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Painous C, Fernández M, Pérez J, de Mena L, Cámara A, Compta Y. Fluid and tissue biomarkers in Parkinson's disease: Immunodetection or seed amplification? Central or peripheral? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 121:105968. [PMID: 38168618 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades there have been meaningful developments on biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases, extensively (but not solely) focusing on their proteinopathic nature. Accordingly, in Alzheimer's disease determination of levels of total and phosphorylated tau (τ and p-τ, usually p-τ181) along with amyloid-beta1-42 (Aβ1-42) by immunodetection in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and currently even in peripheral blood, have been widely accepted and introduced to routine diagnosis. In the case of Parkinson's disease, α-synuclein as a potential biomarker (both for diagnosis and progression tracking) has proved more elusive under the immunodetection approach. In recent years, the emergence of the so-called seed amplification assays is proving to be a game-changer, with mounting evidence under different technical approaches and using a variety of biofluids or tissues, yielding promising diagnostic accuracies. Currently the least invasive but at once more reliable source of biosamples and techniques are being sought. Here we overview these advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Painous
- Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic i Universitari de Barcelona, Lab of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders - Clinical and Experimental Research, IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències UBNeuro, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manel Fernández
- Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic i Universitari de Barcelona, Lab of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders - Clinical and Experimental Research, IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències UBNeuro, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jesica Pérez
- Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic i Universitari de Barcelona, Lab of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders - Clinical and Experimental Research, IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències UBNeuro, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lorena de Mena
- Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic i Universitari de Barcelona, Lab of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders - Clinical and Experimental Research, IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències UBNeuro, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana Cámara
- Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic i Universitari de Barcelona, Lab of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders - Clinical and Experimental Research, IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències UBNeuro, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Yaroslau Compta
- Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic i Universitari de Barcelona, Lab of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders - Clinical and Experimental Research, IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències UBNeuro, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Zhao J, Liu Y, Xu L, Sun L, Chen G, Wang H, Zhang Z, Lin H, Li Z. Influence of linoleic acid on the immunodetection of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) tropomyosin and the mechanism investigation via multi-spectroscopic and molecular modeling techniques. Food Chem 2024; 434:137339. [PMID: 37699311 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of linoleic acid (LA) on the IgG/IgE recognition, in vitro digestibility and immunodetection of shrimp tropomyosin (TM) was investigated. Subsequently, the simultaneous binding of LA-TM was explored using multi-spectroscopic and molecular modeling techniques. Our findings reveled that the addition of LA significantly reduced TM's IgG/IgE immunoreactivity, digestibility, and immunodetection. Further analysis using multi-spectroscopic and molecular modeling techniques indicated that while TM's secondary structure remained largely unchanged, its 3-D structure showed significant alterations such as increased particle size and hydrophobic surface area, and a higher number of buried hydrophobic residues exposed due to the binding of LA to TM. These structural changes rendered it difficult for target antibodies and digestive enzymes to interact with related epitopes and cleavage sites buried inside the molecule. The results obtained in this study provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanism of poor immunodetection caused by food matrix interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5, Yushan Road, Qingdao City, Shandong Province 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
| | - Yuhai Liu
- Dawning International Information Industry Co., Ltd., No.169, Songling Road, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, 266101, PR China
| | - Lili Xu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lirui Sun
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Guanzhi Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao City, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5, Yushan Road, Qingdao City, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Ziye Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5, Yushan Road, Qingdao City, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5, Yushan Road, Qingdao City, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Zhenxing Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5, Yushan Road, Qingdao City, Shandong Province 266003, China.
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Nasr SM, Samir S, Okasha H. Interdisciplinary gene manipulation, molecular cloning, and recombinant expression of modified human growth hormone isoform-1 in E. coli system. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128637. [PMID: 38061513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth hormone (GH) is a hormone that promotes growth, cell reproduction, and cell restoration in humans and animals. OBJECTIVES Production of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and assessment of its characteristics and proliferation stimulatory activity. METHODS The hGH gene was cloned into a pET 3a expression vector and transformed into a competent E. coli cell. The refolded hGH was purified, Western blot and batch fermentation were performed. Cell cytotoxicity was tested on Vero cells, and MALDI-TOF and Nano-LC-ESI MS/MS were used for protein and target peptide analysis. RESULTS Induced rhGH was purified with a concentration of 511.9 mg/ml. Western blot confirmed the molecular identity of rhGH, showing a single 22 kDa band. The bacterial growth at OD600 after 24 h in batch fermentation was 9.78 ± 0.26, and wet cell weight (WCWg/L) was 15.2 ± 0.32. Purified rhGH activity on Vero cells was 0.535 IU/mg. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed a score of 70.51 % and coverage of 60.37 %. CONCLUSION Biologically active native rhGH protein was successfully expressed in the Prokaryotic system. Our goal is to increase its production on a pilot level in the native form at a high activity effect identical to isoform 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Mohamed Nasr
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza 12411, Egypt; School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt.
