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Das A, Smith RJ, Andreadis ST. Harnessing the potential of monocytes/macrophages to regenerate tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:839-854. [PMID: 38742656 PMCID: PMC11218695 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-free tissue-engineered vascular grafts provide a promising alternative to treat cardiovascular disease, but timely endothelialization is essential for ensuring patency and proper functioning post-implantation. Recent studies from our lab showed that blood cells like monocytes (MCs) and macrophages (Mϕ) may contribute directly to cellularization and regeneration of bioengineered arteries in small and large animal models. While MCs and Mϕ are leucocytes that are part of the innate immune response, they share common developmental origins with endothelial cells (ECs) and are known to play crucial roles during vessel formation (angiogenesis) and vessel repair after inflammation/injury. They are highly plastic cells that polarize into pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypes upon exposure to cytokines and differentiate into other cell types, including EC-like cells, in the presence of appropriate chemical and mechanical stimuli. This review focuses on the developmental origins of MCs and ECs; the role of MCs and Mϕ in vessel repair/regeneration during inflammation/injury; and the role of chemical signalling and mechanical forces in Mϕ inflammation that mediates vascular graft regeneration. We postulate that comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms will better inform the development of strategies to coax MCs/Mϕ into endothelializing the lumen and regenerate the smooth muscle layers of cell-free bioengineered arteries and veins that are designed to treat cardiovascular diseases and perhaps the native vasculature as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Das
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 908 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Randall J Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 332 Bonner Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-1920, USA
| | - Stelios T Andreadis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 908 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 332 Bonner Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-1920, USA
- Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 701 Ellicott St, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Cell, Gene and Tissue Engineering (CGTE) Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 813 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
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Fahad MAA, Lee HY, Park S, Choi M, Shanto PC, Park M, Bae SH, Lee BT. Small-diameter vascular graft composing of core-shell structured micro-nanofibers loaded with heparin and VEGF for endothelialization and prevention of neointimal hyperplasia. Biomaterials 2024; 306:122507. [PMID: 38367300 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite the significant progress made in recent years, clinical issues with small-diameter vascular grafts related to low mechanical strength, thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia, and insufficient endothelialization remain unresolved. This study aims to design and fabricate a core-shell fibrous small-diameter vascular graft by co-axial electrospinning process, which will mechanically and biologically meet the benchmarks for blood vessel replacement. The presented graft (PGHV) comprised polycaprolactone/gelatin (shell) loaded with heparin-VEGF and polycaprolactone (core). This study hypothesized that the shell structure of the fibers would allow rapid degradation to release heparin-VEGF, and the core would provide mechanical strength for long-term application. Physico-mechanical evaluation, in vitro biocompatibility, and hemocompatibility assays were performed to ensure safe in vivo applications. After 25 days, the PGHV group released 79.47 ± 1.54% of heparin and 86.25 ± 1.19% of VEGF, and degradation of the shell was observed but the core remained pristine. Both the control (PG) and PGHV groups demonstrated robust mechanical properties. The PGHV group showed excellent biocompatibility and hemocompatibility compared to the PG group. After four months of rat aorta implantation, PGHV exhibited smooth muscle cell regeneration and complete endothelialization with a patency rate of 100%. The novel core-shell structured graft could be pivotal in vascular tissue regeneration application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdullah Al Fahad
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Yong Lee
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsu Park
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Choi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Prayas Chakma Shanto
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongki Park
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Bae
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea; Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Taek Lee
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea; Institute of Tissue Regeneration, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea.
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AL-Eitan L, Abusirdaneh R. The synthetic cannabinoid 5-fluoro ABICA upregulates angiogenic markers and stimulates tube formation in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2024; 19:359-371. [PMID: 38357583 PMCID: PMC10864802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), a class of psychoactive compounds emulating the effects of natural cannabis, have prompted addiction and psychosis concerns. However, recent research has suggested potential pharmacological applications, particularly in brain angiogenesis-an essential physiological process for growth, repair, and tissue maintenance, in which new blood vasculature is formed from existing vasculature. This study explored the in vitro ability of the SC 5-fluoro ABICA to enhance new blood formation processes in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). Methods HBMECs were treated with various concentrations of 5-fluoro ABICA (1 μM, 0.1 μM, 0.01 μM, 0.001 μM, and 0.0001 μM). A comprehensive analysis was conducted, including MTT assays indicating cell viability, wound healing assays indicating migration ability, and tube formation assays indicating the angiogenesis potential of endothelial cells. Additionally, mRNA expression and protein levels of specific pro-angiogenic factors were measured, and the phosphorylation levels of glycogen synthase kinase-3β were detected in treated HBMECs through ELISA, real-time PCR, and western blotting. Results Treatment with 5-fluoro ABICA effectively stimulated proliferation, migration, and tube formation in HBMECs in a dose-dependent manner; markedly increased the expression of pro-angiogenic factors; and upregulated levels of phosphorylated-GSK-3β. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that 5-fluoro ABICA stimulates angiogenesis in endothelial cells, thus potentially offering therapeutic options for diseases associated with angiogenesis. However, further research is needed to fully understand the molecular mechanism of 5-fluoro ABICA in angiogenesis, including ethical considerations regarding its use in medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith AL-Eitan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Rawan Abusirdaneh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Shi X, Seidle KA, Simms KJ, Dong F, Chilian WM, Zhang P. Endothelial progenitor cells in the host defense response. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 241:108315. [PMID: 36436689 PMCID: PMC9944665 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extensive injury of endothelial cells in blood vasculature, especially in the microcirculatory system, frequently occurs in hosts suffering from sepsis and the accompanied systemic inflammation. Pathological factors, including toxic components derived from invading microbes, oxidative stress associated with tissue ischemia/reperfusion, and vessel active mediators generated during the inflammatory response, are known to play important roles in mediating endothelial injury. Collapse of microcirculation and tissue edema developed from the failure of endothelial barrier function in vital organ systems, including the lung, brain, and kidney, are detrimental, which often predict fatal outcomes. The host body possesses a substantial capacity for maintaining vascular homeostasis and repairing endothelial damage. Bone marrow and vascular wall niches house endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). In response to septic challenges, EPCs in their niche environment are rapidly activated for proliferation and angiogenic differentiation. In the meantime, release of EPCs from their niches into the blood stream and homing of these vascular precursors to tissue sites of injury are markedly increased. The recruited EPCs actively participate in host defense against endothelial injury and repair of damage in blood vasculature via direct differentiation into endothelial cells for re-endothelialization as well as production of vessel active mediators to exert paracrine and autocrine effects on angiogenesis/vasculogenesis. In recent years, investigations on significance of EPCs in host defense and molecular signaling mechanisms underlying regulation of the EPC response have achieved substantial progress, which promotes exploration of vascular precursor cell-based approaches for effective prevention and treatment of sepsis-induced vascular injury as well as vital organ system failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Kelly A Seidle
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Kevin J Simms
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Feng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - William M Chilian
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America.
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The Evolution of Biomineralization through the Co-Option of Organic Scaffold Forming Networks. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040595. [PMID: 35203246 PMCID: PMC8870065 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is the process in which organisms use minerals to generate hard structures like teeth, skeletons and shells. Biomineralization is proposed to have evolved independently in different phyla through the co-option of pre-existing developmental programs. Comparing the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that drive biomineralization in different species could illuminate the molecular evolution of biomineralization. Skeletogenesis in the sea urchin embryo was extensively studied and the underlying GRN shows high conservation within echinoderms, larval and adult skeletogenesis. The organic scaffold in which the calcite skeletal elements form in echinoderms is a tubular compartment generated by the syncytial skeletogenic cells. This is strictly different than the organic cartilaginous scaffold that vertebrates mineralize with hydroxyapatite to make their bones. Here I compare the GRNs that drive biomineralization and tubulogenesis in echinoderms and in vertebrates. The GRN that drives skeletogenesis in the sea urchin embryo shows little similarity to the GRN that drives bone formation and high resemblance to the GRN that drives vertebrates’ vascular tubulogenesis. On the other hand, vertebrates’ bone-GRNs show high similarity to the GRNs that operate in the cells that generate the cartilage-like tissues of basal chordate and invertebrates that do not produce mineralized tissue. These comparisons suggest that biomineralization in deuterostomes evolved through the phylum specific co-option of GRNs that control distinct organic scaffolds to mineralization.
