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Grigoryan EN, Markitantova YV. Tail and Spinal Cord Regeneration in Urodelean Amphibians. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:594. [PMID: 38792615 PMCID: PMC11122520 DOI: 10.3390/life14050594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Urodelean amphibians can regenerate the tail and the spinal cord (SC) and maintain this ability throughout their life. This clearly distinguishes these animals from mammals. The phenomenon of tail and SC regeneration is based on the capability of cells involved in regeneration to dedifferentiate, enter the cell cycle, and change their (or return to the pre-existing) phenotype during de novo organ formation. The second critical aspect of the successful tail and SC regeneration is the mutual molecular regulation by tissues, of which the SC and the apical wound epidermis are the leaders. Molecular regulatory systems include signaling pathways components, inflammatory factors, ECM molecules, ROS, hormones, neurotransmitters, HSPs, transcriptional and epigenetic factors, etc. The control, carried out by regulatory networks on the feedback principle, recruits the mechanisms used in embryogenesis and accompanies all stages of organ regeneration, from the moment of damage to the completion of morphogenesis and patterning of all its structures. The late regeneration stages and the effects of external factors on them have been poorly studied. A new model for addressing this issue is herein proposed. The data summarized in the review contribute to understanding a wide range of fundamentally important issues in the regenerative biology of tissues and organs in vertebrates including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuliya V. Markitantova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
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2
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Tada R, Higashidate T, Amano T, Ishikawa S, Yokoyama C, Kobari S, Nara S, Ishida K, Kawaguchi A, Ochi H, Ogino H, Yakushiji-Kaminatsui N, Sakamoto J, Kamei Y, Tamura K, Yokoyama H. The shh limb enhancer is activated in patterned limb regeneration but not in hypomorphic limb regeneration in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 2023:S0012-1606(23)00093-3. [PMID: 37247832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Xenopus young tadpoles regenerate a limb with the anteroposterior (AP) pattern, but metamorphosed froglets regenerate a hypomorphic limb after amputation. The key gene for AP patterning, shh, is expressed in a regenerating limb of the tadpole but not in that of the froglet. Genomic DNA in the shh limb-specific enhancer, MFCS1 (ZRS), is hypermethylated in froglets but hypomethylated in tadpoles: shh expression may be controlled by epigenetic regulation of MFCS1. Is MFCS1 specifically activated for regenerating the AP-patterned limb? We generated transgenic Xenopus laevis lines that visualize the MFCS1 enhancer activity with a GFP reporter. The transgenic tadpoles showed GFP expression in hoxd13-and shh-expressing domains of developing and regenerating limbs, whereas the froglets showed no GFP expression in the regenerating limbs despite having hoxd13 expression. Genome sequence analysis and co-transfection assays using cultured cells revealed that Hoxd13 can activate Xenopus MFCS1. These results suggest that MFCS1 activation correlates with regeneration of AP-patterned limbs and that re-activation of epigenetically inactivated MFCS1 would be crucial to confer the ability to non-regenerative animals for regenerating a properly patterned limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reimi Tada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Takuya Higashidate
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takanori Amano
- Next Generation Human Disease Model Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Shoma Ishikawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Chifuyu Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Suzu Kobari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Saki Nara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Koshiro Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Akane Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Haruki Ochi
- Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hajime Ogino
- Amphibian Research Center / Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagami-yama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Nayuta Yakushiji-Kaminatsui
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Joe Sakamoto
- Laboratory for Biothermology, National Institute for Basic, Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan; Biophotonics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Higashiyama Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Laboratory for Biothermology, National Institute for Basic, Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology in the School of Life Science of the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan.
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3
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Murugan NJ, Vigran HJ, Miller KA, Golding A, Pham QL, Sperry MM, Rasmussen-Ivey C, Kane AW, Kaplan DL, Levin M. Acute multidrug delivery via a wearable bioreactor facilitates long-term limb regeneration and functional recovery in adult Xenopus laevis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj2164. [PMID: 35080969 PMCID: PMC8791464 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Limb regeneration is a frontier in biomedical science. Identifying triggers of innate morphogenetic responses in vivo to induce the growth of healthy patterned tissue would address the needs of millions of patients, from diabetics to victims of trauma. Organisms such as Xenopus laevis-whose limited regenerative capacities in adulthood mirror those of humans-are important models with which to test interventions that can restore form and function. Here, we demonstrate long-term (18 months) regrowth, marked tissue repatterning, and functional restoration of an amputated X. laevis hindlimb following a 24-hour exposure to a multidrug, pro-regenerative treatment delivered by a wearable bioreactor. Regenerated tissues composed of skin, bone, vasculature, and nerves significantly exceeded the complexity and sensorimotor capacities of untreated and control animals' hypomorphic spikes. RNA sequencing of early tissue buds revealed activation of developmental pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, hedgehog, and Notch. These data demonstrate the successful "kickstarting" of endogenous regenerative pathways in a vertebrate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosha J. Murugan
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Hannah J. Vigran
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Kelsie A. Miller
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Annie Golding
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Quang L. Pham
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Megan M. Sperry
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cody Rasmussen-Ivey
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Anna W. Kane
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Corresponding author.
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5
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Yang C, Wang X, Zhang H, Kou Z, Gao Y, He Y, Liu B. Microscopical observations on the regenerating tail of tsinling dwarf skink (Scincella tsinlingensis). Micron 2022; 154:103215. [PMID: 35051802 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the key steps of tail regeneration in lizards are well understood, further investigations involving skinks can provide the field of regeneration research with additional information. In order to characterize the cytoarchitecture of tail regeneration in Scincella tsinlingensis, an endemic species in China, its histological events and growth trends are investigated. The rate of tail regeneration varies with the season: it proceeds faster in summer and autumn than it does in winter and spring. Tail regeneration of S. tsinlingensis is summarized as wound healing, blastema formation, cell differentiation and tail growth, which can be subdivided into seven stages. Wound healing following tail loss, begins with an obvious outgrowth undergoing re-epithelialization. Numerous proliferating mesenchymal-like cells aggregate near the distal end of the severed spinal cord to form the blastema. The expanding blastema is invaded by blood vessels, nerves and ependyma. A cartilaginous skeleton is formed around the ependymal tube and the muscle starts to differentiate. The keratinization of epidermis coincides with scale formation. Pigmentation eventually occurs in the regenerated tail. Tail regeneration in S. tsinlingensis is an epimorphic kind of regeneration that is also known as blastema-mediated. Structure and composition of the regenerated tail, including its cytoarchitecture, represent a conserved pattern of regeneration also known from other lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, No. 339, Taiyu Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, 030031 Shanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, No. 339, Taiyu Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, 030031 Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, No. 339, Taiyu Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, 030031 Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Zhaoting Kou
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, No. 339, Taiyu Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, 030031 Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Yanyan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, No. 339, Taiyu Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, 030031 Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Yijie He
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, No. 339, Taiyu Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, 030031 Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, 723000 Shaanxi Province, PR China.