| | - Safia Samir
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza 12411, Egypt.
| | - Hend Okasha
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza 12411, Egypt.
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Bhatt S, Faridi N, Raj SMP, Agarwal A, Punetha M. Recent advances in immuno-based methods for the detection of Ralstonia solanacearum. J Microbiol Methods 2024; 217-218:106889. [PMID: 38211840 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2024.106889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum (RS) is a widely recognized phytopathogenic bacterium which is responsible for causing devastating losses in a wide range of economically significant crops. Timely and accurate detection of this pathogen is pivotal to implementing effective disease management strategies and preventing crop losses. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in immuno-based detection methods for RS. The review begins by introducing RS, highlighting its destructive potential and the need for point-of-care detection techniques. Subsequently, it explores traditional detection methods and their limitations, emphasizing the need for innovative approaches. The main focus of this review is on immuno-based detection methods and it discusses recent advancements in serological detection techniques. Furthermore, the review sheds light on the challenges and prospects of immuno-based detection of RS. It emphasizes the importance of developing rapid, field-deployable assays that can be used by farmers and researchers alike. In conclusion, this review provides valuable insights into the recent advances in immuno-based detection methods for RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Bhatt
- P P Savani University, Surat 394125, Gujarat, India; Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research (DIBER), DRDO, Nainital, Haldwani 263139, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Neha Faridi
- Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research (DIBER), DRDO, Nainital, Haldwani 263139, Uttarakhand, India
| | - S Merwyn P Raj
- Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research (DIBER), DRDO, Nainital, Haldwani 263139, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ankur Agarwal
- Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research (DIBER), DRDO, Nainital, Haldwani 263139, Uttarakhand, India
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Grewling Ł, Ribeiro H, Antunes C, Apangu GP, Çelenk S, Costa A, Eguiluz-Gracia I, Galveias A, Gonzalez Roldan N, Lika M, Magyar D, Martinez-Bracero M, Ørby P, O'Connor D, Penha AM, Pereira S, Pérez-Badia R, Rodinkova V, Xhetani M, Šauliene I, Skjøth CA. Outdoor airborne allergens: Characterization, behavior and monitoring in Europe. Sci Total Environ 2023; 905:167042. [PMID: 37709071 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Aeroallergens or inhalant allergens, are proteins dispersed through the air and have the potential to induce allergic conditions such as rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma. Outdoor aeroallergens are found predominantly in pollen grains and fungal spores, which are allergen carriers. Aeroallergens from pollen and fungi have seasonal emission patterns that correlate with plant pollination and fungal sporulation and are strongly associated with atmospheric weather conditions. They are released when allergen carriers come in contact with the respiratory system, e.g. the nasal mucosa. In addition, due to the rupture of allergen carriers, airborne allergen molecules may be released directly into the air in the form of micronic and submicronic particles (cytoplasmic debris, cell wall fragments, droplets etc.) or adhered onto other airborne particulate matter. Therefore, aeroallergen detection strategies must consider, in addition to the allergen carriers, the allergen molecules themselves. This review article aims to present the current knowledge on inhalant allergens in the outdoor environment, their structure, localization, and factors affecting their production, transformation, release or degradation. In addition, methods for collecting and quantifying aeroallergens are listed and thoroughly discussed. Finally, the knowledge gaps, challenges and implications associated with aeroallergen analysis are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Grewling
- Laboratory of Aerobiology, Department of Systematic and Environmental Botany, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Helena Ribeiro
- Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto and Earth Sciences Institute (ICT), Portugal
| | - Celia Antunes
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development & ICT-Institute of Earth Sciences, IIFA, University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | | | - Sevcan Çelenk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ana Costa
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development & ICT-Institute of Earth Sciences, IIFA, University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Ibon Eguiluz-Gracia
- Allergy Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Malaga, Malaga 29010, Spain
| | - Ana Galveias
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development & ICT-Institute of Earth Sciences, IIFA, University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Nestor Gonzalez Roldan
- Group of Biofunctional Metabolites and Structures, Priority Research Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Borstel, Germany; Pollen Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mirela Lika
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Donát Magyar
