body size, but these allometric patterns differ among squirrel ecotypes: chipmunks and gliding squirrels exhibited more elongate bodies with increasing body sizes whereas ground squirrels exhibited more robust bodies with increasing body size. Second, we found that only ground squirrels exhibit a relationship between forelimb length and body shape, where more elongate species exhibit relatively shorter forelimbs. Third, we found that the relative length of the ribs and elongation or shortening of the thoracic region contributes the most to body shape evolution across squirrels. Overall, our work contributes to the growing understanding of mammalian body shape evolution and how it is influenced by body size and locomotor ecology, in this case from robust subterranean to gracile gliding squirrels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tate J. Linden
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Annika McFeely
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | | | - Chris J. Law
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America,University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America,American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Law CJ, Blackwell EA, Curtis AA, Dickinson E, Hartstone-Rose A, Santana SE. Decoupled evolution of the cranium and mandible in carnivoran mammals. Evolution 2022; 76:2959-2974. [PMID: 35875871 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between skull morphology and diet is a prime example of adaptive evolution. In mammals, the skull consists of the cranium and the mandible. Although the mandible is expected to evolve more directly in response to dietary changes, dietary regimes may have less influence on the cranium because additional sensory and brain-protection functions may impose constraints on its morphological evolution. Here, we tested this hypothesis by comparing the evolutionary patterns of cranium and mandible shape and size across 100+ species of carnivoran mammals with distinct feeding ecologies. Our results show decoupled modes of evolution in cranial and mandibular shape; cranial shape follows clade-based evolutionary shifts, whereas mandibular shape evolution is linked to broad dietary regimes. These results are consistent with previous hypotheses regarding hierarchical morphological evolution in carnivorans and greater evolutionary lability of the mandible with respect to diet. Furthermore, in hypercarnivores, the evolution of both cranial and mandibular size is associated with relative prey size. This demonstrates that dietary diversity can be loosely structured by craniomandibular size within some guilds. Our results suggest that mammal skull morphological evolution is shaped by mechanisms beyond dietary adaptation alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Law
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 78712.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105.,Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, 10024.,Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, 10024.,Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, 10024
| | - Emily A Blackwell
- Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, 10024.,Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, 10024.,Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, 10024.,Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 01063
| | - Abigail A Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105
| | - Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695.,Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, New York, 11545
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Santana SE, Grossnickle DM. Bursts in skull evolution weakened with time. Science 2022; 378:355-356. [DOI: 10.1126/science.add8460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The skull shapes of mammals diversified more rapidly early in their history
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Holding ML, Trevine VC, Zinenko O, Strickland JL, Rautsaw RM, Mason AJ, Hogan MP, Parkinson CL, Grazziotin FG, Santana SE, Davis MA, Rokyta DR. Evolutionary allometry and ecological correlates of fang length evolution in vipers. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221132. [PMID: 36300520 PMCID: PMC9449470 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traits for prey acquisition form the phenotypic interface of predator-prey interactions. In venomous predators, morphological variation in venom delivery apparatus like fangs and stingers may be optimized for dispatching prey. Here, we determine how a single dimension of venom injection systems evolves in response to variation in the size, climatic conditions and dietary ecology of viperid snakes. We measured fang length in more than 1900 museum specimens representing 199 viper species (55% of recognized species). We find both phylogenetic signal and within-clade variation in relative fang length across vipers suggesting both general taxonomic trends and potential adaptive divergence in fang length. We recover positive evolutionary allometry and little static allometry in fang length. Proportionally longer fangs have evolved in larger species, which may facilitate venom injection in more voluminous prey. Finally, we leverage climatic and diet data to assess the global correlates of fang length. We find that models of fang length evolution are improved through the inclusion of both temperature and diet, particularly the extent to which diets are mammal-heavy diets. These findings demonstrate how adaptive variation can emerge among components of complex prey capture systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Holding
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Vivian C. Trevine
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Oleksandr Zinenko
- V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 4 Svobody square, Kharkiv 61022, Ukraine
| | - Jason L. Strickland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 190 Collings street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Rhett M. Rautsaw
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 190 Collings street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Andrew J. Mason
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 190 Collings street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Michael P. Hogan
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Christopher L. Parkinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 190 Collings street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Felipe G. Grazziotin
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Mark A. Davis
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Darin R. Rokyta
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Santana SE, Grossnickle DM, Sadier A, Patterson E, Sears KE. Bat Dentitions: A Model System for Studies at The Interface of Development, Biomechanics, and Evolution. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac042. [PMID: 35575617 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of complex dentitions was a major innovation in mammals that facilitated the expansion into new dietary niches that imposed selection for tight form-function relationships. Teeth allow mammals to ingest and process food items by applying forces produced by a third-class lever system composed by the jaw adductors, the cranium, and the mandible. Physical laws determine changes in jaw adductor (biting) forces at different bite point locations along the mandible (outlever), thus individual teeth are expected to experience different mechanical regimes during feeding. If the mammal dentition exhibits functional adaptations to mandible feeding biomechanics, then teeth are expected to have evolved to develop mechanically-advantageous sizes, shapes, and positions. Here, we present bats as a model system to test this hypothesis and, more generally, for integrative studies of mammal dental diversity. We combine a field-collected dataset of bite forces along the tooth row with data on dental and mandible morphology across 30 bat species. We (1) describe, for the first time, bite force trends along the tooth row of bats, (2) use phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate relationships among bite force patterns, tooth and mandible morphology, and (3) hypothesize how these biting mechanics patterns may relate to the developmental processes controlling tooth formation. We find that bite force variation along the tooth row is consistent with predictions from lever mechanics models, with most species having the greatest bite force at the first lower molar. The cross-sectional shape of the mandible body is strongly associated with the position of maximum bite force along the tooth row, likely reflecting mandibular adaptations to varying stress patterns among species. Further, dental dietary adaptations seem to be related to bite force variation along molariform teeth, with insectivorous species exhibiting greater bite force more anteriorly, narrower teeth and mandibles, and frugivores/omnivores showing greater bite force more posteriorly, wider teeth and mandibles. As these craniodental traits are linked through development, dietary specialization appears to have shaped intrinsic mechanisms controlling traits relevant to feeding performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Villalobos‐Chaves D, Santana SE. Craniodental traits predict feeding performance and dietary hardness in a community of Neotropical free‐tailed bats (Chiroptera: Molossidae). Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Villalobos‐Chaves
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Florez‐Montero GL, Muylaert RL, Nogueira MR, Geiselman C, Santana SE, Stevens RD, Tschapka M, Rodrigues FA, Mello MAR. NeoBat
Interactions: A data set of bat–plant interactions in the Neotropics. Ecology 2022; 103:e3640. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata L. Muylaert
- Massey University. Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science Massey University, 4442. Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Marcelo R. Nogueira
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Instituto de Biologia, Laboratório de Mastozoologia Seropédica RJ Brazil
| | | | - Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Richard D. Stevens
- Department of Natural Resources Management and Natural Science Research Laboratory of the Museum of Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Marco Tschapka
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics Ulm University Ulm Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panamá City Panamá
| | - Francisco A. Rodrigues
- Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Matemática Aplicada e Estatística São Carlos SP Brazil
| | - Marco A. R. Mello
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo SP Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Leiser‐Miller LB, Santana SE. Functional differences in echolocation call design in an adaptive radiation of bats. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:16153-16164. [PMID: 34824818 PMCID: PMC8601877 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
All organisms have specialized systems to sense their environment. Most bat species use echolocation for navigation and foraging, but which and how ecological factors shaped echolocation call diversity remains unclear for the most diverse clades, including the adaptive radiation of neotropical leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae). This is because phyllostomids emit low-intensity echolocation calls and many inhabit dense forests, leading to low representation in acoustic surveys. We present a field-collected, echolocation call dataset spanning 35 species and all phyllostomid dietary guilds. We analyze these data under a phylogenetic framework to test the hypothesis that echolocation call design and parameters are specialized for the acoustic demands of different diets, and investigate the contributions of phylogeny and body size to echolocation call diversity. We further link call parameters to dietary ecology by contrasting minimum detectable prey size estimates (MDPSE) across species. We find phylogeny and body size explain a substantial proportion of echolocation call parameter diversity, but most species can be correctly assigned to taxonomic (61%) or functional (77%) dietary guilds based on call parameters. This suggests a degree of acoustic ecological specialization, albeit with interspecific similarities in call structure. Theoretical MDPSE are greatest for omnivores and smallest for insectivores. Omnivores significantly differ from other dietary guilds in MDPSE when phylogeny is not considered, but there are no differences among taxonomic dietary guilds within a phylogenetic context. Similarly, predators of non-mobile/non-evasive prey and predators of mobile/evasive prey differ in estimated MDPSE when phylogeny is not considered. Phyllostomid echolocation call structure may be primarily specialized for overcoming acoustic challenges of foraging in dense habitats, and then secondarily specialized for the detection of food items according to functional dietary guilds. Our results give insight into the possible ecological mechanisms shaping the diversity of sensory systems, and their reciprocal influence on resource use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of BiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and CultureUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yohe LR, Leiser-Miller LB, Kaliszewska ZA, Donat P, Santana SE, Dávalos LM. Diversity in olfactory receptor repertoires is associated with dietary specialization in a genus of frugivorous bat. G3 (Bethesda) 2021; 11:jkab260. [PMID: 34568918 PMCID: PMC8473985 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian olfactory receptor genes (ORs) are a diverse family of genes encoding proteins that directly interact with environmental chemical cues. ORs evolve via gene duplication in a birth-death fashion, neofunctionalizing and pseudogenizing over time. Olfaction is a primary sense used for food detection in plant-visiting bats, but the relationship between dietary specialization and OR repertoire diversity is unclear. Within neotropical Leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae), many lineages are plant specialists, and some have a distinct OR repertoire compared to insectivorous species. Yet, whether specialization on particular plant genera is associated with the evolution of specialized, less diverse OR repertoires has never been tested. Using targeted sequence capture, we sequenced the OR repertoires of three sympatric species of short-tailed fruit bats (Carollia), which vary in their degree of specialization on the fruits of Piper plants. We characterized orthologous vs duplicated receptors among Carollia species, and explored the diversity and redundancy of the receptor gene repertoire. At the species level, the most dedicated Piper specialist, Carollia castanea, had lower OR diversity compared to the two generalists (C. sowelli and C. perspicillata), but we discovered a few unique sets of ORs within C. castanea with high redundancy of similar gene duplicates. These unique receptors potentially enable C. castanea to detect Piper fruit odorants better than its two congeners. Carollia perspicillata, the species with the most generalist diet, had a higher diversity of intact receptors, suggesting the ability to detect a wider range of odorant molecules. Variation among ORs may be a factor in the coexistence of these sympatric species, facilitating the exploitation of different plant resources. Our study sheds light on how gene duplication and changes in OR diversity may play a role in dietary adaptations and underlie ecological interactions between bats and plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurel R Yohe
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | | | | | - Paul Donat
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Liliana M Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Smith TD, DeLeon VB, Eiting TP, Corbin HM, Bhatnagar KP, Santana SE. Venous networks in the upper airways of bats: A histological and diceCT study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:1871-1891. [PMID: 34545690 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge of nasal cavity anatomy has grown considerably with the advent of micro-computed tomography (CT). More recently, a technique called diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced CT (diceCT) has rendered it possible to study nasal soft tissues. Using diceCT and histology, we aim to (a) explore the utility of these techniques for inferring the presence of venous sinuses that typify respiratory mucosa and (b) inquire whether distribution of vascular mucosa may relate to specialization for derived functions of the nasal cavity (i.e., nasal-emission of echolocation sounds) in bats. Matching histology and diceCT data indicate that diceCT can detect venous sinuses as either darkened, "empty" spaces, or radio-opaque islands when blood cells are present. Thus, we show that diceCT provides reliable information on vascular distribution in the mucosa of the nasal airways. Among the bats studied, a nonecholocating pteropodid (Cynopterus sphinx) and an oral-emitter of echolocation sounds (Eptesicus fuscus) possess venous sinus networks that drain into the sphenopalatine vein rostral to the nasopharynx. In contrast, nasopharyngeal passageways of nasal-emitting hipposiderids are notably packed with venous sinuses. The mucosae of the nasopharyngeal passageways are far less vascular in nasal-emitting phyllostomids, in which vascular mucosae are more widely distributed in the nasal cavity, and in some nectar-feeding species, a particularly large venous sinus is adjacent to the vomeronasal organ. Therefore, we do not find a common pattern of venous sinus distribution associated with nasal emission of sounds in phyllostomids and hipposiderids. Instead, vascular mucosa is more likely critical for air-conditioning and sometimes vomeronasal function in all bats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Smith
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Thomas P Eiting
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Brain Institute, University of Utah, Utah, USA
| | - Hayley M Corbin
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kunwar P Bhatnagar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dickinson E, Pastor F, Santana SE, Hartstone-Rose A. Functional and ecological correlates of the primate jaw abductors. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:1245-1263. [PMID: 34505739 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While the adductor musculature of the primate jaw has been extensively analyzed within the context of dietary and social ecology, little is known about the corresponding muscles of jaw abduction. Nonetheless, these muscles significantly contribute to a species' maximum gape potential, and thus might constrain dietary niche diversity and impact social display behaviors. In this study, we quantify the architectural properties of the digastric (a jaw abductor) and lateral pterygoid (a jaw abductor and anterior translator) across a broad sample of male and female anthropoid primates. We test the hypothesis that the abductor musculature reflects specialization to dietary and behavioral ecology. Our sample comprises 14 catarrhine and 13 platyrrhine species spanning a wide range of dietary and social categories. All specimens were sharp dissected and muscles subsequently chemically digested using a standardized protocol. Our findings demonstrate that relative fascicle lengths within the lateral pterygoid (but not the digastric) are significantly greater within species that habitually consume larger food items. Meanwhile, canine length is more strongly associated with fascicle lengths in the digastric than in the lateral pterygoid, particularly within males. Neither dietary mechanical resistance nor the intensity of social competition relates to the size or architectural properties of the jaw abductors. These findings suggest that dietary-and to a lesser extent, socioecological-aspects of a primate's life history may be reflected in the architecture of these muscles, albeit to varying degrees. This underlines the importance of considering the complete masticatory apparatus when interpreting the evolution of the primate jaw.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Francisco Pastor
- Departamento de Anatomia y Radiologia, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Santana SE, Kaliszewska ZA, Leiser-Miller LB, Lauterbur ME, Arbour JH, Dávalos LM, Riffell JA. Fruit odorants mediate co-specialization in a multispecies plant-animal mutualism. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210312. [PMID: 34375556 PMCID: PMC8354748 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread notion that animal-mediated seed dispersal led to the evolution of fruit traits that attract mutualistic frugivores, the dispersal syndrome hypothesis remains controversial, particularly for complex traits such as fruit scent. Here, we test this hypothesis in a community of mutualistic, ecologically important neotropical bats (Carollia spp.) and plants (Piper spp.) that communicate primarily via chemical signals. We found greater bat consumption is significantly associated with scent chemical diversity and presence of specific compounds, which fit multi-peak selective regime models in Piper. Through behavioural assays, we found Carollia prefer certain compounds, particularly 2-heptanol, which evolved as a unique feature of two Piper species highly consumed by these bats. Thus, we demonstrate that volatile compounds emitted by neotropical Piper fruits evolved in tandem with seed dispersal by scent-oriented Carollia bats. Specifically, fruit scent chemistry in some Piper species fits adaptive evolutionary scenarios consistent with a dispersal syndrome hypothesis. While other abiotic and biotic processes likely shaped the chemical composition of ripe fruit scent in Piper, our results provide some of the first evidence of the effect of bat frugivory on plant chemical diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | - M. Elise Lauterbur
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jessica H. Arbour
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Liliana M. Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Center for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Higham TE, Ferry LA, Schmitz L, Irschick DJ, Starko S, Anderson PSL, Bergmann PJ, Jamniczky HA, Monteiro LR, Navon D, Messier J, Carrington E, Farina SC, Feilich KL, Hernandez LP, Johnson MA, Kawano SM, Law CJ, Longo SJ, Martin CH, Martone PT, Rico-Guevara A, Santana SE, Niklas KJ. Linking ecomechanical models and functional traits to understand phenotypic diversity. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:860-873. [PMID: 34218955 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Physical principles and laws determine the set of possible organismal phenotypes. Constraints arising from development, the environment, and evolutionary history then yield workable, integrated phenotypes. We propose a theoretical and practical framework that considers the role of changing environments. This 'ecomechanical approach' integrates functional organismal traits with the ecological variables. This approach informs our ability to predict species shifts in survival and distribution and provides critical insights into phenotypic diversity. We outline how to use the ecomechanical paradigm using drag-induced bending in trees as an example. Our approach can be incorporated into existing research and help build interdisciplinary bridges. Finally, we identify key factors needed for mass data collection, analysis, and the dissemination of models relevant to this framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Higham
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Lara A Ferry
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA
| | - Lars Schmitz
- W.M. Keck Science Department, 925 N. Mills Avenue, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Duncan J Irschick
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Samuel Starko
- Botany Department and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Philip S L Anderson
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Philip J Bergmann
- Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Heather A Jamniczky
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Leandro R Monteiro
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense. Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, cep 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Dina Navon
- Human Genetics Institute of NJ, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Julie Messier
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Emily Carrington
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Stacy C Farina
- Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Kara L Feilich
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - L Patricia Hernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Michele A Johnson
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Sandy M Kawano
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Chris J Law
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Mammalogy and Division of Paleontology, Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, 200 Central Park West, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Sarah J Longo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | - Christopher H Martin
- Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Patrick T Martone
- Botany Department and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | | | - Karl J Niklas
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Arbour JH, Curtis AA, Santana SE. Sensory adaptations reshaped intrinsic factors underlying morphological diversification in bats. BMC Biol 2021; 19:88. [PMID: 33931060 PMCID: PMC8086122 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Morphological evolution may be impacted by both intrinsic (developmental, constructional, physiological) and extrinsic (ecological opportunity and release) factors, but can intrinsic factors be altered by adaptive evolution and, if so, do they constrain or facilitate the subsequent diversification of biological form? Bats underwent deep adaptive divergences in skull shape as they evolved different sensory modes; here we investigate the potential impact of this process on two intrinsic factors that underlie morphological variation across organisms, allometry, and modularity. Results We use comparative phylogenetic and morphometric approaches to examine patterns of evolutionary allometry and modularity across a 3D geometric morphometric dataset spanning all major bat clades. We show that allometric relationships diverge between echolocators and visually oriented non-echolocators and that the evolution of nasal echolocation reshaped the modularity of the bat cranium. Conclusions Shifts in allometry and modularity may have significant consequences on the diversification of anatomical structures, as observed in the bat skull.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Arbour
- Present Address: Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 37132, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - A A Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - S E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA. .,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Esquivel DA, Maestri R, Santana SE. Evolutionary implications of dental anomalies in bats. Evolution 2021; 75:1087-1096. [PMID: 33742462 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The gain or loss of anatomical features is an important mechanism of morphological evolution and ecological adaptation. Dental anomalies-the loss or gain of teeth-are widespread and a potential source of craniodental specialization among mammals, yet their macroevolutionary patterns have been rarely explored. We present the first phylogenetic comparative study of dental anomalies across the second largest mammal Order, Chiroptera (bats). We conducted an extensive literature review and surveyed a large sample of museum specimens to analyze the types and prevalence of dental anomalies across bats, and performed phylogenetic comparative analyses to investigate the role of phylogenetic history and dietary specialization on incidence of dental anomalies. We found dental anomalies have a significant phylogenetic signal, suggesting they are not simply the result of idiosyncratic mutations or random developmental disorders, but may have ancestral genetic origins or result from shared developmental pathways among closely related species. The incidence of dental anomalies was not associated with diet categories, suggesting no effect of craniodental specialization on dental anomalies across bats. Our results give insight into the macroevolutionary patterns of dental anomalies in bats, and provide a foundation for investigating new hypotheses underlying the evolution of dental variation and diversity in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Esquivel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.,Fundación Kurupira, Bogotá, DC, 110921, Colombia
| | - Renan Maestri
- Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.,Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, 60605
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sadier A, Santana SE, Sears KE. The role of core and variable Gene Regulatory Network modules in tooth development and evolution. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 63:icaa116. [PMID: 32761089 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Among the developmental processes that have been proposed to influence the direction of evolution, the modular organization of developmental gene regulatory networks (GRNs) has shown particular promise. In theory, GRNs have core modules comprised of essential, conserved circuits of genes, and sub-modules of downstream, secondary circuits of genes that are more susceptible to variation. While this idea has received considerable interest as of late, the field of evo-devo lacks the experimental systems needed to rigorously evaluate this hypothesis. Here, we introduce an experimental system, the vertebrate tooth, that has great potential as a model for testing this hypothesis. Tooth development and its associated GRN have been well studied and modeled in both model and non-model organisms. We propose that the existence of modules within the tooth GRN explains both the conservation of developmental mechanisms and the extraordinary diversity of teeth among vertebrates. Based on experimental data, we hypothesize that there is a conserved core module of genes that is absolutely necessary to ensure tooth or cusp initiation and development. In regard to tooth shape variation between species, we suggest that more relaxed sub-modules activated at later steps of tooth development, e.g., during the morphogenesis of the tooth and its cusps, control the different axes of tooth morphological variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Sadier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Karen E Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Smith TD, Curtis A, Bhatnagar KP, Santana SE. Fissures, folds, and scrolls: The ontogenetic basis for complexity of the nasal cavity in a fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaultii). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:883-900. [PMID: 32602652 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian nasal capsule development has been described in only a few cross-sectional age series, rendering it difficult to infer developmental mechanisms that influence adult morphology. Here we examined a sample of Leschenault's rousette fruit bats (Rousettus leschenaultii) ranging in age from embryonic to adult (n = 13). We examined serially sectioned coronal histological specimens and used micro-computed tomography scans to visualize morphology in two older specimens. We found that the development of the nasal capsule in Rousettus proceeds similarly to many previously described mammals, following a general theme in which the central (i.e., septal) region matures into capsular cartilage before peripheral regions, and rostral parts of the septum and paries nasi mature before caudal parts. The ossification of turbinals also generally follows a rostral to the caudal pattern. Our results suggest discrete mechanisms for increasing complexity of the nasal capsule, some of which are restricted to the late embryonic and early fetal timeframe, including fissuration and mesenchymal proliferation. During fetal and early postnatal ontogeny, appositional and interstitial chondral growth of cartilage modifies the capsular template. Postnatally, appositional bone growth and pneumatization render greater complexity to individual structures and spaces. Future studies that focus on the relative contribution of each mechanism during development may draw critical inferences how nasal morphology is reflective of, or deviates from the original fetal template. A comparison of other chiropterans to nasal development in Rousettus could reveal phylogenetic patterns (whether ancestral or derived) or the developmental basis for specializations relating to respiration, olfaction, or laryngeal echolocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Smith
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abigail Curtis
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kunwar P Bhatnagar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Leiser‐Miller LB, Santana SE. Morphological diversity in the sensory system of phyllostomid bats: Implications for acoustic and dietary ecology. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leith B. Leiser‐Miller
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Leiser-Miller LB, Kaliszewska ZA, Lauterbur ME, Mann B, Riffell JA, Santana SE. A Fruitful Endeavor: Scent Cues and Echolocation Behavior Used by Carollia castanea to Find Fruit. Integr Org Biol 2020; 2:obaa007. [PMID: 33791551 PMCID: PMC7671165 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Frugivores have evolved sensory and behavioral adaptations that allow them to find ripe fruit effectively, but the relative importance of different senses in varying foraging scenarios is still poorly understood. Within Neotropical ecosystems, short-tailed fruit bats (Carollia: Phyllostomidae) are abundant nocturnal frugivores that rely primarily on Piper fruits as a food resource. Previous research has demonstrated that Carollia employs olfaction and echolocation to locate Piper fruit, but it is unknown how their sensory use and foraging decisions are influenced by the complex diversity of chemical cues that fruiting plants produce. Using free-ranging C. castanea and their preferred food, Piper sancti-felicis, we conducted behavioral experiments to test two main hypotheses: (1) foraging decisions in C. castanea are primarily driven by ripe fruit scent and secondarily by vegetation scent, and (2) C. castanea re-weights their sensory inputs to account for available environmental cues, with bats relying more heavily on echolocation in the absence of adequate scent cues. Our results suggest that C. castanea requires olfactory information and relies almost exclusively on ripe fruit scent to make foraging attempts. Piper sancti-felicis ripe fruit scent is chemically distinct from vegetation scent; it is dominated by 2-heptanol, which is absent from vegetation scent, and has a greater abundance of β-caryophyllene, β-ocimene, γ-elemene, and α-cubebene. Although variation in echolocation call parameters was independent of scent cue presence, bats emitted longer and more frequent echolocation calls in trials where fruit scent was absent. Altogether, these results highlight the adaptations and plasticity of the sensory system in neotropical fruit bats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L B Leiser-Miller
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Z A Kaliszewska
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - M E Lauterbur
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Brianna Mann
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - J A Riffell
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - S E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Santana SE, Arbour JH, Curtis AA, Stanchak KE. 3D Digitization in Functional Morphology: Where is the Point of Diminishing Returns? Integr Comp Biol 2020; 59:656-668. [PMID: 31187133 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern computational and imaging methods are revolutionizing the fields of comparative morphology, biomechanics, and ecomorphology. In particular, imaging tools such as X-ray micro computed tomography (µCT) and diffusible iodine-based contrast enhanced CT allow observing and measuring small and/or otherwise inaccessible anatomical structures, and creating highly accurate three-dimensional (3D) renditions that can be used in biomechanical modeling and tests of functional or evolutionary hypotheses. But, do the larger datasets generated through 3D digitization always confer greater power to uncover functional or evolutionary patterns, when compared with more traditional methodologies? And, if so, why? Here, we contrast the advantages and challenges of using data generated via (3D) CT methods versus more traditional (2D) approaches in the study of skull macroevolution and feeding functional morphology in bats. First, we test for the effect of dimensionality and landmark number on inferences of adaptive shifts during cranial evolution by contrasting results from 3D versus 2D geometric morphometric datasets of bat crania. We find sharp differences between results generated from the 3D versus some of the 2D datasets (xy, yz, ventral, and frontal), which appear to be primarily driven by the loss of critical dimensions of morphological variation rather than number of landmarks. Second, we examine differences in accuracy and precision among 2D and 3D predictive models of bite force by comparing three skull lever models that differ in the sources of skull and muscle anatomical data. We find that a 3D model that relies on skull µCT scans and muscle data partly derived from diceCT is slightly more accurate than models based on skull photographs or skull µCT and muscle data fully derived from dissections. However, the benefit of using the diceCT-informed model is modest given the effort it currently takes to virtually dissect muscles from CT scans. By contrasting traditional and modern tools, we illustrate when and why 3D datasets may be preferable over 2D data, and vice versa, and how different methodologies can complement each other in comparative analyses of morphological function and evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jessica H Arbour
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Abigail A Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kathryn E Stanchak
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Curtis AA, Arbour JH, Santana SE. Mind the gap: natural cleft palates reduce biting performance in bats. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb.196535. [PMID: 31852754 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.196535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Novel morphological traits pose interesting evolutionary paradoxes when they become widespread in a lineage while being deleterious in others. Cleft palate is a rare congenital condition in mammals in which the incisor-bearing premaxilla bones of the upper jaw develop abnormally. However, ∼50% of bat species have natural, non-pathological cleft palates. We used the family Vespertilionidae as a model and linear and geometric morphometrics within a phylogenetic framework to (1) explore evolutionary patterns in cleft morphology, and (2) test whether cleft morphological variation is correlated with skull shape in bats. We also used finite element (FE) analyses to experimentally test how presence of a cleft palate impacts skull performance during biting in a species with extreme cleft morphology (hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus). We constructed and compared the performance of two FE models: one based on the hoary bat's natural skull morphology, and another with a digitally filled cleft simulating a complete premaxilla. Results showed that cleft length and width are correlated with skull shape in Vespertilionidae, with narrower, shallower clefts seen in more gracile skulls and broader, deeper clefts in more robust skulls. FE analysis showed that the model with a natural cleft produced lower bite forces, and had higher stress and strain than the model with a filled cleft. In the rostrum, safety factors were 1.59-2.20 times higher in the model with a filled cleft than in the natural model. Our results demonstrate that cleft palates in bats reduce biting performance, and evolution of skull robusticity may compensate for this reduction in performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA
| | - Jessica H Arbour
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Novel morphological traits pose interesting evolutionary paradoxes when they become widespread in a lineage while being deleterious in others. Cleft palate is a rare congenital condition in mammals in which the incisor-bearing premaxilla bones of the upper jaw develop abnormally. However, ∼50% of bat species have natural, non-pathological cleft palates. We used the family Vespertilionidae as a model and linear and geometric morphometrics within a phylogenetic framework to (1) explore evolutionary patterns in cleft morphology, and (2) test whether cleft morphological variation is correlated with skull shape in bats. We also used finite element (FE) analyses to experimentally test how presence of a cleft palate impacts skull performance during biting in a species with extreme cleft morphology (hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus). We constructed and compared the performance of two FE models: one based on the hoary bat's natural skull morphology, and another with a digitally filled cleft simulating a complete premaxilla. Results showed that cleft length and width are correlated with skull shape in Vespertilionidae, with narrower, shallower clefts seen in more gracile skulls and broader, deeper clefts in more robust skulls. FE analysis showed that the model with a natural cleft produced lower bite forces, and had higher stress and strain than the model with a filled cleft. In the rostrum, safety factors were 1.59-2.20 times higher in the model with a filled cleft than in the natural model. Our results demonstrate that cleft palates in bats reduce biting performance, and evolution of skull robusticity may compensate for this reduction in performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA
| | - Jessica H Arbour
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Vander Linden A, Campbell KM, Bryar EK, Santana SE. Head‐turning morphologies: Evolution of shape diversity in the mammalian atlas–axis complex. Evolution 2019; 73:2060-2071. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abby Vander Linden
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst Massachusetts
| | | | - Erin K. Bryar
- Department of Biology University of Washington Seattle Washington
| | - Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology University of Washington Seattle Washington
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture Seattle Washington
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Stanchak KE, Arbour JH, Santana SE. Anatomical diversification of a skeletal novelty in bat feet. Evolution 2019; 73:1591-1603. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Stanchak
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195
| | - Jessica H. Arbour
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195
| | - Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Luo B, Santana SE, Pang Y, Wang M, Xiao Y, Feng J. Wing morphology predicts geographic range size in vespertilionid bats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4526. [PMID: 30872741 PMCID: PMC6418303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Why some species are widespread across continents while others are confined geographically remains an open question in ecology and biogeography. Previous research has attempted to explain interspecific variation in geographic range size based on differences in dispersal ability. However, the relationship between dispersal ability and geographic range size remains uncertain, particularly in mammals. The goal of this study is to test whether geographic range size can be predicted by dispersal capacity among vespertilionid bats within a phylogenetic comparative framework. We integrated a large dataset on range area, longitudinal extent, wing morphology (a proxy for dispersal ability), migratory habit, and biogeographic realm across 126 vespertilionid bat species. We used phylogenetic regressions to disentangle the associations between these predictor factors and species range size while controlling for the effects of migration and biogeographic realm. Our analyses revealed that bat species with higher wing loading exhibit larger distribution ranges than those with lower wing loading, and that the size of geographic ranges was associated with wing aspect ratio in bats. These results highlight the relationship between wing morphology and range size in flying mammals, and suggest a role of dispersal capacity in shaping species’ geographic distributions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Luo
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1 Shida Road, Nanchong, 637002, China. .,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yulan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1 Shida Road, Nanchong, 637002, China
| | - Man Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1 Shida Road, Nanchong, 637002, China
| | - Yanhong Xiao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Jiang Feng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130117, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hartstone-Rose A, Santana SE. Behavioral Correlates of Cranial Muscle Functional Morphology. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:197-201. [PMID: 29330957 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This issue of the Anatomical Record is the first of a two-volume set that focuses on new investigations into behavioral correlates of muscle functional morphology. Much of the research on functional morphology and adaptation to specific functional niches focuses on the shapes of hard-tissues-bones and teeth. Investigations into soft-tissue anatomy tend to be predominantly descriptive with only brief allusion to ontogenetic or evolutionary origins of structures. When muscles are included in analyses of functional systems, their function tends to be oversimplified-usually considered a simple force vector connecting two osteological points, with the force treated as a constant derived from some simple calculation of muscle size. The goal of these special issues is to present a series of studies that take a more elaborate look at how muscles can be viewed from a functional perspective in studies searching for morphological correlates of behavior. This first volume focuses on the behavioral correlates of cranial muscles-starting with a paper about the mimetic musculature of primates and ending with a series of papers on the masticatory muscles of many lineages of vertebrates. The next issue of the Anatomical Record (March 2018) includes our papers on the behavioral correlates of postcranial muscles. Taken together, we hope you agree that this series presents valuable insights into these form/function relationships using both traditional approaches+ and cutting-edge techniques. Anat Rec, 301:197-201, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hartstone-Rose
- College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Kincaid Hall, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle M. Kelly
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and CultureUniversity of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Rachel Friedman
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and CultureUniversity of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and CultureUniversity of Washington Seattle WA USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Stanchak KE, Santana SE. Assessment of the Hindlimb Membrane Musculature of Bats: Implications for Active Control of the Calcar. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:441-448. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Stanchak
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture; University of Washington; Seattle Washington
| | - Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture; University of Washington; Seattle Washington
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Santana SE. Comparative Anatomy of Bat Jaw Musculature via Diffusible Iodine‐Based Contrast‐Enhanced Computed Tomography. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:267-278. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and CultureUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington, 98125
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Curtis AA, Santana SE. Jaw‐Dropping: Functional Variation in the Digastric Muscle in Bats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:279-290. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A. Curtis
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and CultureUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington
| | - Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and CultureUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Thiagavel J, Cechetto C, Santana SE, Jakobsen L, Warrant EJ, Ratcliffe JM. Auditory opportunity and visual constraint enabled the evolution of echolocation in bats. Nat Commun 2018; 9:98. [PMID: 29311648 PMCID: PMC5758785 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence now supports the hypothesis that the common ancestor of bats was nocturnal and capable of both powered flight and laryngeal echolocation. This scenario entails a parallel sensory and biomechanical transition from a nonvolant, vision-reliant mammal to one capable of sonar and flight. Here we consider anatomical constraints and opportunities that led to a sonar rather than vision-based solution. We show that bats' common ancestor had eyes too small to allow for successful aerial hawking of flying insects at night, but an auditory brain design sufficient to afford echolocation. Further, we find that among extant predatory bats (all of which use laryngeal echolocation), those with putatively less sophisticated biosonar have relatively larger eyes than do more sophisticated echolocators. We contend that signs of ancient trade-offs between vision and echolocation persist today, and that non-echolocating, phytophagous pteropodid bats may retain some of the necessary foundations for biosonar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeneni Thiagavel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Clément Cechetto
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lasse Jakobsen
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Eric J Warrant
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - John M Ratcliffe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada. .,Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense C, Denmark. .,Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada. .,Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queens Park, Toronto, ON, M5S 2C6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
|
41
|
Zieger U, Cheetham S, Santana SE, Leiser-Miller L, Matthew-Belmar V, Goharriz H, Fooks AR. Natural exposure of bats in Grenada to rabies virus. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2017; 7:1332935. [PMID: 28804595 PMCID: PMC5533127 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2017.1332935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Grenada is a rabies endemic country, where terrestrial rabies is maintained in the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus). The role of bats in the epidemiology of rabies in Grenada is unknown. A 1974 report described one rabies virus positive Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis), and a high seroprevalence in this species. In the current study, the natural exposure to rabies virus in Grenadian bats was re-evaluated. It is postulated that bats serve as a natural rabies reservoir, probably circulating a bat-specific rabies virus variant. Material and methods: Bats were trapped in 2015 in all six parishes of Grenada using mist- and hand nets. For the detection of rabies virus in brain tissue, the direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT) and the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used. Serum neutralizing antibodies were determined using the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (FAVN). Results and discussion: Brain tissue and sera from 111 insectivorous and frugivorous bats belonging to four species were tested (52 Artibeus jamaicensis, two Artibeus lituratus, 33 Glossophaga longirostris, 24 Molossus molossus). Rabies virus antigen and genomic RNA were not detected in brain tissues. Rabies virus neutralizing antibodies were detected in the sera of eight A. jamaicensis in four of the six parishes. Bats in Grenada continue to show natural exposure to rabies virus. As rabies virus was not isolated in this study, serology alone is not sufficient to determine the strain of rabies virus circulating in A. jamaicensis bats in Grenada. Conclusion: Artibeus jamaicensis appears to play a role as a reservoir bat species, which is of public health concern in Grenada. Dispersion of bats to neighboring islands is possible and serological bat surveys should be initiated in these neighboring states, especially in those areas that are free of rabies in terrestrial mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Zieger
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Wildlife Conservation Medicine Program, St George’s University, St George’s, Grenada
| | - Sonia Cheetham
- Pathobiology Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, St George’s University, St George’s, Grenada
| | - Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leith Leiser-Miller
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vanessa Matthew-Belmar
- Pathobiology Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, St George’s University, St George’s, Grenada
| | - Hooman Goharriz
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Arbour JH, Santana SE. A major shift in diversification rate helps explain macroevolutionary patterns in primate species diversity. Evolution 2017; 71:1600-1613. [PMID: 28346661 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Primates represent one of the most species rich, wide ranging, and ecologically diverse clades of mammals. What major macroevolutionary factors have driven their diversification and contributed to the modern distribution of primate species remains widely debated. We employed phylogenetic comparative methods to examine the role of clade age and evolutionary rate heterogeneity in the modern distribution of species diversity of Primates. Primate diversification has accelerated since its origin, with decreased extinction leading to a shift to even higher evolutionary rates in the most species rich family (Cercopithecidae). Older primate clades tended to be more diverse, however a shift in evolutionary rate was necessary to adequately explain the imbalance in species diversity. Species richness was also poorly explained by geographic distribution, especially once clade age and evolutionary rate shifts were accounted for, and may relate instead to other ecological factors. The global distribution of primate species diversity appears to have been strongly impacted by heterogeneity in evolutionary rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Arbour
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Thiagavel J, Santana SE, Ratcliffe JM. Body Size Predicts Echolocation Call Peak Frequency Better than Gape Height in Vespertilionid Bats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:828. [PMID: 28400604 PMCID: PMC5429766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00959-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In most vocalizing vertebrates, lighter animals tend to produce acoustic signals of higher frequency than heavier animals. Two hypotheses propose to explain this negative relationship in vespertilionid bats: (i) mass-signal frequency allometry and (ii) emitter-limited (maximum gape) signal directionality. The first hypothesis, that lighter bats with smaller larynges are constrained to calls with higher frequencies, is supported at the species level. The second hypothesis proposes that in open space, small bats use higher frequencies to achieve narrow sonar beams, as beam directionality increases with both emitter size (maximum gape) and signal frequency. This hypothesis is supported within a comparative context but remains untested beyond a few species. We analyzed gape, body mass, and echolocation data under a phylogenetic comparative framework to test these hypotheses, and considered forearm length as both a proxy for wing design and an alternative measure of bat size. Controlling for mass, we found no support for the directionality hypothesis. Body mass and relative forearm length were negatively related to open space echolocation call peak frequency, reflecting species-specific size differences, but also the influence of wing design and preferred foraging habitat on size-independent species-specific differences in echolocation call design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeneni Thiagavel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - John M Ratcliffe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gignac PM, Santana SE. A Bigger Picture: Organismal Function at the Nexus of Development, Ecology, and Evolution: An Introduction to the Symposium. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:369-72. [PMID: 27413091 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 40 years of research, two perspectives have dominated the study of ecomorphology at ontogenetic and evolutionary timescales. For key anatomical complexes (e.g., feeding apparatus, locomotor systems, sensory structures), morphological changes during ontogeny are often interpreted in functional terms and linked to their putative importance for fitness. Across larger timescales, morphological transformations in these complexes are examined through character stability or mutability during cladogenesis. Because the fittest organisms must pass through ontogenetic changes in size and shape, addressing transformations in morphology at different time scales, from life histories to macroevolution, has the potential to illuminate major factors contributing to phenotypic diversity. To date, most studies have relied on the assumption that organismal form is tightly constrained by the adult niche. Although this could be accurate for organisms that rapidly reach and spend a substantial portion of their life history at the adult phenotype (e.g., birds, mammals), it may not always hold true for species that experience substantial growth after one or more major fitness filters during their ontogeny (e.g., some fishes, reptiles). In such circumstances, examining the adult phenotype as the primary result of selective processes may be erroneous as it likely obscures the developmental configuration of morphology that was most critical to early survival. Given this discrepancy-and its potential to mislead interpretations of how selection may shape a taxon's phenotype-this symposium addresses the question: how do we identify such ontogenetic "inertia," and how do we integrate developmental information into our phylogenetic, ecological, and functional interpretations of complex phenotypes?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Gignac
- *Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74107-1898, USA
| | - S E Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Santana SE, Miller KE. Extreme Postnatal Scaling in Bat Feeding Performance: A View of Ecomorphology from Ontogenetic and Macroevolutionary Perspectives. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:459-68. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
46
|
Abstract
Specialized carnivory is relatively uncommon across mammals, and bats constitute one of the few groups in which this diet has evolved multiple times. While size and morphological adaptations for carnivory have been identified in other taxa, it is unclear what phenotypic traits characterize the relatively recent evolution of carnivory in bats. To address this gap, we apply geometric morphometric and phylogenetic comparative analyses to elucidate which characters are associated with ecological divergence of carnivorous bats from insectivorous ancestors, and if there is morphological convergence among independent origins of carnivory within bats, and with other carnivorous mammals. We find that carnivorous bats are larger and converged to occupy a subset of the insectivorous morphospace, characterized by skull shapes that enhance bite force at relatively wide gapes. Piscivorous bats are morphologically distinct, with cranial shapes that enable high bite force at narrow gapes, which is necessary for processing fish prey. All animal-eating species exhibit positive allometry in rostrum elongation with respect to skull size, which could allow larger bats to take relatively larger prey. The skull shapes of carnivorous bats share similarities with generalized carnivorans, but tend to be more suited for increased bite force production at the expense of gape, when compared with specialized carnivorans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98125, USA
| | - Elena Cheung
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Linde-Medina M, Boughner JC, Santana SE, Diogo R. Are more diverse parts of the mammalian skull more labile? Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2318-24. [PMID: 27069580 PMCID: PMC4782257 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological variation is unevenly distributed within the mammalian skull; some of its parts have diversified more than others. It is commonly thought that this pattern of variation is mainly the result of the structural organization of the skull, as defined by the pattern and magnitude of trait covariation. Patterns of trait covariation can facilitate morphological diversification if they are aligned in the direction of selection, or these patterns can constrain diversification if oriented in a different direction. Within this theoretical framework, it is thought that more variable parts possess patterns of trait covariation that made them more capable of evolutionary change, that is, are more labile. However, differences in the degree of morphological variation among skull traits could arise despite variation in trait lability if, for example, some traits have evolved at a different rate and/or undergone stabilizing selection. Here, we test these hypotheses in the mammalian skull using 2D geometric morphometrics to quantify skull shape and estimating constraint, rates of evolution, and lability. Contrary to the expectations, more variable parts of the skull across mammalian species are less capable of evolutionary change than are less variable skull parts. Our results suggest that patterns of morphological variation in the skull could result from differences in rate of evolution and stabilizing selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Linde-Medina
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California San Francisco California
| | - Julia C Boughner
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington Seattle Washington
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy Howard University College of Medicine Washington District of Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington Box 315800 Seattle WA 98195‐1800USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Santana SE, Dobson SD, Diogo R. Plain faces are more expressive: comparative study of facial colour, mobility and musculature in primates. Biol Lett 2014; 10:20140275. [PMID: 24850898 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial colour patterns and facial expressions are among the most important phenotypic traits that primates use during social interactions. While colour patterns provide information about the sender's identity, expressions can communicate its behavioural intentions. Extrinsic factors, including social group size, have shaped the evolution of facial coloration and mobility, but intrinsic relationships and trade-offs likely operate in their evolution as well. We hypothesize that complex facial colour patterning could reduce how salient facial expressions appear to a receiver, and thus species with highly expressive faces would have evolved uniformly coloured faces. We test this hypothesis through a phylogenetic comparative study, and explore the underlying morphological factors of facial mobility. Supporting our hypothesis, we find that species with highly expressive faces have plain facial colour patterns. The number of facial muscles does not predict facial mobility; instead, species that are larger and have a larger facial nucleus have more expressive faces. This highlights a potential trade-off between facial mobility and colour patterning in primates and reveals complex relationships between facial features during primate evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Seth D Dobson
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Santana SE, Alfaro JL, Noonan A, Alfaro ME. Adaptive response to sociality and ecology drives the diversification of facial colour patterns in catarrhines. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2765. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|