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6
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Aztekin C. Tissues and Cell Types of Appendage Regeneration: A Detailed Look at the Wound Epidermis and Its Specialized Forms. Front Physiol 2021; 12:771040. [PMID: 34887777 PMCID: PMC8649801 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.771040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic implementation of human limb regeneration is a daring aim. Studying species that can regrow their lost appendages provides clues on how such a feat can be achieved in mammals. One of the unique features of regeneration-competent species lies in their ability to seal the amputation plane with a scar-free wound epithelium. Subsequently, this wound epithelium advances and becomes a specialized wound epidermis (WE) which is hypothesized to be the essential component of regenerative success. Recently, the WE and specialized WE terminologies have been used interchangeably. However, these tissues were historically separated, and contemporary limb regeneration studies have provided critical new information which allows us to distinguish them. Here, I will summarize tissue-level observations and recently identified cell types of WE and their specialized forms in different regeneration models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Aztekin
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, EPFL, School of Life Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Alibardi L. Review. Limb regeneration in lizards under natural and experimental conditions with considerations on the induction of appendages regeneration in amniotes. Ann Anat 2021; 239:151844. [PMID: 34662737 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Study on the failure of limb regeneration in lizards evidences the difficult problems met from amniotes to regenerate organs. Contrary to the tail, limb loss in terrestrial environment is generally fatal and no selection for its regeneration occurred during lizard evolution. METHODS Experimentally amputated limbs were fixed and embedded for microscopy. RESULTS After limb loss an intense inflammatory reaction occurs and immune cells are recruited underneath a wound epidermis, forming a vascularized granulation tissue. The regenerating epidermis takes 2-3 weeks to cover the limb stump since degenerating long bones must be excised first while a dense connective tissue is formed and no limb growth occurs. Cell proliferation occurs in granulation tissues and wound epidermis during the initial 2-3 weeks of wound healing but disappears later determining the arrest of growth. Transcriptome data indicates that the limb, contrary to the tail, activates numerous genes involved in inflammation, immunity and fibroplasia while down-regulates some proliferative and most myogenic genes. Attempts to stimulate limb regeneration, by implants of nervous tissues or growth factors such as FGFs only maintain proliferation for few weeks but eventually the scarring program prevails and only short outgrowths missing of autopodial elements are regenerated. CONCLUSIONS While lizard limbs show the typical scarring outcome of mammals, the comparison of genes activated in the regenerating tail has allowed identifying key genes implicated in organ regeneration in amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Italy.
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Velasco C, Dunn C, Sturdy C, Izda V, Martin J, Rivas A, McNaughton J, Jeffries MA. Ear wound healing in MRL/MpJ mice is associated with gut microbiome composition and is transferable to non-healer mice via microbiome transplantation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248322. [PMID: 34283837 PMCID: PMC8291702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adult elastic cartilage has limited repair capacity. MRL/MpJ (MRL) mice, by contrast, are capable of spontaneously healing ear punctures. This study was undertaken to characterize microbiome differences between healer and non-healer mice and to evaluate whether this healing phenotype can be transferred via gut microbiome transplantation. METHODS We orally transplanted C57BL/6J (B6) mice with MRL/MpJ cecal contents at weaning and as adults (n = 57) and measured ear hole closure 4 weeks after a 2.0mm punch and compared to vehicle-transplanted MRL and B6 (n = 25) and B6-transplanted MRL (n = 20) mice. Sex effects, timing of transplant relative to earpunch, and transgenerational heritability were evaluated. In a subset (n = 58), cecal microbiomes were profiled by 16S sequencing and compared to ear hole closure. Microbial metagenomes were imputed using PICRUSt. RESULTS Transplantation of B6 mice with MRL microbiota, either in weanlings or adults, improved ear hole closure. B6-vehicle mice healed ear hole punches poorly (0.25±0.03mm, mm ear hole healing 4 weeks after a 2mm ear hole punch [2.0mm-final ear hole size], mean±SEM), whereas MRL-vehicle mice healed well (1.4±0.1mm). MRL-transplanted B6 mice healed roughly three times as well as B6-vehicle mice, and half as well as MRL-vehicle mice (0.74±0.05mm, P = 6.9E-10 vs. B6-vehicle, P = 5.2E-12 vs. MRL-vehicle). Transplantation of MRL mice with B6 cecal material did not reduce MRL healing (B6-transplanted MRL 1.3±0.1 vs. MRL-vehicle 1.4±0.1, p = 0.36). Transplantation prior to ear punch was associated with the greatest ear hole closure. Offspring of transplanted mice healed significantly better than non-transplanted control mice (offspring:0.63±0.03mm, mean±SEM vs. B6-vehicle control:0.25±0.03mm, n = 39 offspring, P = 4.6E-11). Several microbiome clades were correlated with healing, including Firmicutes (R = 0.84, P = 8.0E-7), Lactobacillales (R = 0.65, P = 1.1E-3), and Verrucomicrobia (R = -0.80, P = 9.2E-6). Females of all groups tended to heal better than males (B6-vehicle P = 0.059, MRL-transplanted B6 P = 0.096, offspring of MRL-transplanted B6 P = 0.0038, B6-transplanted MRL P = 1.6E-6, MRL-vehicle P = 0.0031). Many clades characteristic of female mouse cecal microbiota vs. males were the same as clades characteristic of MRL and MRL-transplanted B6 mice vs. B6 controls, including including increases in Clostridia and reductions in Verrucomicrobia in female mice. CONCLUSION In this study, we found an association between the microbiome and tissue regeneration in MRL mice and demonstrate that this trait can be transferred to non-healer mice via microbiome transplantation. We identified several microbiome clades associated with healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Velasco
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Christopher Dunn
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Cassandra Sturdy
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Vladislav Izda
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jake Martin
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Alexander Rivas
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey McNaughton
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Matlock A. Jeffries
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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Sader F, Roy S. Tgf-β superfamily and limb regeneration: Tgf-β to start and Bmp to end. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:973-987. [PMID: 34096672 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Axolotls represent a popular model to study how nature solved the problem of regenerating lost appendages in tetrapods. Our work over many years focused on trying to understand how these animals can achieve such a feat and not end up with a scarred up stump. The Tgf-β superfamily represents an interesting family to target since they are involved in wound healing in adults and pattern formation during development. This family is large and comprises Tgf-β, Bmps, activins and GDFs. In this review, we present work from us and others on Tgf-β & Bmps and highlight interesting observations between these two sub-families. Tgf-β is important for the preparation phase of regeneration and Bmps for the redevelopment phase and they do not overlap with one another. We present novel data showing that the Tgf-β non-canonical pathway is also not active during redevelopment. Finally, we propose a molecular model to explain how Tgf-β and Bmps maintain distinct windows of expression during regeneration in axolotls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Sader
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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10
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Otsuka T, Mengsteab PY, Laurencin CT. Control of mesenchymal cell fate via application of FGF-8b in vitro. Stem Cell Res 2021; 51:102155. [PMID: 33445073 PMCID: PMC8027992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop strategies to regenerate complex tissues in mammals, understanding the role of signaling in regeneration competent species and mammalian development is of critical importance. Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF-8) signaling has an essential role in limb morphogenesis and blastema outgrowth. Therefore, we aimed to study the effect of FGF-8b on the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which have tremendous potential for therapeutic use of cell-based therapy. Rat adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) and muscle progenitor cells (MPCs) were isolated and cultured in growth medium and various types of differentiation medium (osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, tenogenic, and myogenic medium) with or without FGF-8b supplementation. We found that FGF-8b induced robust proliferation regardless of culture medium. Genes related to limb development were upregulated in ADSCs by FGF-8b supplementation. Moreover, FGF-8b enhanced chondrogenic differentiation and suppressed adipogenic and tenogenic differentiation in ADSCs. Osteogenic differentiation was not affected by FGF-8b supplementation. FGF-8b was found to enhance myofiber formation in rat MPCs. Overall, this study provides foundational knowledge on the effect of FGF-8b in the proliferation and fate determination of MSCs and provides insight in its potential efficacy for musculoskeletal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Otsuka
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, CT 06030, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Paulos Y Mengsteab
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, CT 06030, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Cato T Laurencin
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, CT 06030, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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11
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Womersley F, Hancock J, Perry CT, Rowat D. Wound-healing capabilities of whale sharks ( Rhincodon typus) and implications for conservation management. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coaa120. [PMID: 33569175 PMCID: PMC7859907 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is important for marine taxa such as elasmobranchs, which can incur a range of natural and anthropogenic wounds throughout their life history. There is evidence that this group shows a high capacity for external wound healing. However, anthropogenic wounds may become more frequent due to increasing commercial and recreational marine activities. Whale sharks are particularly at risk of attaining injuries given their use of surface waters and wildlife tourism interest. There is limited understanding as to how whale sharks recover from injuries, and often insights are confined to singular opportunistic observations. The present study makes use of a unique and valuable photographic data source from two whale shark aggregation sites in the Indian Ocean. Successional injury-healing progression cases were reviewed to investigate the characteristics of injuries and quantify a coarse healing timeframe. Wounds were measured over time using an image standardization method. This work shows that by Day 25 major injury surface area decreased by an average of 56% and the most rapid healing case showed a surface area reduction of 50% in 4 days. All wounds reached a point of 90% surface area closure by Day 35. There were differences in healing rate based on wound type, with lacerations and abrasions taking 50 and 22 days to reach 90% healing, respectively. This study provides baseline information for wound healing in whale sharks and the methods proposed could act as a foundation for future research. Use of a detailed classification system, as presented here, may also assist in ocean scale injury comparisons between research groups and aid reliable descriptive data. Such findings can contribute to discussions regarding appropriate management in aggregation areas with an aim to reduce the likelihood of injuries, such as those resulting from vessel collisions, in these regions or during movements between coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya Womersley
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Marine Conservation Society Seychelles, Mahé, PO Box 384, Seychelles
- Corresponding author: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK.