- National Center for Public Health and Pharmacy, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Pia Ørby
- Department of Environmental Science, Danish Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA) Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin D09 E432, Ireland
| | - Alexandra Marchã Penha
- Water Laboratory, School of Sciences and Technology, ICT-Institute of Earth Sciences, IIFA, University of Évora. 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Sónia Pereira
- Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto and Earth Sciences Institute (ICT), Portugal
| | - Rosa Pérez-Badia
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Merita Xhetani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
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Monje PV. Human Schwann Cells in vitro III. Analytical Methods and a Practical Approach for Quality Control. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4840. [PMID: 38034849 PMCID: PMC10682955 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper introduces simple analytical methods and bioassays to promptly assess the identity and function of in vitro cultured human Schwann cells (hSCs). A systematic approach is proposed to unequivocally discriminate hSCs from other glial cells, non-glial cells, and non-human SCs (authentication), identify hSCs at different stages of differentiation, and determine whether individual hSCs are proliferative or senescent. Examples of how to use distinct cell-based approaches for quality control and routine troubleshooting are provided to confirm the constitution (identity, purity, and heterogeneity) and potency (bioactivity) of hSC cultures from multiple sources. The bioassays are valuable for rapidly gauging the responses of hSCs to mitogenic and differentiating factors and ascertaining the cells' basic properties before performing co-culture or cell grafting studies. The assays are image based and use adherent hSCs established in monoculture to simplify the experimental setup and interpretation of results. Finally, all sections contain thorough background information, notes, and references to facilitate decision making, data interpretation, and ad hoc method development for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula V. Monje
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Boualam MA, Heitzmann A, Mousset F, Aboudharam G, Drancourt M, Pradines B. Use of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of ancient malaria infections in dental pulp from the sixth century in Versailles, France. Malar J 2023; 22:151. [PMID: 37161537 PMCID: PMC10169320 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paleomicrobiological data have clarified that Plasmodium spp. was circulating in the past in southern European populations, which are now devoid of malaria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of immunodetection and, more particularly, rapid diagnostic tests (RDT), in order to further assess Plasmodium infections in ancient northern European populations. METHODS A commercially available RDT, PALUTOP® + 4 OPTIMA, which is routinely used to detect malaria, was used to detect Plasmodium antigens from proteins recovered from ancient specimens extracted from 39 dental pulp samples. These samples were collected from 39 individuals who were buried in the sixth century, near the site of the current Palace of Versailles in France. Positive and negative controls were also used. Antigens detected were quantified using chemiluminescence imaging system analysis. RESULTS Plasmodium antigens were detected in 14/39 (35.9%) individuals, including Plasmodium vivax antigens in 11 individuals and Plasmodium falciparum antigens co-detected in two individuals, while Pan-Plasmodium antigens were detected in three individuals. Controls all yielded expected results. CONCLUSIONS The data reported here showed that RDTs are a suitable tool for detecting Plasmodium spp. antigens in ancient dental pulp samples, and demonstrated the existence of malaria in Versailles, France, in the sixth century. Plasmodium vivax, which is regarded as being responsible for an attenuated form of malaria and less deadly forms, was the most prevalent species. This illustrates, for the first time in ancient populations, co-infection with P. falciparum, bringing into question the climate-driven ecosystems prevailing at that time in the Versailles area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Boualam
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, MEPHI, AP-HM, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Annick Heitzmann
- Direction du Patrimoine et des Jardins, Château de Versailles, Place d'Armes, 78008, Versailles, France
| | - Florence Mousset
- Direction régionale des affaires culturelles d'Île-de-France, Service Régional de l'archéologie, 311 Rue Le Peletier, 75009, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Aboudharam
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, MEPHI, AP-HM, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- Ecole de Médecine Dentaire, Aix-Marseille Univ, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Drancourt
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, MEPHI, AP-HM, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Pradines
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
- Unité parasitologie et entomologie, Département microbiologie et maladies infectieuses, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
- Centre national de référence du paludisme, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
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Alibardi L. Immunolocalization of Pglyrp3 and Eps8l1 proteins in the regenerating lizard epidermis indicates they contribute to epidermal barrier formation. ZOOLOGY 2023; 157:126080. [PMID: 36854226 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2023.126080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
During tail regeneration in lizards the new corneous layer formed in the regenerating epidermis includes antimicrobial peptides, cystatin and serpins, likely forming an anti-microbial barrier. The present study aims to reveal other proteins potentially contributing to this protective barrier of the epidermis. Using immunohistochemistry we have detected a peptidoglycan-like recognition protein-3 (pglyrp3), an antimicrobial molecule, and an epidermal growth factor receptor kinase 8 l (eps8l), a receptor of EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) that stimulates epidermal formation. The study shows that the two proteins are mostly accumulated in the forming wound epidermis and in the shedding layer of the regenerating scales. The shedding layer is the intra-epidermal layer that allows the separation of the initial corneous layer from the regenerating epidermis. While presence of pglyrp3 is likely related to the formation of the anti-microbial barrier, the function of the eps8l protein in epidermal regeneration remains unknown. Whether the latter protein is involved in keratinocyte movement within the regenerating epidermis has to be specifically determined in future studies. Together with the antimicrobial peptides cystatin and serpins, previously detected in the wound epidermis and shedding layer, the present study indicates that pglyp3, and potentially eps8l, contribute to protect the new skin and underlying regenerated tissues from the potential microbe invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Italy.
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Lunerová J, Vozárová R. Preparation of Male Meiotic Chromosomes for Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization and Immunodetection with Major Focus on Dogroses. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2672:337-349. [PMID: 37335487 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3226-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Meiosis is a very essential cell division resulting in the formation of four haploid gametes in plants. The preparation of meiotic chromosomes is a key step in plant meiotic research. Well-spread chromosomes, low background signal, and effective cell wall elimination give the best hybridization results. Dogroses (Rosa, section Caninae) are allopolyploids and frequently pentaploids (2n = 5x = 35) with asymmetrical meiosis. Their cytoplasm is enriched with organic compounds such as vitamins, tannins, phenols, essential oils, and many more. The cytoplasm is often a huge problem, avoiding successful cytogenetic experiments using fluorescence staining techniques. Here, we present a protocol with modifications for the preparation of male meiotic chromosomes suitable for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunolabeling with a major focus on dogroses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Lunerová
- Department of Epigenetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Radka Vozárová
- Department of Epigenetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská, Brno, Czech Republic
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Kumar SS, Jamalpure S, Ahmed AN, Taju G, Vimal S, Majeed SA, Suryakodi S, Rahamathulla S, Paknikar KM, Rajwade JM, Hameed ASS. An Indigenous, Field-Deployable, Lateral Flow Immunochromatographic Assay Rapidly Detects Infectious Myonecrosis in Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2022; 24:1110-1124. [PMID: 36242690 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Shrimp farming is an important socioeconomic activity worldwide. Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) is an important shrimp virus responsible for significant mortality (up to 70%) in Litopenaeus vannamei. We produced recombinant capsid protein (r-IMNV31) and obtained a highly specific antibody, anti-r-IMNV31, which was used in WOAH-approved ELISA and Western blot to detect IMNV. Further, anti-r-IMNV31 was employed in an indigenously developed lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) with gold nanoparticles as a visual label. Using LFA, IMNV could be detected rapidly (20 min) from tissue homogenate with high specificity, reproducibility, and sensitivity (LOD = 103 viral particles). LFA was validated with "gold standard" qRT-PCR using 60 samples with high sensitivity (100%), specificity (86%). A Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.86 suggested "good agreement" between LFA and qRT-PCR. With a shelf-life of ~ 1 year at ambient temperature, the use of LFA in the on-site detection of IMNV by shrimp farmers will be a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Santhosh Kumar
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory (OIE Reference Laboratory for WTD), C. Abdul Hakeem College, ( Thiruvalluvar University), Tamilnadu, 632509, Melvisharam, India
| | - Snehal Jamalpure
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, 411004, India
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411007, India
| | - A Nafeez Ahmed
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory (OIE Reference Laboratory for WTD), C. Abdul Hakeem College, ( Thiruvalluvar University), Tamilnadu, 632509, Melvisharam, India
| | - G Taju
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory (OIE Reference Laboratory for WTD), C. Abdul Hakeem College, ( