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Zhao A, Zhao K, Xia Y, Lyu J, Chen Y, Li S. Melatonin inhibits embryonic rat H9c2 cells growth through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Birth Defects Res 2021; 113:1171-1181. [PMID: 34231342 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our recent epidemiological study revealed that maternal sleep during the periconceptional period should be involved in the risk of congenital heart disease (CHD) in offspring. Melatonin, a sleep related hormone, has been suggested to play a crucial role in embryonic development based on the emerging evidence. In this study, we set out to assess the effect of melatonin on the embryonic cardiac cell growth and to explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS We observed the effect of different gradient doses of melatonin as 10, 100, or 1,000 μM on cell proliferation in H9c2 embryonic rat cardiac cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry was applied to evaluate the impact on apoptosis and cell cycle. RNA-seq was conducted to screen the changes in expression of mRNA and signaling pathways. Quantitative Real-Time-PCR (qRT-PCR) was then conducted to validate the results. RESULTS It was observed that melatonin could inhibit H9c2 cell growth, at the doses of 100 and 1,000 μM, but not at 10 μM. Moreover, melatonin ranged from 100 to 1,000 μM could instigate cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and simulate apoptosis, in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, melatonin was found to down-regulate the expression of a number of genes, which are related to heart development (SPARC, IFITM3, TNNT2, LOX), and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway activation (FN1, HSP90B1, THBS1, MFGE8, and CLU). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that high level of melatonin could be capable of inhibiting growth through the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, thereby interfering with embryonic heart development. Considering this study is based on H9c2 embryonic rat cardiac cells, future additional studies using human embryonic cardiac cell are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kena Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanqing Xia
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Lyu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiting Chen
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenghui Li
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Al-U'datt D, Allen BG, Nattel S. Role of the lysyl oxidase enzyme family in cardiac function and disease. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1820-1837. [PMID: 31504232 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) and related LOX-like (LOXL) isoforms play a vital role in remodelling the extracellular matrix (ECM). The LOX family controls ECM formation by cross-linking collagen and elastin chains. LOX/LOXL proteins are copper-dependent amine oxidases that catalyse the oxidation of lysine, causing cross-linking between the lysine moieties of lysine-rich proteins. Dynamic changes in LOX and LOXL protein-expression occur in a variety of cardiac pathologies; these changes are believed to be central to the associated tissue-fibrosis. An awareness of the potential pathophysiological importance of LOX has led to the evaluation of interventions that target LOX/LOXL proteins for heart-disease therapy. The purposes of this review article are: (i) to summarize the basic biochemistry and enzyme function of LOX and LOXL proteins; (ii) to consider their tissue and species distribution; and (iii) to review the results of experimental studies of the roles of LOX and LOXL proteins in heart disease, addressing involvement in the mechanisms, pathophysiology and therapeutic responses based on observations in patient samples and relevant animal models. Therapeutic targeting of LOX family enzymes has shown promising results in animal models, but small-molecule approaches have been limited by non-specificity and off-target effects. Biological approaches show potential promise but are in their infancy. While there is strong evidence for LOX-family protein participation in heart failure, myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation and hypertension, as well as potential interest as therapeutic targets, the precise involvement of LOX-family proteins in heart disease requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doa'a Al-U'datt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bruce G Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Wei S, Gao L, Wu C, Qin F, Yuan J. Role of the lysyl oxidase family in organ development (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:163-172. [PMID: 32536990 PMCID: PMC7282176 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase proteins (LOXs) are amine oxidases, which are mainly located in smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts and serve an important role in the formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in a copper-dependent manner. Owing to the ability of LOX proteins to modulate crosslinking between collagens and to promote the deposition of other fibers, they serve crucially in organogenesis and the subsequent organ development, as well as disease initiation and progression. In addition, ECM formation significantly influences organ morphological formation in both cancer- and non-tumor-related diseases, in addition to cellular epigenetic transformation and migration, under the influence of LOXs. A number of different signaling pathways regulate the LOXs expression and their enzymatic activation. The tissue remodeling and transformation process shares some resemblance between oncogenesis and embryogenesis. Additionally the roles that LOXs serve appeared to be stressed during oncogenesis and tumor metastasis. It has also been indicated LOXs have a noteworthy role in non-tumor diseases. Nonetheless, the role of LOXs in systemic or local organ development and disease control remains unknown. In the present study, the essential roles that LOXs play in embryogenesis were unveiled partially, whereas the role of LOXs in organ or systematic development requires further investigations. The present review aimed to discuss the roles of members of the LOX family in the context of the remodeling of organogenesis and organ development. In addition, the consequences of the malfunction of these proteins related to the development of abnormalities and resulting diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzun Wei
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Liang Gao
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Changjing Wu
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Feng Qin
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jiuhong Yuan
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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4
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Rodríguez C, Martínez-González J. The Role of Lysyl Oxidase Enzymes in Cardiac Function and Remodeling. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121483. [PMID: 31766500 PMCID: PMC6953057 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) proteins comprise a family of five copper-dependent enzymes (LOX and four LOX-like isoenzymes (LOXL1-4)) critical for extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis and remodeling. The primary role of LOX enzymes is to oxidize lysyl and hydroxylysyl residues from collagen and elastin chains into highly reactive aldehydes, which spontaneously react with surrounding amino groups and other aldehydes to form inter- and intra-catenary covalent cross-linkages. Therefore, they are essential for the synthesis of a mature ECM and assure matrix integrity. ECM modulates cellular phenotype and function, and strikingly influences the mechanical properties of tissues. This explains the critical role of these enzymes in tissue homeostasis, and in tissue repair and remodeling. Cardiac ECM is mainly composed of fibrillar collagens which form a complex network that provides structural and biochemical support to cardiac cells and regulates cell signaling pathways. It is now becoming apparent that cardiac performance is affected by the structure and composition of the ECM and that any disturbance of the ECM contributes to cardiac disease progression. This review article compiles the major findings on the contribution of the LOX family to the development and progression of myocardial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez
- Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (J.M.-G.); Tel.: +34-93-556-5897 (C.R.); +34-93-556-5896 (J.M.-G.)
| | - José Martínez-González
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (J.M.-G.); Tel.: +34-93-556-5897 (C.R.); +34-93-556-5896 (J.M.-G.)
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Gao L, Wu C, Fu F, You X, Ma X, Qin F, Li T, Wang R, Yuan J. Effect of lysyl oxidase (LOX) on corpus cavernous fibrosis caused by ischaemic priapism. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:2018-2022. [PMID: 29278308 PMCID: PMC5824375 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Penile fibrosis caused by ischemic priapism (IP) adversely affects patients’ erectile function. We explored the role of lysyl oxidase (LOX) in rat and human penes after ischemic priapism (IP) to verify the effects of anti‐LOX in relieving penile fibrosis and preventing erectile dysfunction caused by IP in rats. Seventy‐two rats were randomly divided into six groups: control group, control + β‐aminopropionitrile (BAPN) group, 9 hrs group, 9 hrs + BAPN group, 24 hrs group, and 24 hrs + BAPN group. β‐aminopropionitrile (BAPN), a specific inhibitor of LOX, was administered in the drinking water. At 1 week and 4 weeks, half of the rats in each group were randomly selected for the experiment. Compared to the control group, the erectile function of IP rats was significantly decreased while the expression of LOX in the corpus cavernosum was significantly up‐regulated in both 9 and 24 hrs group. Proliferated fibroblasts, decreased corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells/collagen ratios, destroyed endothelial continuity, deposited abnormal collagen and disorganized fibers were observed in IP rats. The relative content of collage I and III was not obviously different among the groups. β‐aminopropionitrile (BAPN) could effectively improve the structure and erectile function of the penis, and enhance recovery. The data in this study suggests that LOX may play an important role in the fibrosis of corpus cavernosum after IP and anti‐LOX may be a novel target for patients suffering with IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gao
- The Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changjing Wu
- The Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fudong Fu
- The Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuanhe You
- The Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Ma
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Qin
- The Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Li
- The Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Run Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jiuhong Yuan
- The Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Pazin DE, Gamer LW, Capelo LP, Cox KA, Rosen V. Gene signature of the embryonic meniscus. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:46-53. [PMID: 24108661 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The meniscus is a fibrocartilagenous disc in the knee that protects the joint from damage. Meniscal injuries are common, however repair efforts are largely unsuccessful and are not able to prevent the degenerative changes that result in development of osteoarthritis. Tissue regeneration in adults often recapitulates events of embryonic development, suggesting the regulatory pathways controlling morphogenesis are candidate repair signals. Here we use laser capture microdissection to collect mouse embryonic day 16 (E16) meniscus, articular cartilage, and cruciate ligaments. RNA isolated from these tissues was then used to perform genome-wide microarray analysis. We found 38 genes were differentially expressed between E16 meniscus and articular cartilage and 43 genes were differentially expressed between E16 meniscus and cruciate ligaments. Included in our data set were extracellular matrix proteins, transcription factors, and growth factors, including TGF-β modulators (Lox, Dpt) and IGF-1 pathway members (Igf-1, Igfbp2, Igfbp3, Igfbp5). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that IGF-1 signaling was enriched in the meniscus compared to the other joint structures, while qPCR showed that Igf-1, Igfbp2, and Igfbp3 expression declined with age. We also found that several meniscus-enriched genes were expressed either in the inner or outer meniscus, establishing that regionalization of the meniscus occurs early in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy E Pazin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
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Behmoaras J, Slove S, Seve S, Vranckx R, Sommer P, Jacob MP. Differential Expression of Lysyl Oxidases LOXL1 and LOX During Growth and Aging Suggests Specific Roles in Elastin and Collagen Fiber Remodeling in Rat Aorta. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:883-9. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2008.0760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Séverin Slove
- Inserm, U698, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, Université Paris 7, France
| | - Sophie Seve
- Institut de Biologie et de Chimie des Protéines, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard 1, Lyon, France
| | - Roger Vranckx
- Inserm, U698, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, Université Paris 7, France
| | - Pascal Sommer
- Institut de Biologie et de Chimie des Protéines, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard 1, Lyon, France
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Schieffer B, Selle T, Hilfiker A, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Grote K, Tietge UJF, Trautwein C, Luchtefeld M, Schmittkamp C, Heeneman S, Daemen MJAP, Drexler H. Impact of interleukin-6 on plaque development and morphology in experimental atherosclerosis. Circulation 2004; 110:3493-500. [PMID: 15557373 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000148135.08582.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular lipid accumulation and inflammation are hallmarks of atherosclerosis and perpetuate atherosclerotic plaque development. Mediators of inflammation, ie, interleukin (IL)-6, are elevated in patients with acute coronary syndromes and may contribute to the exacerbation of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS To assess the role of IL-6 in atherosclerosis, ApoE-/--IL-6-/- double-knockout mice were generated, fed a normal chow diet, and housed for 53+/-4 weeks. Mortality and blood pressure were unaltered. However, serum cholesterol levels and subsequent atherosclerotic lesion formation (oil red O stain) were significantly increased in ApoE-/--IL-6-/- mice compared with ApoE-/-, wild-type (WT), and IL-6-/- mice. Plaques of ApoE-/--IL-6-/- mice showed significantly reduced transcript and protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, collagen I and V, and lysyl oxidase (by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry). Recruitment of macrophages and leukocytes (Mac3- and CD45-positive staining) into the atherosclerotic lesion was significantly reduced in ApoE-/--IL-6-/- mice. The transcript and serum protein (ELISA) levels of IL-10 were significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS Thus, a lifetime IL-6 deficiency enhances atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoEK-/--IL-6-/- mice and leads to maladaptive vascular developmental processes. These observations are consistent with the notion that baseline levels of IL-6 are required to modulate lipid homeostasis, vascular remodeling, and plaque inflammation in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schieffer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Cui CT, Uriu-Adams JY, Tchaparian EH, Keen CL, Rucker RB. Metavanadate causes cellular accumulation of copper and decreased lysyl oxidase activity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 199:35-43. [PMID: 15289088 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2003] [Accepted: 03/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Selected indices of copper metabolism in weanling rats and fibroblast cultures were progressively altered in response to increased levels of sodium metavanadate. In diets, vanadium was added in amounts ranging from 0 to 80 microg V/g of diet, that is, 0-1.6 micromol V/g of diet. In fibroblast cultures, vanadium ranged from 0 to 400 nmol V/ml. The inhibition of P-ATPase-7A activity by metavanadate, important to copper egress from cells, was a primary focus. In skin, and tendon, the copper concentration was increased in response to increased dietary levels of metavanadate, whereas lysyl oxidase activity, a secreted cuproprotein, was reduced. The reduction in lysyl oxidase activity was also accompanied by reduced redox cycling potential of isolated fractions of lysyl oxidase, presumably due to reduced lysyltyrosyl quinone (LTQ) formation at the active site of lysyl oxidase. In contrast, liver copper concentrations and plasma ceruloplasmin activity were not affected by metavanadate exposure. However, semicarbazide-sensitive benzylamine oxidase (SCBO) activity, which was taken as an indirect measure of vascular adhesive protein-1 (VAP-1), was increased. In cultured fibroblasts, cellular copper was also increased and lysyl oxidase decreased in response to metavanadate. Moreover, the steady-state levels of atp7a and lysyl oxidase mRNAs were not affected by addition of metavanadate to culture medium up to 200 nmol/ml. Taken together, these data suggest that pathways involving copper egress and lysyl oxidase activation are particularly sensitive to metavanadate exposure through processes that are predominately posttranslational.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changtai T Cui
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M561X5
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