| | - James Hancock
- Maldives Whale Shark Research Programme, Popeshead Court Offices, Peter Lane, York, Yorkshire, Y01 8SU, UK
| | - Cameron T Perry
- Maldives Whale Shark Research Programme, Popeshead Court Offices, Peter Lane, York, Yorkshire, Y01 8SU, UK
| | - David Rowat
- Marine Conservation Society Seychelles, Mahé, PO Box 384, Seychelles
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12
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Rössner GE, Costeur L, Scheyer TM. Antiquity and fundamental processes of the antler cycle in Cervidae (Mammalia). THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2020; 108:3. [PMID: 33326046 PMCID: PMC7744388 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-020-01713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The origins of the regenerative nature of antlers, being branched and deciduous apophyseal appendages of frontal bones of cervid artiodactyls, have long been associated with permanent evolutionary precursors. In this study, we provide novel insight into growth modes of evolutionary early antlers. We analysed a total of 34 early antlers affiliated to ten species, including the oldest known, dating from the early and middle Miocene (approx. 18 to 12 million years old) of Europe. Our findings provide empirical data from the fossil record to demonstrate that growth patterns and a regular cycle of necrosis, abscission and regeneration are consistent with data from modern antlers. The diverse histological analyses indicate that primary processes and mechanisms of the modern antler cycle were not gradually acquired during evolution, but were fundamental from the earliest record of antler evolution and, hence, explanations why deer shed antlers have to be rooted in basic histogenetic mechanisms. The previous interpretation that proximal circular protuberances, burrs, are the categorical traits for ephemerality is refuted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud E. Rössner
- Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Richard Wagner Str. 10, 80333 München, Germany
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Loïc Costeur
- Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Torsten M. Scheyer
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
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13
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Xu C, Palade J, Fisher RE, Smith CI, Clark AR, Sampson S, Bourgeois R, Rawls A, Elsey RM, Wilson-Rawls J, Kusumi K. Anatomical and histological analyses reveal that tail repair is coupled with regrowth in wild-caught, juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Sci Rep 2020; 10:20122. [PMID: 33208803 PMCID: PMC7674433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reptiles are the only amniotes that maintain the capacity to regenerate appendages. This study presents the first anatomical and histological evidence of tail repair with regrowth in an archosaur, the American alligator. The regrown alligator tails constituted approximately 6–18% of the total body length and were morphologically distinct from original tail segments. Gross dissection, radiographs, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed that caudal vertebrae were replaced by a ventrally-positioned, unsegmented endoskeleton. This contrasts with lepidosaurs, where the regenerated tail is radially organized around a central endoskeleton. Furthermore, the regrown alligator tail lacked skeletal muscle and instead consisted of fibrous connective tissue composed of type I and type III collagen fibers. The overproduction of connective tissue shares features with mammalian wound healing or fibrosis. The lack of skeletal muscle contrasts with lizards, but shares similarities with regenerated tails in the tuatara and regenerated limbs in Xenopus adult frogs, which have a cartilaginous endoskeleton surrounded by connective tissue, but lack skeletal muscle. Overall, this study of wild-caught, juvenile American alligator tails identifies a distinct pattern of wound repair in mammals while exhibiting features in common with regeneration in lepidosaurs and amphibia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Joanna Palade
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Rebecca E Fisher
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Cameron I Smith
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Andrew R Clark
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Samuel Sampson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | | | - Alan Rawls
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Ruth M Elsey
- Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Grand Chenier, LA, 70643, USA
| | - Jeanne Wilson-Rawls
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Kenro Kusumi
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
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14
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Ubags NDJ, Alejandre Alcazar MA, Kallapur SG, Knapp S, Lanone S, Lloyd CM, Morty RE, Pattaroni C, Reynaert NL, Rottier RJ, Smits HH, de Steenhuijsen Piters WAA, Strickland DH, Collins JJP. Early origins of lung disease: towards an interdisciplinary approach. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/157/200191. [PMID: 33004528 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0191-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The prenatal and perinatal environments can have profound effects on the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, mechanistic insight into how the early-life microenvironment can impact upon development of the lung and immune system and consequent initiation and progression of respiratory diseases is still emerging. Recent studies investigating the developmental origins of lung diseases have started to delineate the effects of early-life changes in the lung, environmental exposures and immune maturation on the development of childhood and adult lung diseases. While the influencing factors have been described and studied in mostly animal models, it remains challenging to pinpoint exactly which factors and at which time point are detrimental in lung development leading to respiratory disease later in life. To advance our understanding of early origins of chronic lung disease and to allow for proper dissemination and application of this knowledge, we propose four major focus areas: 1) policy and education; 2) clinical assessment; 3) basic and translational research; and 4) infrastructure and tools, and discuss future directions for advancement. This review is a follow-up of the discussions at the European Respiratory Society Research Seminar "Early origins of lung disease: towards an interdisciplinary approach" (Lisbon, Portugal, November 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki D J Ubags
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Authors are listed alphabetically except for N.D.J. Ubags and J.J.P. Collins
| | - Miguel A Alejandre Alcazar
- Dept of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Experimental Paediatrics, Experimental Pulmonology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Centre of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Lung Health, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre (UGMLC), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Suhas G Kallapur
- Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Dept of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- Dept of Medicine I/Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Lanone
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rory E Morty
- Dept of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Dept of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Céline Pattaroni
- Dept of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Niki L Reynaert
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine and School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert J Rottier
- Dept of Paediatric Surgery, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hermelijn H Smits
- Dept of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter A A de Steenhuijsen Piters
- Dept of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jennifer J P Collins
- Dept of Paediatric Surgery, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands .,Authors are listed alphabetically except for N.D.J. Ubags and J.J.P. Collins
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15
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Vijayakumar P, Cardeira J, Laizé V, Gavaia PJ, Cancela ML. Cells Isolated from Regenerating Caudal Fin of Sparus aurata Can Differentiate into Distinct Bone Cell Lineages. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 22:333-347. [PMID: 32080776 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-019-09937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Teleosts have the ability to regenerate their caudal fin upon amputation. A highly proliferative mass of undifferentiated cells called blastema forms beneath wound epidermis and differentiates to regenerate all missing parts of the fin. To date, the origin and fate of the blastema is not completely understood. However, current hypotheses suggest that the blastema is comprised of lineage-restricted dedifferentiated cells. To investigate the differentiation capacity of regenerating fin-derived cells, primary cultures were initiated from the explants of 2-days post-amputation (dpa) regenerates of juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). These cells were subcultured for over 30 passages and were named as BSa2. After 10 passages they were characterized for their ability to differentiate towards different bone cell lineages and mineralize their extracellular matrix, through immunocytochemistry, histology, and RT-PCR. Exogenous DNA was efficiently delivered into these cells by nucleofection. Assessment of lineage-specific markers revealed that BSa2 cells were capable of osteo/chondroblastic differentiation. BSa2 cells were also found to be capable of osteoclastic differentiation, as demonstrated through TRAP-specific staining and pit resorption assay. Here, we describe the development of the first successful cell line viz., BSa2, from S. aurata 2-dpa regenerating caudal fins, which has the ability of multilineage differentiation and is capable of in vitro mineralization. The availability of such in vitro cell systems has the potential to stimulate research on the mechanisms of cell differentiation during fin regeneration and provide new insights into the mechanisms of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parameswaran Vijayakumar
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
- Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 119, India.
| | - João Cardeira
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Gavaia
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (DCBM) and Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
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16
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Zhang W, Das P, Kelangi S, Bei M. Potassium channels as potential drug targets for limb wound repair and regeneration. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2020; 3:22-33. [PMID: 32257531 PMCID: PMC7093894 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ion channels are a large family of transmembrane proteins, accessible by soluble membrane-impermeable molecules, and thus are targets for development of therapeutic drugs. Ion channels are the second most common target for existing drugs, after G protein-coupled receptors, and are expected to make a big impact on precision medicine in many different diseases including wound repair and regeneration. Research has shown that endogenous bioelectric signaling mediated by ion channels is critical in non-mammalian limb regeneration. However, the role of ion channels in regeneration of limbs in mammalian systems is not yet defined. Methods To explore the role of potassium channels in limb wound repair and regeneration, the hindlimbs of mouse embryos were amputated at E12.5 when the wound is expected to regenerate and E15.5 when the wound is not expected to regenerate, and gene expression of potassium channels was studied. Results Most of the potassium channels were downregulated, except for the potassium channel kcnj8 (Kir6.1) which was upregulated in E12.5 embryos after amputation. Conclusion This study provides a new mouse limb regeneration model and demonstrates that potassium channels are potential drug targets for limb wound healing and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengeng Zhang
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Pragnya Das
- Center for Regenerative Developmental Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02116, USA
| | - Sarah Kelangi
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Marianna Bei
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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17
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Alibardi L. Microscopic observations on amputated and scarring lizard digits show an intense inflammatory reaction. ZOOLOGY 2019; 139:125737. [PMID: 32062299 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2019.125737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The microscopic details of the failure of digit regeneration in lizards are not known. The present study reports some histological, ultrastructural and 5BrdU-immunohistochemical observations on healing digits after amputation in the lizard Podarcis muralis. At 7-12 days post-amputation, the stump of digits forms a multilayered wound epidermis covering a loose connective tissue that is invaded by granulocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes. In addition to macrophages also electron-pale multinuclear giant cells are seen underneath or penetrating the wound epidermis while osteoclasts are present in the degrading bone of the severed phalanges. Granulocytes and macrophages invading the wound epidermis indicate the formation of an intra-epidermal immune barrier beneath the scab where numerous bacteria remain entrapped. Immunofluorescence for 5BrdU reveals that few proliferating cells are present in the wound epidermis and the underlying connective tissue at 12 and 32 days post-amputation. Outgrowths of less than 1mm stop growing and at 32 days they appear scaling. Most of connective cells give rise to fibrocytes and large irregular collagen bundles, as is typical for scar tissue. In conclusion, like for the amputated limb, the intense inflammatory reaction and scarring here described after digit loss appears associated with immune cells invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Bologna, via Semi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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18
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Alibardi L. Tail regeneration in Lepidosauria as an exception to the generalized lack of organ regeneration in amniotes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2019; 336:145-164. [PMID: 31532061 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present review hypothesizes that during the transition from water to land, amniotes lost part of the genetic program for metamorphosis utilized in larvae of their amphibian ancestors, a program that in extant fish and amphibians allows organ regeneration. The direct development of amniotes, with their growth from embryos to adults, occurred with the elimination of larval stages, increases the efficiency of immune responses and the complexity of nervous circuits. In amniotes, T-cells and macrophages likely eliminate embryonic-larval antigens that are replaced with the definitive antigens of adult organs. Among lepidosaurians numerous lizard families during the Permian and Triassic evolved the process of tail autotomy to escape predation, followed by tail regeneration. Autotomy limits inflammation allowing the formation of a regenerative blastema rich in the immunosuppressant and hygroscopic hyaluronic acid. Expression loss of developmental genes for metamorphosis and segmentation in addition to an effective immune system, determined an imperfect regeneration of the tail. Genes involved in somitogenesis were likely lost or are inactivated and the axial skeleton and muscles of the original tail are replaced with a nonsegmented cartilaginous tube and segmental myotomes. Lack of neural genes, negative influence of immune system, and isolation of the regenerating spinal cord within the cartilaginous tube impede the production of nerve and glial cells, and a stratified spinal cord with ganglia. Tissue and organ regeneration in other body regions of lizards and other reptiles is relatively limited, like in the other amniotes, although the cartilage shows a higher regenerative capability than in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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19
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Beyret E, Martinez Redondo P, Platero Luengo A, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Elixir of Life: Thwarting Aging With Regenerative Reprogramming. Circ Res 2019; 122:128-141. [PMID: 29301845 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
All living beings undergo systemic physiological decline after ontogeny, characterized as aging. Modern medicine has increased the life expectancy, yet this has created an aged society that has more predisposition to degenerative disorders. Therefore, novel interventions that aim to extend the healthspan in parallel to the life span are needed. Regeneration ability of living beings maintains their biological integrity and thus is the major leverage against aging. However, mammalian regeneration capacity is low and further declines during aging. Therefore, modalities that reinforce regeneration can antagonize aging. Recent advances in the field of regenerative medicine have shown that aging is not an irreversible process. Conversion of somatic cells to embryonic-like pluripotent cells demonstrated that the differentiated state and age of a cell is not fixed. Identification of the pluripotency-inducing factors subsequently ignited the idea that cellular features can be reprogrammed by defined factors that specify the desired outcome. The last decade consequently has witnessed a plethora of studies that modify cellular features including the hallmarks of aging in addition to cellular function and identity in a variety of cell types in vitro. Recently, some of these reprogramming strategies have been directly used in animal models in pursuit of rejuvenation and cell replacement. Here, we review these in vivo reprogramming efforts and discuss their potential use to extend the longevity by complementing or augmenting the regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ergin Beyret
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.)
| | - Paloma Martinez Redondo
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.)
| | - Aida Platero Luengo
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.)
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.).
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20
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Alibardi L. Perspective: Appendage regeneration in amphibians and some reptiles derived from specific evolutionary histories. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2018; 330:396-405. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative HistolabPadova Italy
- Department of BiologyUniversity of BolognaBologna Italy
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21
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Lavrov AI, Bolshakov FV, Tokina DB, Ereskovsky AV. Sewing up the wounds : The epithelial morphogenesis as a central mechanism of calcaronean sponge regeneration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2018; 330:351-371. [PMID: 30421540 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sponges (Porifera) demonstrate prominent regeneration abilities and possess a wide variety of mechanisms, used during this process. In the current study, we combined in vivo observations with histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural technics to elucidate the fine cellular mechanisms of the regeneration in the calcareous sponge Leucosolenia cf. variabilis. The regeneration of Leucosolenia cf. variabilis ends within 4-6 days. The crucial step of the process is the formation of the transient regenerative membrane, formed by the epithelial morphogenesis-spreading of the intact exopinacoderm and choanoderm. The spreading of the choanoderm is accompanied by the transdifferentiation of the choanocytes. The regenerative membrane develops without any contribution of the mesohyl cells. Subsequently, the membrane gradually transforms into the body wall. The cell proliferation is neither affected nor contributes to the regeneration at any stage. Thus, Leucosolenia cf. variabilis regeneration relies on the remodeling of the intact tissues through the epithelial morphogenesis, accompanied by the transdifferentiation of some differentiated cell types, which makes it similar to the regeneration in homoscleromorphs and eumetazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey I Lavrov
- Pertsov White Sea Biological Station, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Department Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Fyodor V Bolshakov
- Pertsov White Sea Biological Station, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Department Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria B Tokina
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Avignon University, Station Marine d'Endoume, Marseille, France
| | - Alexander V Ereskovsky
- Department Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.,Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Avignon University, Station Marine d'Endoume, Marseille, France
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22
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Taghiyar L, Hosseini S, Safari F, Bagheri F, Fani N, Stoddart MJ, Alini M, Eslaminejad MB. New insight into functional limb regeneration: A to Z approaches. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1925-1943. [PMID: 30011424 DOI: 10.1002/term.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Limb/digit amputation is a common event in humans caused by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. Although the loss of a digit is not lethal, it affects quality of life and imposes high costs on amputees. In recent years, the increasing interest in limb regeneration has led to enhanced scientific knowledge. However, the limited ability to develop functional limb regeneration in the clinical setting suggests that a challenging issue remains in limb regeneration. Recently, the emergence of regenerative engineering is a promising field to address this challenge and close the gap between science and clinical applications. Cell signalling and molecular mechanisms involved in the limb regeneration process have been extensively studied; however, there is still insufficient data on cell therapy and tissue engineering for limb regeneration. In this review, we intend to focus on therapeutic approaches for limb regeneration that are closely related to gene, immune, and stem cell therapies, as well as tissue engineering approaches that take into consideration the peculiar developmental properties of the limbs. In addition, we attempt to identify the challenges of these strategies for limb regeneration studies in terms of clinical settings and as a road map to accomplish the goal of functional human limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Taghiyar
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Hosseini
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bagheri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nesa Fani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Ranadive I, Patel S, Buch P, Uggini G, Desai I, Balakrishnan S. Inherent variations in the cellular events at the site of amputation orchestrate scar-free wound healing in the tail and scarred wound healing in the limb of lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis. Wound Repair Regen 2018; 26:366-380. [PMID: 30054965 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lizards are unique in having both-regeneration competent (tail) as well as non-regenerating appendages (limbs) in adults. They therefore present an appropriate model for comparing processes underlying regenerative repair and nonregenerative healing after amputation. In the current study, we use northern house gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis to compare major cellular and molecular events following amputation of the limb and of the tail. Although the early response to injury in both cases comprises apoptosis, proliferation, and angiogenesis, the temporal distribution of these processes in each remained obscure. In this regard, observations were made on the anatomy and gene expression levels of key regulators of these processes during the healing phase of the tail and limb separately. It was revealed that cell proliferation markers like fibroblast growth factors were upregulated early in the healing tail, coinciding with the growing epithelium. The amputated limb, in contrast, showed weak expression of proliferation markers, limited only to fibroblasts in the later stage of healing. Additionally, apoptotic activity in the tail was limited to the very early phase of healing, as opposed to that in the limb, wherein high expression of caspase-3 was observed throughout the healing process. Early rise in VEGF-α expression reflected an early onset of angiogenesis in the tail, while it was seen to occur at a later stage in case of the limb. Moreover, the expression pattern of transforming growth factor beta members points toward a pro-fibrotic response being induced very early in the amputated limb. Collectively, these results explain why regenerating appendages are able to heal without scars and if we are to induce scar-free healing in nonregenerating limbs, what interventions can be envisaged. This is crucial to the field of regenerative medicine since it is the initial stages of repair following amputation, which decide whether the appendage will be restored or only covered with a scab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Ranadive
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Sonam Patel
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Pranav Buch
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Gowrikumari Uggini
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Isha Desai
- N. V. Patel College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vallabh Vidhya Nagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Suresh Balakrishnan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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Yokoyama H, Kudo N, Todate M, Shimada Y, Suzuki M, Tamura K. Skin regeneration of amphibians: A novel model for skin regeneration as adults. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:316-325. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science; Hirosaki University; Hirosaki Aomori Japan
| | - Nanako Kudo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science; Hirosaki University; Hirosaki Aomori Japan
| | - Momoko Todate
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science; Hirosaki University; Hirosaki Aomori Japan
| | - Yuri Shimada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science; Hirosaki University; Hirosaki Aomori Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Division of Morphogenesis; National Institute for Basic Biology; National Institutes of Natural Sciences; Okazaki Aichi Japan
- Department of Basic Biology; School of Life Science; the Graduate University of Advanced Studies; Hayama Kanagawa Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
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25
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Alibardi L. Review: Limb regeneration in humans: Dream or reality? Ann Anat 2018; 217:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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26
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Makanae A, Satoh A. Ectopic Fgf signaling induces the intercalary response in developing chicken limb buds. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2018; 4:8. [PMID: 29721334 PMCID: PMC5907462 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-018-0090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intercalary pattern formation is an important regulatory step in amphibian limb regeneration. Amphibian limb regeneration is composed of multiple steps, including wounding, blastema formation, and intercalary pattern formation. Attempts have been made to transfer insights from regeneration-competent animals to regeneration-incompetent animalsat each step in the regeneration process. In the present study, we focused on the intercalary mechanism in chick limb buds. In amphibian limb regeneration, a proximodistal axis is organized as soon as a regenerating blastema is induced. Intermediate structures are subsequently induced (intercalated) between the established proximal and distal identities. Intercalary tissues are derived from proximal tissues. Fgf signaling mediates the intercalary response in amphibian limb regeneration. RESULTS We attempted to transfer insights into intercalary regeneration from amphibian models to the chick limb bud. The zeugopodial part was dissected out, and the distal and proximal parts were conjunct at st. 24. Delivering ectopic Fgf2 + Fgf8 between the distal and proximal parts resulted in induction of zeugopodial elements. Examination of HoxA11 expression, apoptosis, and cell proliferation provides insights to compare with those in the intercalary mechanism of amphibian limb regeneration. Furthermore, the cellular contribution was investigated in both the chicken intercalary response and that of axolotl limb regeneration. CONCLUSIONS We developed new insights into cellular contribution in amphibian intercalary regeneration, and found consistency between axolotl and chicken intercalary responses. Our findings demonstrate that the same principal of limb regeneration functions between regeneration-competent and -incompetent animals. In this context, we propose the feasibility of the induction of the regeneration response in amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Makanae
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Akira Satoh
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
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Alibardi L. Temporal distribution of 5BrdU‐labelled cells suggests that most injured tissues contribute proliferating cells for the regeneration of the tail and limb in lizard. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab and Department of BiologyUniversity of Bologna Bologna Italy
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Dolan CP, Dawson LA, Muneoka K. Digit Tip Regeneration: Merging Regeneration Biology with Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 7:262-270. [PMID: 29405625 PMCID: PMC5827737 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration Biology is the study of organisms with endogenous regenerative abilities, whereas Regenerative Medicine focuses on engineering solutions for human injuries that do not regenerate. While the two fields are fundamentally different in their approach, there is an obvious interface involving mammalian regeneration models. The fingertip is the only part of the human limb that is regeneration-competent and the regenerating mouse digit tip has emerged as a model to study a clinically relevant regenerative response. In this article, we discuss how studies of digit tip regeneration have identified critical components of the regenerative response, and how an understanding of endogenous regeneration can lead to expanding the regenerative capabilities of nonregenerative amputation wounds. Such studies demonstrate that regeneration-incompetent wounds can respond to treatment with individual morphogenetic agents by initiating a multi-tissue response that culminates in structural regeneration. In addition, the healing process of nonregenerative wounds are found to cycle through nonresponsive, responsive and nonresponsive phases, and we call the responsive phase the Regeneration Window. We also find the responsiveness of mature healed amputation wounds can be reactivated by reinjury, thus nonregenerated wounds retain a potential for regeneration. We propose that regeneration-incompetent injuries possess dormant regenerative potential that can be activated by targeted treatment with specific morphogenetic agents. We believe that future Regenerative Medicine-based-therapies should be designed to promote, not replace, regenerative responses. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2018;7:262-270.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor P Dolan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Feng Y, Feng J, Zheng H, Wang W, Chen F, Yu Y, Cui J. Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression analysis of the three cysteine and glycine-rich protein genes in the Chinese fire-bellied newt Cynops orientalis. Gene 2018; 647:226-234. [PMID: 29317320 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cysteine- and glycine-rich protein (CRP) family members, including the cysteine- and glycine-rich protein 1 (CSRP1), cysteine- and glycine-rich protein 2 (CSRP2), and the cysteine- and glycine-rich protein 3 (CSRP3), have exhibited various cellular functions during cell development and differentiation. However, the sequences of the three CSRP genes and their functions are still poorly understood in newts. In this study, we cloned the complete open reading frame (ORF) sequences of the three CSRP genes from the Chinese fire-bellied newt, Cynops orientalis (C. orientalis). The complete ORF sequences of Co-CSRP1, Co-CSRP2, and Co-CSRP3 were 582, 582, and 576bp, respectively, and encoded 193, 193, and 191 amino acids, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of the three CRP members showed high similarities with that of other species, particularly, with amphibians. Co-CSRP1 was highly expressed in the kidney, limb, and stomach, however, the expression was low in the spleen, heart, intestine, liver, and tail (P<0.05). The mRNA expression of Co-CSRP2 was higher in the kidney and heart than that in other organs (P<0.05). It was observed that Co-CSRP3 was only expressed in the heart, limb, and tail. The mRNA expression of Co-CSRP1 and Co-CSRP3 was lower in the digits in comparison to other limb segments. However, there was no significant difference of Co-CSRP2 mRNA expression in the four limb segments. The Co-CSRP1 and Co-CSRP2 mRNA expressions were significantly increased, whereas the expression of Co-CSRP3 was remarkably decreased during the limb regeneration. This study will provide useful information for further elucidating the role of Co-CSRP genes during newt limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Feng
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Juantao Feng
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Hanxue Zheng
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Fulin Chen
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Xi'an 710069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Xi'an 710069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, PR China.
| | - Jihong Cui
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Xi'an 710069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, PR China.
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Vitulo N, Dalla Valle L, Skobo T, Valle G, Alibardi L. Downregulation of lizard immuno-genes in the regenerating tail and myogenes in the scarring limb suggests that tail regeneration occurs in an immuno-privileged organ. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:2127-2141. [PMID: 28357509 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Amputated tails of lizards regenerate while limbs form scars which histological structure is very different from the original organs. Lizards provide useful information for regenerative medicine and some hypotheses on the loss of regeneration in terrestrial vertebrates. Analysis of tail and limb transcriptomes shows strong downregulation in the tail blastema for immunoglobulins and surface B and T receptors, cell function, and metabolism. In contrast, in the limb blastema genes for myogenesis, muscle and cell function, and extracellular matrix deposition but not immunity are variably downregulated. The upregulated genes show that the regenerating tail is an embryonic organ driven by the Wnt pathway and non-coding RNAs. The strong inflammation following amputation, the non-activation of the Wnt pathway, and the upregulation of inflammatory genes with no downregulation of immune genes indicate that the amputated limb does not activate an embryonic program. Intense inflammation in limbs influences in particular the activity of genes coding for muscle proteins, cell functions, and stimulates the deposition of dense extracellular matrix proteins resulting in scarring limb outgrowths devoid of muscles. The present study complements that on upregulated genes, and indicates that the regenerating tail requires immune suppression to maintain this embryonic organ connected to the rest of the tail without be rejected or turned into a scar. It is hypothesized that the evolution of the adaptive immune system determined scarring instead of organ regeneration in terrestrial vertebrates and that lizards evolved the process of tail regeneration through a mechanism of immuno-evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Vitulo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Tatjana Skobo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Valle
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab, Padova, Italy.
- Dipartimento Bigea, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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Tyler SEB. Nature's Electric Potential: A Systematic Review of the Role of Bioelectricity in Wound Healing and Regenerative Processes in Animals, Humans, and Plants. Front Physiol 2017; 8:627. [PMID: 28928669 PMCID: PMC5591378 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural endogenous voltage gradients not only predict and correlate with growth and development but also drive wound healing and regeneration processes. This review summarizes the existing literature for the nature, sources, and transmission of information-bearing bioelectric signals involved in controlling wound healing and regeneration in animals, humans, and plants. It emerges that some bioelectric characteristics occur ubiquitously in a range of animal and plant species. However, the limits of similarities are probed to give a realistic assessment of future areas to be explored. Major gaps remain in our knowledge of the mechanistic basis for these processes, on which regenerative therapies ultimately depend. In relation to this, it is concluded that the mapping of voltage patterns and the processes generating them is a promising future research focus, to probe three aspects: the role of wound/regeneration currents in relation to morphology; the role of endogenous flux changes in driving wound healing and regeneration; and the mapping of patterns in organisms of extreme longevity, in contrast with the aberrant voltage patterns underlying impaired healing, to inform interventions aimed at restoring them.
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Sader F, Denis JF, Roy S. Tissue regeneration in dentistry: Can salamanders provide insight? Oral Dis 2017; 24:509-517. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Sader
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - J-F Denis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - S Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Stomatology; Faculty of Dentistry; Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
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Regeneration and Regrowth Potentials of Digit Tips in Amphibians and Mammals. Int J Cell Biol 2017; 2017:5312951. [PMID: 28487741 PMCID: PMC5402240 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5312951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration and repair have received much attention in the medical field over the years. The study of amphibians, such as newts and salamanders, has uncovered many of the processes that occur in these animals during full-limb/digit regeneration, a process that is highly limited in mammals. Understanding these processes in amphibians could shed light on how to develop and improve this process in mammals. Amputation injuries in mammals usually result in the formation of scar tissue with limited regrowth of the limb/digit; however, it has been observed that the very tips of digits (fingers and toes) can partially regrow in humans and mice under certain conditions. This review will summarize and compare the processes involved in salamander limb regeneration, mammalian wound healing, and digit regeneration in mice and humans.
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Vitulo N, Dalla Valle L, Skobo T, Valle G, Alibardi L. Transcriptome analysis of the regenerating tail vs. the scarring limb in lizard reveals pathways leading to successful vs. unsuccessful organ regeneration in amniotes. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:116-134. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Vitulo
- Department of Biotechnology; University of Verona; Italy
| | | | - Tatjana Skobo
- Department of Biology; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Giorgio Valle
- Department of Biology; University of Padova; Padova Italy
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Alibardi L. Microscopic observations show invasion of inflammatory cells in the limb blastema and epidermis in pre-metamorphic frog tadpoles which destroy the Apical Epidermal CAP and impede regeneration. Ann Anat 2016; 210:94-102. [PMID: 27986640 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Some limb regeneration in tadpoles of Rana dalmatina occurs at stages 44-48 when small hind-limbs are present while scarring occurs at stages 51-52 when forelimbs have developed and metamorphosis is approaching. Ultrastructural analysis of cells forming the regenerating blastema detects mesenchymal cells and an Apical Epidermal Cap (AEC) in regenerating limb blastema 5-6 days post-amputation at stages 46-48. In contrast, granulocytes and numerous macrophages and lymphocytes prevail over mesenchymal cells in limb blastema at stages 51-52, which are destined to form scars. An increase in inflammatory cells in limb blastema prior to metamorphosis suggests a negative influence of immune cells on limb regeneration. Inflammatory cells invade the apical wound epidermis where stem keratinocytes are likely destroyed, impeding the formation of an AEC, the microregion which leads to limb regeneration. The invasion of immune cells, however, may also represent a physiological consequence of the death of cell populations in the tadpoles occurring with approaching metamorphosis. The passage from an aquatic to a terrestrial life in this frog elicits the typical amniote scarring reaction after wounding, and the limb cannot regenerate. The present observations sustain the hypothesis that the evolution of the adaptive immunity in tetrapods while efficiently preserving adult self-condition, determined the loss of tissue regeneration since the embryonic antigens evocated in blastema cells are removed by immune cells of the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab and University of Bologna, via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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36
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Huang TY, Chang CC, Cheng NC, Wang MH, Chiou LL, Lee KL, Lee HS. Re-epithelialization of large wound in paedomorphic and metamorphic axolotls. J Morphol 2016; 278:228-235. [PMID: 27859516 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) may heal their skin wounds scar-free in both paedomorphs and metamorphs. In previous studies on small punch skin wounds, rapid re-epithelialisation was noted in these two axolotl morphs. However, large wound size in mammals may affect wound healing. In this study, large circumferential full thickness excision wounds on the hind limbs were created on juvenile paedomorphic and metamorphic axolotls. The results showed re-epithelialisation was more quickly initiated in paedomorphs than in metamorphs after wounding. The migrating rate of epidermis on the wound bed was faster in paedomorphs than in metamorphs and thus completion of re-epithelialisation was faster in paedomorphs than in metamorphs. Within these re-epithelialisation periods, neither basement membrane nor dermis was reformed. Epidermal cell proliferation was detected by EdU-labelling technique. In the normal unwounded skin, epidermal proliferation rate was higher in paedomorphs than in metamorphs. After wounding, the epidermal proliferation rate was significantly lower in the migrating front on the wound bed than in the normal skin in paedomorphs. The EdU-labelling rate between normal skin and migration front was not different in metamorphs. Lacking of more proliferating epidermal cells on the wound bed indicated that the new epidermis here derived rather from migrating epidermal cells than from cell proliferation in situ. In conclusion, re-epithelialisation in the large wound might be fully completed in both morphs despite it was initiated earlier and with faster rate in paedomorphs than in metamorphs. The new epidermis on the wound bed derived mainly from cell migration than by cell proliferation in the re-epithelialisation period. J. Morphol. 278:228-235, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals,Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Huang
- Liver Disease Prevention and Treatment Research Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Che Chang
- Department of Entomology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Chen Cheng
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Hui Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ling Chiou
- Liver Disease Prevention and Treatment Research Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Lun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Shu Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Alibardi L. Permanence of proliferating cells in developing, juvenile and adult knee epiphyses of lizards in relation to bone growth and regeneration. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab and Department of Bigea; University of Bologna; via Selmi 3 Bologna 40126 Italy
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Targeting the Hippo Signaling Pathway for Tissue Regeneration and Cancer Therapy. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7090055. [PMID: 27589805 PMCID: PMC5042386 DOI: 10.3390/genes7090055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is a highly-conserved developmental pathway that plays an essential role in organ size control, tumor suppression, tissue regeneration and stem cell self-renewal. The YES-associated protein (YAP) and the transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are two important transcriptional co-activators that are negatively regulated by the Hippo signaling pathway. By binding to transcription factors, especially the TEA domain transcription factors (TEADs), YAP and TAZ induce the expression of growth-promoting genes, which can promote organ regeneration after injury. Therefore, controlled activation of YAP and TAZ can be useful for regenerative medicine. However, aberrant activation of YAP and TAZ due to deregulation of the Hippo pathway or overexpression of YAP/TAZ and TEADs can promote cancer development. Hence, pharmacological inhibition of YAP and TAZ may be a useful approach to treat tumors with high YAP and/or TAZ activity. In this review, we present the mechanisms regulating the Hippo pathway, the role of the Hippo pathway in tissue repair and cancer, as well as a detailed analysis of the different strategies to target the Hippo signaling pathway and the genes regulated by YAP and TAZ for regenerative medicine and cancer therapy.
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Özpolat BD, Bely AE. Developmental and molecular biology of annelid regeneration: a comparative review of recent studies. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 40:144-153. [PMID: 27505269 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies of annelid regeneration have greatly increased in frequency in recent years, providing new insights into the developmental basis and evolution of regeneration. In this review, we summarize recent findings related to regeneration in annelids, focusing on molecular and developmental studies of epimorphic (blastema-based) regeneration, morphallactic (tissue-remodeling based) regeneration, and development and regeneration of putative stem cells of the posterior growth zone and germline. Regeneration is being investigated in a broad range of annelids spanning the phylum, and comparing findings among species reveals both widely conserved features that may be ancestral for the phylum as well as features that are variable across the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Duygu Özpolat
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Alexandra E Bely
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Farah Z, Fan H, Liu Z, He JQ. A concise review of common animal models for the study of limb regeneration. Organogenesis 2016; 12:109-118. [PMID: 27391218 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2016.1205775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Correct selection of an appropriate animal mode to closely mimic human extremity diseases or to exhibit desirable phenotypes of limb regeneration is the first critical step for all scientists in biomedical and regenerative researches. The commonly-used animals in limb regeneration and repairing studies, such as axolotl, mice, and rats, are discussed in the review and other models including cockroaches, dogs, and horses are also mentioned. The review weighs the general advantages, disadvantages, and precedent uses of each model in the context of limb and peripheral injury and subsequent regeneration. We hope that this review can provide the reader an overview of each model, from which to select one for their specific purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayd Farah
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology , Center for Veterinary Regenerative Medicine (CVRM), Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA
| | - Huimin Fan
- b Research Institute of Heart Failure , Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- b Research Institute of Heart Failure , Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jia-Qiang He
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology , Center for Veterinary Regenerative Medicine (CVRM), Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA
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Immunolocalization of 5BrdU long retaining labeled cells and macrophage infiltration in the scarring limb of lizard after limb amputation. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:197-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Quijano LM, Lynch KM, Allan CH, Badylak SF, Ahsan T. Looking Ahead to Engineering Epimorphic Regeneration of a Human Digit or Limb. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2016; 22:251-62. [PMID: 26603349 PMCID: PMC4892205 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 2 million people have had limb amputations in the United States due to disease or injury, with more than 185,000 new amputations every year. The ability to promote epimorphic regeneration, or the regrowth of a biologically based digit or limb, would radically change the prognosis for amputees. This ambitious goal includes the regrowth of a large number of tissues that need to be properly assembled and patterned to create a fully functional structure. We have yet to even identify, let alone address, all the obstacles along the extended progression that limit epimorphic regeneration in humans. This review aims to present introductory fundamentals in epimorphic regeneration to facilitate design and conduct of research from a tissue engineering and regenerative medicine perspective. We describe the clinical scenario of human digit healing, featuring published reports of regenerative potential. We then broadly delineate the processes of epimorphic regeneration in nonmammalian systems and describe a few mammalian regeneration models. We give particular focus to the murine digit tip, which allows for comparative studies of regeneration-competent and regeneration-incompetent outcomes in the same animal. Finally, we describe a few forward-thinking opportunities for promoting epimorphic regeneration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M. Quijano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kristen M. Lynch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Christopher H. Allan
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen F. Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tabassum Ahsan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Kirita Y, Kami D, Ishida R, Adachi T, Tamagaki K, Matoba S, Kusaba T, Gojo S. Preserved Nephrogenesis Following Partial Nephrectomy in Early Neonates. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26792. [PMID: 27244673 PMCID: PMC4886582 DOI: 10.1038/srep26792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstitution of total nephron segments after resection in the adult kidney has not been achieved; however, whether the neonatal kidney can maintain the capacity for neo-nephrogenesis after resection is unknown. We performed partial resection of the kidney in neonatal rats on postnatal days 1 (P1x kidney) and 4 (P4x kidney) and examined morphological changes and relevant factors. The P1x kidney bulged into the newly formed cortex from the wound edge, while nephrogenesis failure was prominent in the P4x kidney. Twenty-eight days post-resection, the glomerular number, cortex area, and collecting duct were preserved in the P1x kidney, whereas these parameters were markedly decreased in the P4x kidney. During normal development, Six2 expression and Six2+ nephron progenitor cells in the cap mesenchyme both rapidly disappear after birth. However, time course analysis for the P1x kidney showed that Six2 expression and Six2+ cells were well preserved in the tissue surrounding the resected area even 2 days after resection. In conclusion, our results indicate that kidneys in early neonate rats retain the capability for neo-nephrogenesis after resection; however, this ability is lost soon after birth, which may be attributed to a declining amount of Six2+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Kirita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kami
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ryo Ishida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takaomi Adachi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tamagaki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusaba
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Satoshi Gojo
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Immunolocalization of FGF8/10 in the Apical Epidermal Peg and Blastema of the regenerating tail in lizard marks this apical growing area. Ann Anat 2016; 206:14-20. [PMID: 27113329 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that Fibroblast Growth Factors are present in the regenerating tail tissues of lizards where they may stimulate the process of regeneration. The present study is focused on the immunolocalization of FGF8 and FGF10 in the regenerating lizard tail, two signaling proteins of the apical epidermal cup/ridge and mesenchymal blastema sustaining tail and limb regeneration in amphibians and the development of the tail and limbs in vertebrate embryos. Main immunoreactive protein bands at 15-18kDa for FGF8/10 are detected in the regenerating epidermis and only a band at 30 or 35kDa in the underlying connective tissues. FGF8 appears particularly localized in cells and nuclei of the apical epidermal peg and of the ependymal ampulla present at the tip of the regenerating tail. FGF10 is also immuno-localized in the apical epidermis but is particularly intensely localized in the mesenchyme of the apical blastema. In accordance with previous studies, the present observations supports the hypothesis that the apical epidermal peg and the ependymal tube with the few regenerated neurons present within it, release FGF8/10 that may contribute to maintenance of cell proliferation in the apical front of the mesenchyme for the growth of the regenerating tail.
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Bryant SV, Gardiner DM. The relationship between growth and pattern formation. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2016; 3:103-22. [PMID: 27499882 PMCID: PMC4895327 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Successful development depends on the creation of spatial gradients of transcription factors within developing fields, and images of graded distributions of gene products populate the pages of developmental biology journals. Therefore the challenge is to understand how the graded levels of intracellular transcription factors are generated across fields of cells. We propose that transcription factor gradients are generated as a result of an underlying gradient of cell cycle lengths. Very long cell cycles will permit accumulation of a high level of a gene product encoded by a large transcription unit, whereas shorter cell cycles will permit progressively fewer transcripts to be completed due to gating of transcription by the cell cycle. We also propose that the gradients of cell cycle lengths are generated by gradients of extracellular morphogens/growth factors. The model of cell cycle gated transcriptional regulation brings focus back to the functional role of morphogens as cell cycle regulators, and proposes a specific and testable mechanism by which morphogens, in their roles as growth factors (how they were originally discovered), also determine cell fate.
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Alibardi L. Cell proliferation in the amputated limb of lizard leading to scarring is reduced compared to the regenerating tail. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab and Dipartimento di Bigea; Università di Bologna; via Selmi 3 Bologna 40126 Italy
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Alibardi L. Localization of Proliferating Cells in the Inter-Vertebral Region of the Developing and Adult Vertebrae of Lizards in Relation to Growth and Regeneration. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:461-73. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab and Department of Bigea; University of Bologna; Italy
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Denis JF, Sader F, Gatien S, Villiard É, Philip A, Roy S. Activation of Smad2 but not Smad3 is required for mediating TGF-beta signaling during limb regeneration in axolotls. Development 2016; 143:3481-3490. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.131466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Axolotls are unique amongst vertebrates in their ability to regenerate their tissues (e.g. limbs, tail, skin etc.). The axolotl limb is the most studied regenerating structure. The process is well characterized morphologically; however, it is not well understood at the molecular level. We demonstrate that TGF-β1 is highly regulated during regeneration and that its signaling is necessary. The present study clearly shows that the basement membrane is not prematurely formed in animals treated with the TGF-β antagonist SB-431542. More importantly, it shows that Smad2 and Smad3 are differentially regulated post-translationally during the preparation phase of limb regeneration. Using specific antagonists for Smad2 and Smad3, results indicate that Smad2 is responsible for the action of TGF-β during regeneration and that Smad3 is not required. We also show that Smad2 target genes (MMP2 & 9) are inhibited in SB-431542 treated limbs and non-canonical TGF-β targets are not affected (e.g. MMP13). This is the first study to show that Smad2 and Smad3 are differentially regulated during regeneration and places Smad2 at the heart of TGF-β signaling supporting the regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Denis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
| | - Fadi Sader
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
| | - Samuel Gatien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
| | - Éric Villiard
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
| | - Anie Philip
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal (Québec), Canada
| | - Stéphane Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
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49
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Regeneration: Lessons from the Lizard. INNOVATIONS IN MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND TISSUE ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-44996-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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50
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Shieh SJ, Cheng TC. Regeneration and repair of human digits and limbs: fact and fiction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:149-68. [PMID: 27499873 PMCID: PMC4857729 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A variety of digit and limb repair and reconstruction methods have been used in different clinical settings, but regeneration remains an item on every plastic surgeon's "wish list." Although surgical salvage techniques are continually being improved, unreplantable digits and limbs are still abundant. We comprehensively review the structural and functional salvage methods in clinical practice, from the peeling injuries of small distal fingertips to multisegmented amputated limbs, and the developmental and tissue engineering approaches for regenerating human digits and limbs in the laboratory. Although surgical techniques have forged ahead, there are still situations in which digits and limbs are unreplantable. Advances in the field are delineated, and the regeneration processes of salamander limbs, lizard tails, and mouse digits and each component of tissue engineering approaches for digit- and limb-building are discussed. Although the current technology is promising, there are many challenges in human digit and limb regeneration. We hope this review inspires research on the critical gap between clinical and basic science, and leads to more sophisticated digit and limb loss rescue and regeneration innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Jou Shieh
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan; International Research Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR) National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Chih Cheng
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
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