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Bellamy EJ, Di Palma S, Verganti SP. What Is Your Diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:1101-1104. [PMID: 32364456 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.10.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Leal V, Ribeiro CF, Oliveiros B, António N, Silva S. Intrinsic Vascular Repair by Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Acute Coronary Syndromes: an Update Overview. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:35-47. [PMID: 30345477 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-018-9857-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a key role in the maintenance of endothelial homeostasis and endothelial repair at areas of vascular damage. The quantification of EPCs in peripheral blood by flow cytometry is a strategy to assess this reparative capacity. The number of circulating EPCs is inversely correlated with the number of cardiovascular risk factors and to the occurrence of cardiovascular events. Therefore, monitoring EPCs levels may provide an accurate assessment of susceptibility to cardiovascular injury, greatly improving risk stratification of patients with high cardiovascular risk, such as those with an acute myocardial infarction. However, there are many issues in the field of EPC identification and quantification that remain unsolved. In fact, there have been conflicting protocols used to the phenotypic identification of EPCs and there is still no consensual immunophenotypical profile that corresponds exactly to EPCs. In this paper we aim to give an overview on EPCs-mediated vascular repair with special focus on acute coronary syndromes and to discuss the different phenotypic profiles that have been used to identify and quantify circulating EPCs in several clinical studies. Finally, we will synthesize evidence on the prognostic role of EPCs in patients with high cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Leal
- Group of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Fontes Ribeiro
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Oliveiros
- Laboratory of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Natália António
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Cardiology Department, Coimbra Hospital and Universitary Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- Group of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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8
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Schreier S, Triampo W. The Blood Circulating Rare Cell Population. What is it and What is it Good For? Cells 2020; 9:cells9040790. [PMID: 32218149 PMCID: PMC7226460 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood contains a diverse cell population of low concentration hematopoietic as well as non-hematopoietic cells. The majority of such rare cells may be bone marrow-derived progenitor and stem cells. This paucity of circulating rare cells, in particular in the peripheral circulation, has led many to believe that bone marrow as well as other organ-related cell egress into the circulation is a response to pathological conditions. Little is known about this, though an increasing body of literature can be found suggesting commonness of certain rare cell types in the peripheral blood under physiological conditions. Thus, the isolation and detection of circulating rare cells appears to be merely a technological problem. Knowledge about rare cell types that may circulate the blood stream will help to advance the field of cell-based liquid biopsy by supporting inter-platform comparability, making use of biological correct cutoffs and “mining” new biomarkers and combinations thereof in clinical diagnosis and therapy. Therefore, this review intends to lay ground for a comprehensive analysis of the peripheral blood rare cell population given the necessity to target a broader range of cell types for improved biomarker performance in cell-based liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schreier
- School of Bioinnovation and Bio-based Product Intelligence, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
- Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, 328 Si Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Wannapong Triampo
- Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, 328 Si Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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Kouroupis D, Ahari AF, Correa D, Shammaa R. Intralesional Injection of Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate for the Treatment of Osteonecrosis of the Knee Secondary to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Case Report. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:202. [PMID: 32266233 PMCID: PMC7100546 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Case: An 18-year-old female patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and corticosteroid-associated extensive bilateral symptomatic knee Osteonecrosis (ON) (Ficat IV), treated with sequential intralesional injections of autologous bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) under ultrasound guidance. At 3 months, pain was almost absent (VAS) and KOOS/WOMAC showed significant improvement sustained up to 24 months. At 12 months MRI indicated bone maturation, significantly reduced BM edema and subchondral fluid volume, and no collapse/fragmentation signs. Discussion: The clinical and imaging significant improvement observed in this patient suggests that BMAC intralesional injections effectively restored the compromised bone structure. After larger studies, this technique can become an alternative to decompressing surgery for ON cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kouroupis
- Department of Orthopaedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Amir F Ahari
- Canadian Centers for Regenerative Therapy, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Diego Correa
- Department of Orthopaedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Diabetes Research Institute & Cell Transplant Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Riam Shammaa
- Canadian Centers for Regenerative Therapy, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Annese T, Tamma R, Ruggieri S, Ribatti D. Erythropoietin in tumor angiogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2019; 374:266-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abdul Wahid SF, Ismail NA, Wan Jamaludin WF, Muhamad NA, Abdul Hamid MKA, Harunarashid H, Lai NM. Autologous cells derived from different sources and administered using different regimens for 'no-option' critical lower limb ischaemia patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 8:CD010747. [PMID: 30155883 PMCID: PMC6513643 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010747.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Revascularisation is the gold standard therapy for patients with critical limb ischaemia (CLI). In over 30% of patients who are not suitable for or have failed previous revascularisation therapy (the 'no-option' CLI patients), limb amputation is eventually unavoidable. Preliminary studies have reported encouraging outcomes with autologous cell-based therapy for the treatment of CLI in these 'no-option' patients. However, studies comparing the angiogenic potency and clinical effects of autologous cells derived from different sources have yielded limited data. Data regarding cell doses and routes of administration are also limited. OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy and safety of autologous cells derived from different sources, prepared using different protocols, administered at different doses, and delivered via different routes for the treatment of 'no-option' CLI patients. SEARCH METHODS The Cochrane Vascular Information Specialist (CIS) searched the Cochrane Vascular Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE Ovid, Embase Ovid, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), and trials registries (16 May 2018). Review authors searched PubMed until February 2017. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving 'no-option' CLI patients comparing a particular source or regimen of autologous cell-based therapy against another source or regimen of autologous cell-based therapy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Three review authors independently assessed the eligibility and methodological quality of the trials. We extracted outcome data from each trial and pooled them for meta-analysis. We calculated effect estimates using a risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), or a mean difference (MD) with 95% CI. MAIN RESULTS We included seven RCTs with a total of 359 participants. These studies compared bone marrow-mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) versus mobilised peripheral blood stem cells (mPBSCs), BM-MNCs versus bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), high cell dose versus low cell dose, and intramuscular (IM) versus intra-arterial (IA) routes of cell implantation. We identified no other comparisons in these studies. We considered most studies to be at low risk of bias in random sequence generation, incomplete outcome data, and selective outcome reporting; at high risk of bias in blinding of patients and personnel; and at unclear risk of bias in allocation concealment and blinding of outcome assessors. The quality of evidence was most often low to very low, with risk of bias, imprecision, and indirectness of outcomes the major downgrading factors.Three RCTs (100 participants) reported a total of nine deaths during the study follow-up period. These studies did not report deaths according to treatment group.Results show no clear difference in amputation rates between IM and IA routes (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.18; three RCTs, 95 participants; low-quality evidence). Single-study data show no clear difference in amputation rates between BM-MNC- and mPBSC-treated groups (RR 1.54, 95% CI 0.45 to 5.24; 150 participants; low-quality evidence) and between high and low cell dose (RR 3.21, 95% CI 0.87 to 11.90; 16 participants; very low-quality evidence). The study comparing BM-MNCs versus BM-MSCs reported no amputations.Single-study data with low-quality evidence show similar numbers of participants with healing ulcers between BM-MNCs and mPBSCs (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.83; 49 participants) and between IM and IA routes (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.76; 41 participants). In contrast, more participants appeared to have healing ulcers in the BM-MSC group than in the BM-MNC group (RR 2.00, 95% CI 1.02 to 3.92; one RCT, 22 participants; moderate-quality evidence). Researchers comparing high versus low cell doses did not report ulcer healing.Single-study data show similar numbers of participants with reduction in rest pain between BM-MNCs and mPBSCs (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.06; 104 participants; moderate-quality evidence) and between IM and IA routes (RR 1.22, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.64; 32 participants; low-quality evidence). One study reported no clear difference in rest pain scores between BM-MNC and BM-MSC (MD 0.00, 95% CI -0.61 to 0.61; 37 participants; moderate-quality evidence). Trials comparing high versus low cell doses did not report rest pain.Single-study data show no clear difference in the number of participants with increased ankle-brachial index (ABI; increase of > 0.1 from pretreatment), between BM-MNCs and mPBSCs (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.40; 104 participants; moderate-quality evidence), and between IM and IA routes (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.43 to 2.00; 35 participants; very low-quality evidence). In contrast, ABI scores appeared higher in BM-MSC versus BM-MNC groups (MD 0.05, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.09; one RCT, 37 participants; low-quality evidence). ABI was not reported in the high versus low cell dose comparison.Similar numbers of participants had improved transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcO₂) with IM versus IA routes (RR 1.22, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.72; two RCTs, 62 participants; very low-quality evidence). Single-study data with low-quality evidence show a higher TcO₂ reading in BM-MSC versus BM-MNC groups (MD 8.00, 95% CI 3.46 to 12.54; 37 participants) and in mPBSC- versus BM-MNC-treated groups (MD 1.70, 95% CI 0.41 to 2.99; 150 participants). TcO₂ was not reported in the high versus low cell dose comparison.Study authors reported no significant short-term adverse effects attributed to autologous cell implantation. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Mostly low- and very low-quality evidence suggests no clear differences between different stem cell sources and different treatment regimens of autologous cell implantation for outcomes such as all-cause mortality, amputation rate, ulcer healing, and rest pain for 'no-option' CLI patients. Pooled analyses did not show a clear difference in clinical outcomes whether cells were administered via IM or IA routes. High-quality evidence is lacking; therefore the efficacy and long-term safety of autologous cells derived from different sources, prepared using different protocols, administered at different doses, and delivered via different routes for the treatment of 'no-option' CLI patients, remain to be confirmed.Future RCTs with larger numbers of participants are needed to determine the efficacy of cell-based therapy for CLI patients, along with the optimal cell source, phenotype, dose, and route of implantation. Longer follow-up is needed to confirm the durability of angiogenic potential and the long-term safety of cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fadilah Abdul Wahid
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical CentreCell Therapy CenterJalan Yaacob LatifKuala LumpurMalaysia56000
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical CentreClinical Haematology & Stem Cell Transplantation Services, Department of MedicineKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Nor Azimah Ismail
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical CentreCell Therapy CenterJalan Yaacob LatifKuala LumpurMalaysia56000
| | - Wan Fariza Wan Jamaludin
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical CentreCell Therapy CenterJalan Yaacob LatifKuala LumpurMalaysia56000
| | - Nor Asiah Muhamad
- Ministry of HealthInstitute for Public HealthKuala LumpurFederal TeritoryMalaysia50590
| | | | - Hanafiah Harunarashid
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical CentreUnit of Vascular Surgery, Department of SurgeryJalan Yaacob LatifKuala LumpurKuala LumpurMalaysia56000
| | - Nai Ming Lai
- Taylor's UniversitySchool of MedicineSubang JayaMalaysia
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Petrea C, Crăiţoiu Ş, Vrapciu A, Mănoiu V, Rusu M. The telopode- and filopode-projecting heterogeneous stromal cells of the human sclera niche. Ann Anat 2018; 218:129-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Rusu MC, Mănoiu VS, Creţoiu D, Creţoiu SM, Vrapciu AD. Stromal cells/telocytes and endothelial progenitors in the perivascular niches of the trigeminal ganglion. Ann Anat 2018; 218:141-155. [PMID: 29680777 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cells/telocytes (SCs/TCs) were recently described in the human adult trigeminal ganglion (TG). As some markers are equally expressed in SCs/TCs and endothelial cells, we hypothesized that a subset of the TG SCs/TCs is in fact represented by endothelial progenitor cells of a myelomonocytic origin. This study aimed to evaluate whether the interstitial cells of the human adult TG correlate with the myelomonocytic lineage. We used primary antibodies for c-erbB2/HER-2, CD31, nestin, CD10, CD117/c-kit, von Willebrand factor (vWF), CD34, Stro-1, CD146, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), CD68, VEGFR-2 and cytokeratin 7 (CK7). The TG pial mesothelium and subpial vascular microstroma expressed c-erbB2/HER-2, CK7 and VEGFR-2. SCs/TCs neighbouring the neuronoglial units (NGUs) also expressed HER-2, which suggests a pial origin. These cells were also positive for CD10, CD31, CD34, CD68 and nestin. Endothelial cells expressed CD10, CD31, CD34, CD146, nestin and vWF. We also found vasculogenic networks with spindle-shaped and stellate endothelial progenitors expressing CD10, CD31, CD34, CD68, CD146 and VEGFR-2. Isolated mesenchymal stromal cells expressed Stro-1, CD146, CK7, c-kit and nestin. Pericytes expressed α-SMA and CD146. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we found endothelial-specific Weibel-Palade bodies in spindle-shaped stromal progenitors. Our study supports the hypothesis that an intrinsic vasculogenic niche potentially involved in microvascular maintenance and repair might be present in the human adult trigeminal ganglion and that it might be supplied by either the pial mesothelium or the bone marrow niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; MEDCENTER - Center of Excellence in Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Romania.
| | - V S Mănoiu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - D Creţoiu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Department 2 Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - S M Creţoiu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Department 2 Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A D Vrapciu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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14
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Abstract
Novel Pt(iv) prodrugs targeting hypoxia inducible factor HIF-1α were prepared for evaluating their antitumor activity on hypoxic cancer cells for the first time. The resulting Pt(iv) prodrug exhibited effective inhibition on tumor growth in the HCT-116 xenograft mouse model with low toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Xu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Gang Xu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
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15
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Zhang Q, Gerlach JC, Schmelzer E, Nettleship I. Effect of Calcium-Infiltrated Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds on the Hematopoietic Fate of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. J Vasc Res 2017; 54:376-385. [PMID: 29166642 DOI: 10.1159/000481778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Foamed hydroxyapatite offers a three-dimensional scaffold for the development of bone constructs, mimicking perfectly the in vivo bone structure. In vivo, calcium release at the surface is assumed to provide a locally increased gradient supporting the maintenance of the hematopoietic stem cells niche. We fabricated hydroxyapatite scaffolds with high surface calcium concentration by infiltration, and used human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as a model to study the effects on hematopoietic lineage direction. HUVECs are umbilical vein-derived and thus possess progenitor characteristics, with a prospective potential to give rise to hematopoietic lineages. HUVECs were cultured for long term on three-dimensional porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds, which were either infiltrated biphasic foams or untreated. Controls were cultured in two-dimensional dishes. The release of calcium into culture medium was determined, and cells were analyzed for typical hematopoietic and endothelial gene expressions, surface markers by flow cytometry, and hematopoietic potential using colony-forming unit assays. Our results indicate that the biphasic foams promoted a hematopoietic lineage direction of HUVECs, suggesting an improved in vivo-like scaffold for hematopoietic bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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16
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Lu S, Ge M, Zheng Y, Li J, Feng X, Feng S, Huang J, Feng Y, Yang D, Shi J, Chen F, Han Z. CD106 is a novel mediator of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via NF-κB in the bone marrow failure of acquired aplastic anemia. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:178. [PMID: 28764810 PMCID: PMC5540520 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0620-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is characterized by deficiency or dysfunction of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. However, little is known about the impairment of BM-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in AA patients. METHODS We used Illumina HiSeqTM 2000 sequencing, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), flow cytometry (FCM), and Western blotting to test the expression of CD106 gene (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1)) and CD106 protein of BM-MSCs. Furthermore, we used hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and histochemical staining analysis, immunofluorescence, and the formation of capillary-like structures to analyze capillary tube-like formation in vitro; we also used the Matrigel plug assay to test in vivo vasculogenesis, and an assay of colony forming units (CFUs) and colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte (CFU-MK) to detect the support function of MSCs in vitro. The in vivo engraftment of CD34+ cells and MSCs in NOD/SCID mice was tested by FACS and survival assay; the expression of NF-κB was tested by NanoPro analysis and immunofluorescence. NF-κB-regulated CD106 gene (VCAM1) was confirmed by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-stimulated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated MSCs, blockade assay, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Here, we report that BM-MSCs from AA patients exhibited downregulation of the CD06 gene (VCAM1) and low expression of CD106 in vitro. Further analysis revealed that CD106+ MSCs from both AA patients and healthy controls had increased potential for in vitro capillary tube-like formation and in vivo vasculogenesis compared with CD106- MSCs, and the results were similar when healthy MSCs were compared with AA MSCs. CD106+ MSCs from both AA patients and healthy controls more strongly supported in vitro growth and in vivo engraftment of CD34+ cells in NOD/SCID mice than CD106- MSCs, and similar results were obtained when healthy MSCs and AA MSCs were compared. The expression of NF-κB was decreased in AA MSCs, and NF-κB regulated the CD106 gene (VCAM1) which supported hematopoiesis. CONCLUSIONS These results revealed the effect of CD106 and NF-κB in BM failure of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, People's Republic of China
| | - Meili Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhou Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, People's Republic of China
| | - Sizhou Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, People's Republic of China
| | - Donglin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongchao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Shi X, Zhang W, Yin L, Chilian WM, Krieger J, Zhang P. Vascular precursor cells in tissue injury repair. Transl Res 2017; 184:77-100. [PMID: 28284670 PMCID: PMC5429880 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular precursor cells include stem cells and progenitor cells giving rise to all mature cell types in the wall of blood vessels. When tissue injury occurs, local hypoxia and inflammation result in the generation of vasculogenic mediators which orchestrate migration of vascular precursor cells from their niche environment to the site of tissue injury. The intricate crosstalk among signaling pathways coordinates vascular precursor cell proliferation and differentiation during neovascularization. Establishment of normal blood perfusion plays an essential role in the effective repair of the injured tissue. In recent years, studies on molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of vascular precursor cell function have achieved substantial progress, which promotes exploration of vascular precursor cell-based approaches to treat chronic wounds and ischemic diseases in vital organ systems. Verification of safety and establishment of specific guidelines for the clinical application of vascular precursor cell-based therapy remain major challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Weihong Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Nursing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - William M Chilian
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Jessica Krieger
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio.
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18
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Abukabda AB, Stapleton PA, Nurkiewicz TR. Metal Nanomaterial Toxicity Variations Within the Vascular System. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 3:379-391. [PMID: 27686080 PMCID: PMC5112123 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-016-0112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENM) are anthropogenic materials with at least one dimension less than 100 nm. Their ubiquitous employment in biomedical and industrial applications in the absence of full toxicological assessments raises significant concerns over their safety on human health. This is a significant concern, especially for metal and metal oxide ENM as they may possess the greatest potential to impair human health. A large body of literature has developed that reflects adverse systemic effects associated with exposure to these materials, but an integrated mechanistic framework for how ENM exposure influences morbidity remains elusive. This may be due in large part to the tremendous diversity of existing ENM and the rate at which novel ENM are produced. In this review, the influence of specific ENM physicochemical characteristics and hemodynamic factors on cardiovascular toxicity is discussed. Additionally, the toxicity of metallic and metal oxide ENM is presented in the context of the cardiovascular system and its discrete anatomical and functional components. Finally, future directions and understudied topics are presented. While it is clear that the nanotechnology boom has increased our interest in ENM toxicity, it is also evident that the field of cardiovascular nanotoxicology remains in its infancy and continued, expansive research is necessary in order to determine the mechanisms via which ENM exposure contributes to cardiovascular morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaeddin B. Abukabda
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Phoebe A. Stapleton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Timothy R. Nurkiewicz
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
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19
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Rusu MC, Hostiuc S, Vrapciu AD, Mogoantă L, Mănoiu VS, Grigoriu F. Subsets of telocytes: Myocardial telocytes. Ann Anat 2016; 209:37-44. [PMID: 27777113 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are morphologically defined as small-sized cells with long, thin, moniliform processes called telopodes (Tps). Numerous papers imply that TCs are a distinctive cell type, and that transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the gold standard tool for their identification. We aimed to reproduce previous studies on myocardial TCs to check their validity. For this purpose we performed an immunohistochemical study on human cardiac samples from six autopsied donor cadavers, using antibodies against CD10, CD31, CD34, CD146, Ki67, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor-alpha (PDGFRα) and laminin. Additionally we performed a TEM study on cardiac samples from three human autopsied donor cadavers and five adult Sprague-Dawley rats. We found endothelial cells (ECs), cords, and filopodia-projecting endothelial tip cells (ETCs) that expressed CD10, CD31, CD34, CD146, and PDGFR-α. Often, endothelial cells closely neighbored the sarcolemmal basal laminae. Endothelial progenitor cells, as well as nascent capillaries, were CD31+/CD34+. Proliferative endothelial cells expressed Ki67. In larger vessels we found pericytes that expressed CD146 and α-SMA; scarce α-SMA-expressing spindle-shaped cells lining cardiomyocytes were suggestive of a pericytic role in angiogenic sprout guidance. The TEM study showed that endothelial tubes are almost exclusively found in the narrow myocardial interstitia. ECs that built them up appeared identical to the cells that previous TEM studies have suggested to be myocardial telocytes. A subset of stromal cells with TC-like phenotype and telopodes-like processes actually seem to configure blood vessels, and therefore belong to the endothelial lineage. This study shows that data presented in previous studies on myocardial telocytes is not enough to allow the reproducibility of the results. At least a subset of cells considered to be TCs might belong to the endothelial lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; MEDCENTER, Center of Excellence in Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - S Hostiuc
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Department 2 Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; National Institute of Legal Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A D Vrapciu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - L Mogoantă
- Research Center for Microscopic Morphology and Immunology, Department of Morphology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - V S Mănoiu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - F Grigoriu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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20
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Rakocevic J, Kojic S, Orlic D, Stankovic G, Ostojic M, Petrovic O, Zaletel I, Puskas N, Todorovic V, Labudovic-Borovic M. Co-expression of vascular and lymphatic endothelial cell markers on early endothelial cells present in aspirated coronary thrombi from patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 100:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Xu SM, Liang T. Clinical observation of the application of autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for the treatment of diabetic foot gangrene. Exp Ther Med 2015; 11:283-288. [PMID: 26889255 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the optimal mobilization plan in autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for the treatment of diabetic foot and to observe its clinical curative effect. A total of 127 patients with diabetic foot were treated with different doses of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize their hematopoietic stem cells. Subsequently, the extracted stem cell suspension was injected into the ischemic lower extremities along the blood vessels in the areas presenting with pathological changes. Following the treatment, the intermittent claudication distance, skin temperature, ankle brachial index and pain scores of the patients were evaluated. In addition, the associations among the mobilization time, doses and peripheral blood CD34+ level were analyzed. The collection efficiency of the stem cells was associated with the dose of G-CSF and the mobilization time. Following the injection of the autologous peripheral blood stem cell suspension, the ischemic area of the patients was improved significantly. In conclusion, autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation can promote the establishment of collateral circulation in patients with diabetic foot, and the optimal time for gathering stem cells is closely correlated with the peripheral blood CD34+ level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Min Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Ting Liang
- Department of Administration, People's Hospital of Langfang, Langfang, Hebei 065000, P.R. China
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22
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The unfolded protein response in retinal vascular diseases: implications and therapeutic potential beyond protein folding. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 45:111-31. [PMID: 25529848 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a complex, step-wise process of new vessel formation that is involved in both normal embryonic development as well as postnatal pathological processes, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Aberrant blood vessel growth, also known as neovascularization, in the retina and the choroid is a major cause of vision loss in severe eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, and central and branch retinal vein occlusion. Yet, retinal neovascularization is causally and dynamically associated with vasodegeneration, ischemia, and vascular remodeling in retinal tissues. Understanding the mechanisms of retinal neovascularization is an urgent unmet need for developing new treatments for these devastating diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests a vital role for the unfolded protein response (UPR) in regulation of angiogenesis, in part through coordinating the secretion of pro-angiogenic growth factors, such as VEGF, and modulating endothelial cell survival and activity. Herein, we summarize current research in the context of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and UPR signaling in retinal angiogenesis and vascular remodeling, highlighting potential implications of targeting these stress response pathways in the prevention and treatment of retinal vascular diseases that result in visual deficits and blindness.
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23
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Guhanarayan G, Jablonski J, Witkowski S. Circulating angiogenic cell population responses to 10 days of reduced physical activity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:500-6. [PMID: 25012029 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00087.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating angiogenic cells (CACs) are a diverse group that have been identified as predictors of cardiovascular health and are inversely proportional to cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. Inactivity is a growing concern in industrialized nations and is an independent risk factor for CVD. There is limited evidence regarding the impact of reduced physical activity (rPA) on different CAC populations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of objectively monitored rPA with maintained energy balance on two CAC populations (CFU and CD34(+) cells), intracellular nitric oxide (NOi), and genes related to NO production in active, healthy men. Participants (age 25 ± 2.9 yr) refrained from structured physical activity for 10 days, which was reflected by a significant reduction in time in vigorous + very vigorous intensity activity (P = 0.03). Sedentary time tended to increase (P = 0.06) with rPA. CFU CACs have been characterized as mainly monocytic and lymphocytic cells. We found significant reductions in both the number of CFU CACs (-35.69%, P = 0.01) and CFU CAC NOi (-33.84%, P = 0.03). Neither NOi nor the number of CD34(+) cells, which are hematopoietic and endothelial progenitors, changed with rPA. We found no significant differences in NO-related gene expression or oxidative stress-related gene expression with rPA in either CAC type. Therefore, we conclude that although various CAC populations have been related to vascular health, regular physical activity is necessary to maintain CAC NOi and the vulnerability of CACs to short-term reductions in physical activity is population specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Guhanarayan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Julianne Jablonski
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah Witkowski
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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24
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Abdul Wahid SF, Ismail NA, Abdul Hamid MKA, Harunarashid H, Idris MAM, Muhamad NA, Lai NM. Different sources of autologous mononuclear cells and stem cells for critical lower limb ischaemia. Hippokratia 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Fadilah Abdul Wahid
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre; Cell Therapy Center; Jalan Yaacob Latif Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 56000
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre; Clinical Haematology & Stem Cell Transplantation Services, Department of Medicine; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Nor Azimah Ismail
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre; Cell Therapy Center; Jalan Yaacob Latif Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 56000
| | | | - Hanafiah Harunarashid
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre; Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery; Jalan Yaacob Latif Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 56000
| | - Muhamad Azim Mohd Idris
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre; Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery; Jalan Yaacob Latif Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 56000
| | - Nor Asiah Muhamad
- Institute for Medical Research; Medical Research Resource Centre; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 50588
| | - Nai Ming Lai
- University of Malaya Medical Center; Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric and Child Health Research Group; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 50603
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25
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Dubey R, Levin MD, Szabo LZ, Laszlo CF, Kushal S, Singh JB, Oh P, Schnitzer JE, Olenyuk BZ. Suppression of Tumor Growth by Designed Dimeric Epidithiodiketopiperazine Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factor Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4537-49. [DOI: 10.1021/ja400805b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Dubey
- Department of Pharmacology and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Ave., PSC B15C, HSC 9121, Los Angeles, California 90089,
United States
| | - Michael D. Levin
- Proteogenomics Research Institute
for Systems Medicine, 11107 Roselle St., San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Lajos Z. Szabo
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306
East University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Csaba F. Laszlo
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306
East University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Swati Kushal
- Department of Pharmacology and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Ave., PSC B15C, HSC 9121, Los Angeles, California 90089,
United States
| | - Jason B. Singh
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306
East University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Philip Oh
- Proteogenomics Research Institute
for Systems Medicine, 11107 Roselle St., San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Jan E. Schnitzer
- Proteogenomics Research Institute
for Systems Medicine, 11107 Roselle St., San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Bogdan Z. Olenyuk
- Department of Pharmacology and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Ave., PSC B15C, HSC 9121, Los Angeles, California 90089,
United States
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26
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Kaneko Y, Tajiri N, Shinozuka K, Glover LE, Weinbren NL, Cortes L, Borlongan CV. Cell therapy for stroke: emphasis on optimizing safety and efficacy profile of endothelial progenitor cells. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:3731-4. [PMID: 22574986 DOI: 10.2174/138161212802002733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) correspond to a population of cells with novel properties capable of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, thus they are likely to display unique role in the reconstitution of the blood brain barrier (BBB) after stroke. Laboratory evidence supports safety and efficacy of cell therapy for stroke, with limited clinical trials recently initiated. This lab-to-clinic ascent of cell-based therapeutics has been aided by the establishment of consortium consisting of thought-leaders from academia, industry, National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, there remain unanswered questions prior to realization of large-scale application of cell transplantation in patients. This review article discusses translational challenges associated in cell therapy, emphasizing the need for optimizing both safety and efficacy profiles for advancing the clinical applications of EPC transplantation for stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Crabbs TA, Arnold LL, Pennington KL, Cook JC, Malarkey DE, Cohen SM. Evaluation of expression profiles of hematopoietic stem cell, endothelial cell, and myeloid cell antigens in spontaneous and chemically induced hemangiosarcomas and hemangiomas in mice. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 41:709-21. [PMID: 23125116 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312464309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether the process of spontaneous and chemically induced hemangiosarcoma and hemangioma formation in mice involves the transformation of differentiated endothelial cells (ECs) or recruitment of multipotential bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells or endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which show some degree of endothelial differentiation. In the present study, immunohistochemical staining for hematopoietic stem cell markers (CD45 and CD34), EC markers (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 [VEGFR2], CD31, and factor VIII-related antigen), and a myeloid lineage marker (CD14) was employed to better define the origin of hemangiosarcomas and hemangiomas in mice. Staining was negative for CD45, factor VIII-related antigen, and CD14 and positive for CD34, VEGFR2, and CD31, indicating that mouse hemangiosarcomas and hemangiomas are composed of cells derived from EPCs expressing CD34, VEGFR2, and CD31 but not factor VIII-related antigen. The lack of CD45 expression suggests that mouse vascular tumors may arise from EPCs that are at a stage later than hematopoietic stem cells. Since factor VIII-related antigen expression is known to occur later than CD31 expression in EPCs, our observations may indicate that these tumor cells are arrested at a stage prior to complete differentiation. In addition, myeloid lineage cells do not appear to contribute to hemangiosarcoma and hemangioma formation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Kakiuchi-Kiyota
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Bentley RT, Mund JA, Pollok KE, Childress MO, Case J. Peripheral blood biomarkers of solid tumor angiogenesis in dogs: a polychromatic flow cytometry pilot study. Vet J 2012; 196:236-40. [PMID: 23063489 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A subset of peripheral blood hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells of bone marrow origin is elevated in humans with solid cancers before treatment and declines with therapy. This biomarker of angiogenesis is not specific to tumor type and has great potential in the objective assessment of treatment response in clinical trials. This pilot study was designed to develop a biomarker of neoangiogenesis in dogs for the diagnosis of cancer, the measurement of treatment response, and the provision of objective data in clinical trials. Polychromatic flow cytometry was used to quantify two subsets of circulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in dogs with spontaneous solid tumors before (n = 8) and after (n = 3) treatment, and normal controls (n = 6). Pro-angiogenic peripheral blood cells of bone marrow origin were detected in all eight cases and the six normal controls; however, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Interestingly, an apparent decline in pro-angiogenic cells was observed after treatment. Bone marrow derived hematopoietic cells appear to contribute to tumor angiogenesis in dogs, as has been previously reported in humans. While the methodology for pro-angiogenic cell quantification in a small number of dogs in the current study did not result in a significant difference from normal controls, an optimized canine polychromatic flow cytometry protocol holds great promise in the development of a canine cancer model and for the objective measurements of treatment response in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Timothy Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47905, USA.
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Botti C, Maione C, Coppola A, Sica V, Cobellis G. Autologous bone marrow cell therapy for peripheral arterial disease. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2012; 5:5-14. [PMID: 24198534 PMCID: PMC3781761 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s28121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Inadequate blood supply to tissues caused by obstruction of arterioles and/or capillaries results in ischemic injuries – these injuries can range from mild (eg, leg ischemia) to severe conditions (eg, myocardial infarction, stroke). Surgical and/or endovascular procedures provide cutting-edge treatment for patients with vascular disorders; however, a high percentage of patients are currently not treatable, owing to high operative risk or unfavorable vascular involvement. Therapeutic angiogenesis has recently emerged as a promising new therapy, promoting the formation of new blood vessels by the introduction of bone marrow–derived stem and progenitor cells. These cells participate in the development of new blood vessels, the enlargement of existing blood vessels, and sprouting new capillaries from existing blood vessels, providing evidence of the therapeutic utility of these cells in ischemic tissues. In this review, the authors describe peripheral arterial disease, an ischemic condition affecting the lower extremities, summarizing different aspects of vascular regeneration and discussing which and how stem cells restore the blood flow. The authors also present an overview of encouraging results from early-phase clinical trials using stem cells to treat peripheral arterial disease. The authors believe that additional research initiatives should be undertaken to better identify the nature of stem cells and that an intensive cooperation between laboratory and clinical investigators is needed to optimize the design of cell therapy trials and to maximize their scientific rigor. Only this will allow the results of these investigations to develop best clinical practices. Additionally, although a number of stem cell therapies exist, many treatments are performed outside international and national regulations and many clinical trials have been not registered on databases such as ClinicalTrials.gov or EudraCT. Therefore, more rigorous clinical trials are required to confirm the first hopeful results and to address the challenging issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Botti
- Department of General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Machado FG, Kuriki PS, Fujihara CK, Fanelli C, Arias SCA, Malheiros DMAC, Camara NOS, Zatz R. Chronic VEGF blockade worsens glomerular injury in the remnant kidney model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39580. [PMID: 22745791 PMCID: PMC3382123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGF inhibition can promote renal vascular and parenchymal injury, causing proteinuria, hypertension and thrombotic microangiopathy. The mechanisms underlying these side effects are unclear. We investigated the renal effects of the administration, during 45 days, of sunitinib (Su), a VEGF receptor inhibitor, to rats with 5/6 renal ablation (Nx). Adult male Munich-Wistar rats were distributed among groups S+V, sham-operated rats receiving vehicle only; S+Su, S rats given Su, 4 mg/kg/day; Nx+V, Nx rats receiving V; and Nx+Su, Nx rats receiving Su. Su caused no change in Group S. Seven and 45 days after renal ablation, renal cortical interstitium was expanded, in association with rarefaction of peritubular capillaries. Su did not worsen hypertension, proteinuria or interstitial expansion, nor did it affect capillary rarefaction, suggesting little angiogenic activity in this model. Nx animals exhibited glomerulosclerosis (GS), which was aggravated by Su. This effect could not be explained by podocyte damage, nor could it be ascribed to tuft hypertrophy or hyperplasia. GS may have derived from organization of capillary microthrombi, frequently observed in Group Nx+Su. Treatment with Su did not reduce the fractional glomerular endothelial area, suggesting functional rather than structural cell injury. Chronic VEGF inhibition has little effect on normal rats, but can affect glomerular endothelium when renal damage is already present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia G. Machado
- Laboratory of Renal Pathophysiology (LIM-16), Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Semedo Kuriki
- Laboratory of Immunology, Nephrology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarice K. Fujihara
- Laboratory of Renal Pathophysiology (LIM-16), Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camilla Fanelli
- Laboratory of Renal Pathophysiology (LIM-16), Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone C. A. Arias
- Laboratory of Renal Pathophysiology (LIM-16), Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise M. A. C. Malheiros
- Laboratory of Renal Pathophysiology (LIM-16), Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O. S. Camara
- Laboratory of Immunology, Nephrology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Zatz
- Laboratory of Renal Pathophysiology (LIM-16), Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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A Step-up Approach for Cell Therapy in Stroke: Translational Hurdles of Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells. Transl Stroke Res 2011; 3:90-8. [PMID: 22389662 PMCID: PMC3284662 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stroke remains a significant unmet condition in the USA and throughout the world. To date, only approximately 3% of the population suffering an ischemic stroke benefit from the thrombolytic drug tissue plasminogen activator, largely due to the drug’s narrow therapeutic window. The last decade has witnessed extensive laboratory studies suggesting the therapeutic potential of cell-based therapy for stroke. Limited clinical trials of cell therapy in stroke patients are currently being pursued. Bone marrow-derived stem cells are an attractive, novel transplantable cell source for stroke. There remain many unanswered questions in the laboratory before cell therapy can be optimized for transplantation in the clinical setting. Here, we discuss the various translational hurdles encountered in bringing cell therapy from the laboratory to the clinic, using stem cell therapeutics as an emerging paradigm for stroke as a guiding principle. In particular, we focus on the preclinical studies of cell transplantation in experimental stroke with emphasis on a better understanding of mechanisms of action in an effort to optimize efficacy and to build a safety profile for advancing cell therapy to the clinic. A forward looking strategy of combination therapy involving stem cell transplantation and pharmacologic treatment is also discussed.
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Borlongan CV, Glover LE, Tajiri N, Kaneko Y, Freeman TB. The great migration of bone marrow-derived stem cells toward the ischemic brain: therapeutic implications for stroke and other neurological disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:213-28. [PMID: 21903148 PMCID: PMC3185169 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating laboratory studies have implicated the mobilization of bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells in brain plasticity and stroke therapy. This mobilization of bone cells to the brain is an essential concept in regenerative medicine. Over the past ten years, mounting data have shown the ability of bone marrow-derived stem cells to mobilize from BM to the peripheral blood (PB) and eventually enter the injured brain. This homing action is exemplified in BM stem cell mobilization following ischemic brain injury. Various BM-derived cells, such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and very small embryonic-like cells (VSELs) have been demonstrated to exert therapeutic benefits in stroke. Here, we discuss the current status of these BM-derived stem cells in stroke therapy, with emphasis on possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of action that mediate the cells' beneficial effects in the ischemic brain. When possible, we also discuss the relevance of this therapeutic regimen in other central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Borlongan CV. Bone marrow stem cell mobilization in stroke: a 'bonehead' may be good after all! Leukemia 2011; 25:1674-86. [PMID: 21727900 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mobilizing bone cells to the head, astutely referred to as 'bonehead' therapeutic approach, represents a major discipline of regenerative medicine. The last decade has witnessed mounting evidence supporting the capacity of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells to mobilize from BM to peripheral blood (PB), eventually finding their way to the injured brain. This homing action is exemplified in BM stem cell mobilization following ischemic brain injury. Here, I review accumulating laboratory studies implicating the role of therapeutic mobilization of transplanted BM stem cells for brain plasticity and remodeling in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Jenkins NT, Landers RQ, Prior SJ, Soni N, Spangenburg EE, Hagberg JM. Effects of acute and chronic endurance exercise on intracellular nitric oxide and superoxide in circulating CD34⁺ and CD34⁻ cells. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:929-37. [PMID: 21700895 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00541.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the influence of acute and chronic endurance exercise on levels of intracellular nitric oxide (NO), superoxide (O₂·⁻), and expression of genes regulating the balance between these free radicals in CD34⁺ and CD34⁻ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs; isolated by immunomagnetic cell separation). Blood samples were obtained from age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched endurance-trained (n = 10) and sedentary (n = 10) men before and after 30 min of exercise at 75% maximal oxygen uptake (·VO(₂max)). Baseline levels of intracellular NO (measured by DAF-FM diacetate) and O₂·⁻ (measured by dihydroethidium) were 26% (P < 0.05) and 10% (P < 0.05) higher, respectively, in CD34⁺ PBMCs from the sedentary group compared with the endurance-trained group. CD34⁺ PBMCs from the sedentary group at baseline had twofold greater inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and 50% lower endothelial NOS (eNOS) mRNA levels compared with the trained group (P < 0.05). The baseline group difference in O₂·⁻ was eliminated by acute exercise. Experiments with apocynin indicated that the training-related difference in O₂·⁻ levels was explained by increased NADPH oxidase activity in the sedentary state. mRNA levels of additional angiogenic and antioxidant genes were consistent with a more angiogenic profile in CD34⁺ cells of trained subjects. CD34⁻ PBMCs, examined for exploratory purposes, also displayed a more angiogenic mRNA profile in trained subjects, with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and eNOS being more highly expressed in trained subjects. Overall, our data suggest an association between the sedentary state and increased nitro-oxidative stress in CD34⁺ cells.
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Cell-based therapies for diabetic complications. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2011; 2012:872504. [PMID: 21822425 PMCID: PMC3123995 DOI: 10.1155/2012/872504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, accumulating experimental evidence supports the notion that diabetic patients may greatly benefit from cell-based therapies, which include the use of adult stem and/or progenitor cells. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells and the circulating pool of endothelial progenitor cells have so far been the most studied populations of cells proposed for the treatment of vascular complications affecting diabetic patients. We review the evidence supporting their use in this setting, the therapeutic benefits that these cells have shown so far as well as the challenges that cell-based therapies in diabetic complications put out.
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Fei J, Jia F, Peyrin F, Françoise P, Malaval L, Vico L, Laurence V, Lafage-Proust MH, Marie-Hélène LP. Imaging and quantitative assessment of long bone vascularization in the adult rat using microcomputed tomography. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:215-24. [PMID: 19957340 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and validate a technique for both 3D imaging and quantification of the vascular network of bone tissue in the rat. Five month-old male Wistar rats were divided into tail-suspension (21 days) and control groups. Sixty percent barium sulfate solution was infused into the vena cava. The tibiae were evaluated in 2D and 3D before and after decalcification, using conventional microcomputerized tomography (muCT) at 10 and 5 mum resolution and synchrotron radiation (SR) muCT. The perfusion technique and tomography exhibited excellent bone vasculature imaging. Significant positive correlations were observed between 2D histomorphometric and 3D muCT vascular parameters (P < 0.05). 3DmuCT discriminated significant changes of vessel structures in unloading condition: vessel number decreased by 25%, (P < 0.005), vessel separation increased by 27%, P < 0.01. SRmuCT could image sinusoid clusters in bone. muCT is an accurate and reproducible technique for 3D quantitative evaluation of long bone vascularisation in the rat.
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Li JP, Zheng CL, Han ZC. Abnormal immunity and stem/progenitor cells in acquired aplastic anemia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2009; 75:79-93. [PMID: 20045349 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 11/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is considered as an immune-mediated bone marrow failure syndrome, characterized by hypoplasia and pancytopenia with fatty bone marrow. Abnormal immunity is the major factor mediating the pathogenesis of acquired AA. Activated DCs might promote the polarization to Th1 cells, and activate CD8(+) T cells. A variety of immune molecules including IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, MIP-1alpha and IL-2, 8, 12, 15, 17, 23, produced by them and stromal cells, compose a cytokine network to destruct stem/progenitor cells as well as hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and angioblasts/endothelial progenitor cells. Inversely, deficient MSCs, CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells, NK cells, NKT cells and early hematopoietic growth factors diminish the capacity of immune regulation and the support of hematopoiesis. As a result, stem/progenitor cells are significantly impaired to be disabled cells with markedly deficient proliferation, differentiation, induced apoptosis and dysfunctional response to growth factor stimuli, together with rare normal ones. Although some patients can be ameliorated by stem-cell transplantation or immunosuppressive therapy, more effective and convenient therapies such as patient-specific pluripotent iPS cells based on definite pathogenesis are expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
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De Angelis A, Piegari E, Cappetta D, Marino L, Filippelli A, Berrino L, Ferreira-Martins J, Zheng H, Hosoda T, Rota M, Urbanek K, Kajstura J, Leri A, Rossi F, Anversa P. Anthracycline cardiomyopathy is mediated by depletion of the cardiac stem cell pool and is rescued by restoration of progenitor cell function. Circulation 2009; 121:276-92. [PMID: 20038740 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.895771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthracyclines are the most effective drugs available in the treatment of neoplastic diseases; however, they have profound consequences on the structure and function of the heart, which over time cause a cardiomyopathy that leads to congestive heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS Administration of doxorubicin in rats led to a dilated myopathy, heart failure, and death. To test whether the effects of doxorubicin on cardiac anatomy and function were mediated by alterations in cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), these cells were exposed to the anthracycline, which increased the formation of reactive oxygen species and caused increases in DNA damage, expression of p53, telomere attrition, and apoptosis. Additionally, doxorubicin resulted in cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M transition, which led to a significant decrease in CPC growth. Doxorubicin elicited multiple molecular adaptations; the massive apoptotic death that occurred in CPCs in the presence of anthracycline imposed on the surviving CPC pool the activation of several pathways aimed at preservation of the primitive state, cell division, lineage differentiation, and repair of damaged DNA. To establish whether delivery of syngeneic progenitor cells opposed the progression of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity, enhanced green fluorescent protein-labeled CPCs were injected in the failing myocardium; this treatment promoted regeneration of cardiomyocytes and vascular structures, which improved ventricular performance and rate of animal survival. CONCLUSIONS Our results raise the possibility that autologous CPCs can be obtained before antineoplastic drugs are given to cancer patients and subsequently administered to individuals who are particularly sensitive to the cardiotoxicity of these agents for prevention or management of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella De Angelis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second Naples Medical School, Naples, Italy.
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Abou-Saleh H, Yacoub D, Théorêt JF, Gillis MA, Neagoe PE, Labarthe B, Théroux P, Sirois MG, Tabrizian M, Thorin E, Merhi Y. Endothelial progenitor cells bind and inhibit platelet function and thrombus formation. Circulation 2009; 120:2230-9. [PMID: 19917882 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.894642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) with vascular and blood cells contribute to vascular homeostasis. Although platelets promote the homing of EPCs to sites of vascular injury and their differentiation into endothelial cells, the functional consequences of such interactions on platelets remain unknown. Herein, we addressed the interactions between EPCs and platelets and their impact on platelet function and thrombus formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Cultured on fibronectin in conditioned media, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells differentiated, within 10 days of culture, into EPCs, which uptake acetylated low-density lipoprotein, bind ulex-lectin, lack monocyte/leukocyte markers (CD14, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1, L-selectin), express progenitor/endothelial markers (CD34, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, von Willebrand factor, and vascular endothelial cadherin), and proliferate in culture. These EPCs bound activated platelets via CD62P and inhibited its translocation, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa activation, aggregation, and adhesion to collagen, mainly via prostacyclin secretion. Indeed, this was associated with upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. However, the effects on platelets in vitro were reversed by cyclooxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition but not by nitric oxide or inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition. Moreover, in a ferric chloride-induced murine arterial thrombosis model, injection of EPCs led to their incorporation into sites of injury and impaired thrombus formation, leading to an incomplete occlusion with 50% residual flow. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived EPCs bind platelets via CD62P and inhibit platelet activation, aggregation, adhesion to collagen, and thrombus formation, predominantly via upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and secretion of prostacyclin. These findings add new insights into the biology of EPCs and define their potential roles in regulating platelet function and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haissam Abou-Saleh
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H1T 1C8
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Taylor M, Rössler J, Geoerger B, Laplanche A, Hartmann O, Vassal G, Farace F. High levels of circulating VEGFR2+ Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells correlate with metastatic disease in patients with pediatric solid malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:4561-71. [PMID: 19605404 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pediatric solid malignancies display important angiogenic potential, and blocking tumor angiogenesis represents a new therapeutic approach for these patients. Recent studies have evidenced rare circulating cells with endothelial features contributing to tumor neovascularization and have shown the pivotal role of bone marrow-derived (BMD) progenitor cells in metastatic disease progression. We measured these cells in patients with pediatric solid malignancies as a prerequisite to clinical trials with antiangiogenic therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Peripheral blood was drawn from 45 patients with localized (n = 23) or metastatic (n = 22) disease, and 20 healthy subjects. Subsets of circulating vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)2+-BMD progenitor cells, defined as CD45-CD34+VEGFR2(KDR)+7AAD- and CD45(dim)CD34+VEGFR2+7AAD- events, were measured in progenitor-enriched fractions by flow cytometry. Mature circulating endothelial cells (CEC) were measured in whole blood as CD31+CD146+CD45-7AAD- viable events. Data were correlated with VEGF and sVEGFR2 plasma levels. RESULTS The CD45-CD34+VEGFR2(KDR)+7AAD- subset represented <0.003% of circulating BMD progenitor cells (< or =0.05 cells/mL). However, the median level (range) of the CD45(dim)CD34+VEGFR2+7AAD- subset was higher in patients compared with healthy subjects, 1.5% (0%-10.3%) versus 0.3% (0%-1.6%) of circulating BMD progenitors (P < 0.0001), and differed significantly between patients with localized and metastatic disease, 0.7% (0%-8.6%) versus 2.9% (0.6%-10.3%) of circulating BMD progenitors (P < 0.001). Median CEC value was 7 cells/mL (0-152 cells/mL) and similar in all groups. Unlike VEGFR2+-BMD progenitors, neither CECs, VEGF, or sVEGFR2 plasma levels correlated with disease status. CONCLUSION High levels of circulating VEGFR2+-BMD progenitor cells correlated with metastatic disease. Our study provides novel insights for angiogenesis mechanisms in pediatric solid malignancies for which antiangiogenic targeting of VEGFR2+-BMD progenitors could be of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Taylor
- Laboratory of Translational Research, University of Paris-Sud, UPRES EA 3535, Pharmacology and New Treatments in Cancer, France
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Sabattini S, Bettini G. An Immunohistochemical Analysis of Canine Haemangioma and Haemangiosarcoma. J Comp Pathol 2009; 140:158-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Despars G, Periasamy P, Tan J, Abbey J, O'Neill TJ, O'Neill HC. Gene signature of stromal cells which support dendritic cell development. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:917-27. [PMID: 18564035 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Spleen stromal cells are critical determinants of dendritic cell (DC) development in spleen. The spleen stromal line, namely STX3, supports DC differentiation in vitro from overlaid bone marrow cells while the lymph node stromal line, namely 2RL22, does not. Here we have characterised the hematopoietic support capacity of each stroma, and analysed lineage origin of the stromal cell lines by gene profiling using microarrays. Stromal co-culture experiments were performed using bone marrow cells as a source of hematopoietic progenitors. A characteristic immature myeloid-like CD11c(+)CD11b(+)CD86(+)MHC-II(/lo)B220()CD8alpha() DC is produced after 14 days in STX3 cocultures, while 2RL22 cocultures produce only monocyte/macrophage-like cells. No other hematopoietic cell type is produced. The STX3 and 2RL22 stroma were compared by transcriptome analysis utilising Affymetrix Murine U74Av2 genechips to identify gene expression related to differential hematopoietic support function. Data mining was used to determine cell surface marker expression reflecting endothelial cells and fibroblasts, as well as adhesion molecules contributing to the microenvironment. STX3 shows gene expression reflective of early endothelial cells, while 2RL22 expresses markers specific to fibroblasts. The expression of genes like Flt1, CD34, Mcam, and Eng distinguishes STX3 as an early immature endothelial cell lacking markers of angioblasts or hemangioblasts like Tal1/SCL, Tie1, Tie2, Kdr or Prom1/AC133. The absence of expression of genes like Vwf and Cd31 distinguishes STX3 from fully differentiated vascular endothelial cells. In contrast, the 2RL22 lymph node stroma specifically expresses genes related to fibroblastic-like cells like osteoblasts with expression of Vdr (Vitamin D receptor), and epithelial cells with expression of Krt13 (keratins). Gene expression data identifies STX3 as splenic endothelial cells, independently able to support the outgrowth of immature, myeloid DC-like cells from progenitors present in bone marrow, while 2RL22 lymph node fibroblastic cells provide support for development of monocytes/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Despars
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Aging and hypertension are independent risk factors for reduced number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21:1203-9. [PMID: 18787520 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2008.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have revealed the existence of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The number of circulating EPCs might reflect the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the number of EPCs and cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS Flow cytometry analysis was used to quantify the number of EPCs (CD34(+)AC133(+)CD45(low)) in 135 consecutive hospitalized patients with CVD and 25 healthy subjects. RESULTS The number of EPCs was less in the patients than in the healthy subjects (1,047.4 +/- 521.1 vs. 612.8 +/- 461.6/ml, P < 0.0001). The number of EPCs significantly correlated with the number of risk factors (r = 0.424, P < 0.0001). The numbers of EPCs in patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus were less than those in patients without those diseases (762.6 +/- 579.5 vs. 495.2 +/- 297.7/ml, P < 0.01 and 666.8 +/- 505.5 vs. 477.0 +/- 290.4/ml, P < 0.05, respectively). In healthy subjects a reduced number of EPCs was found in smokers compared with nonsmokers (833.3 +/- 347.5 vs. 1,274.6 +/- 560.9/ml, P < 0.05), whereas smoking did not alter the number of EPCs in the patients group. In multivariate analysis, hypertension and age were independent predictors of reduced number of EPCs. Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors increased the number of EPCs (464.7 +/- 252.1/ml vs. 617.5 +/- 343.5/ml, P < 0.05), while calcium antagonists, diuretics, and beta-blockers did not alter the number of EPCs in patients with hypertension. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that both aging and hypertension are risk factors for reduced number of EPCs and that RAS inhibitors increase the number of EPCs.
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Kässmeyer S, Plendl J, Custodis P, Bahramsoltani M. New insights in vascular development: vasculogenesis and endothelial progenitor cells. Anat Histol Embryol 2008; 38:1-11. [PMID: 18983622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2008.00894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the course of new blood vessel formation, two different processes--vasculogenesis and angiogenesis--have to be distinguished. The term vasculogenesis describes the de novo emergence of a vascular network by endothelial progenitors, whereas angiogenesis corresponds to the generation of vessels by sprouting from pre-existing capillaries. Until recently, it was thought that vasculogenesis is restricted to the prenatal period. During the last decade, one of the most fascinating innovations in the field of vascular biology was the discovery of endothelial progenitor cells and vasculogenesis in the adult. This review aims at introducing the concept of adult vasculogenesis and discusses the efforts to identify and characterize adult endothelial progenitors. The different sources of adult endothelial progenitors like haematopoietic stem cells, myeloid cells, multipotent progenitors of the bone marrow, side population cells and tissue-residing pluripotent stem cells are considered. Moreover, a survey of cellular and molecular control mechanisms of vasculogenesis is presented. Recent advances in research on endothelial progenitors exert a strong impact on many different disciplines and provide the knowledge for functional concepts in basic fields like anatomy, histology as well as embryology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kässmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
The hemangioblast hypothesis was proposed a century ago. The existence of hemangioblasts is now demonstrated in mouse and human embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived embryoid bodies (EBs), in the mouse and zebrafish gastrula, and in adults. The hemangioblast is believed to derive from mesodermal cells, and is enriched in the Bry+Flk1+ and Flk1+Scl+ cell populations in EBs and in the posterior primitive streak of the mouse gastrula and in the ventral mesoderm of the zebrafish gastrula. However, recent studies suggest that the hemangioblast does not give rise to all endothelial and hematopoietic lineages in mouse and zebrafish embryos. Although several signaling pathways are known to involve the generation of hemangioblasts, it remains largely unknown how the hemangioblast is formed and what are the master genes controlling hemangioblast development. This review will summarize our current knowledge, challenges, and future directions on molecular and developmental aspects of the hemangioblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wei Xiong
- The Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 01219, USA.
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Li Calzi S, Purich DL, Chang KH, Afzal A, Nakagawa T, Busik JV, Agarwal A, Segal MS, Grant MB. Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide mediate cytoskeletal reorganization in microvascular cells via vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation: evidence for blunted responsiveness in diabetes. Diabetes 2008; 57:2488-94. [PMID: 18559661 PMCID: PMC2518501 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the effect of the vasoactive agents carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) : n the phosphorylation and intracellular redistribution of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), a critical actin motor protein required for cell migration that also controls vasodilation and platelet aggregation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined the effect of donor-released CO and NO in endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and platelets from nondiabetic and diabetic subjects and in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) cultured under low (5.5 mmol/l) or high (25 mmol/l) glucose conditions. VASP phosphorylation was evaluated using phosphorylation site-specific antibodies. RESULTS In control platelets, CO selectively promotes phosphorylation at VASP Ser-157, whereas NO promotes phosphorylation primarily at Ser-157 and also at Ser-239, with maximal responses at 1 min with both agents on Ser-157 and at 15 min on Ser-239 with NO treatment. In diabetic platelets, neither agent resulted in VASP phosphorylation. In nondiabetic EPCs, NO and CO increased phosphorylation at Ser-239 and Ser-157, respectively, but this response was markedly reduced in diabetic EPCs. In endothelial cells cultured under low glucose conditions, both CO and NO induced phosphorylation at Ser-157 and Ser-239; however, this response was completely lost when cells were cultured under high glucose conditions. In control EPCs and in HMECs exposed to low glucose, VASP was redistributed to filopodia-like structures following CO or NO exposure; however, redistribution was dramatically attenuated under high glucose conditions. CONCLUSIONS Vasoactive gases CO and NO promote cytoskeletal changes through site- and cell type-specific VASP phosphorylation, and in diabetes, blunted responses to these agents may lead to reduced vascular repair and tissue perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Li Calzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Daniel L. Purich
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kyung Hee Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Aqeela Afzal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Takahiko Nakagawa
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Julia V. Busik
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mark S. Segal
- Department of Nephrology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Progenitor cell therapy for cardiac regeneration following acute myocardial infarction: So far, so good? Can J Cardiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0828-282x(08)71030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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ARDIZZONE N, CAPPELLO F, DI FELICE V, RAPPA F, MINERVINI F, MARASÀ S, MARASÀ L, RABL W, ZUMMO G, SERGI C. Atrial natriuretic peptide and CD34 overexpression in human idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathies. APMIS 2007; 115:1227-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0643.2007.00663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Stamper IJ, Byrne HM, Owen MR, Maini PK. Modelling the role of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis in solid tumour growth. Bull Math Biol 2007; 69:2737-72. [PMID: 17874270 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-007-9253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent experimental evidence suggests that vasculogenesis may play an important role in tumour vascularisation. While angiogenesis involves the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells (ECs) in pre-existing vessels, vasculogenesis involves the mobilisation of bone-marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) into the bloodstream. Once blood-borne, EPCs home in on the tumour site, where subsequently they may differentiate into ECs and form vascular structures. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model, formulated as a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which describes vascular tumour growth with both angiogenesis and vasculogenesis contributing to vessel formation. Submodels describing exclusively angiogenic and exclusively vasculogenic tumours are shown to exhibit similar growth dynamics. In each case, there are three possible scenarios: the tumour remains in an avascular steady state, the tumour evolves to a vascular equilibrium, or unbounded vascular growth occurs. Analysis of the full model reveals that these three behaviours persist when angiogenesis and vasculogenesis act simultaneously. However, when both vascularisation mechanisms are active, the tumour growth rate may increase, causing the tumour to evolve to a larger equilibrium size or to expand uncontrollably. Alternatively, the growth rate may be left unaffected, which occurs if either vascularisation process alone is able to keep pace with the demands of the growing tumour. To clarify further the effects of vasculogenesis, the full model is also used to compare possible treatment strategies, including chemotherapy and antiangiogenic therapies aimed at suppressing vascularisation. This investigation highlights how, dependent on model parameter values, targeting both ECs and EPCs may be necessary in order to effectively reduce tumour vasculature and inhibit tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Stamper
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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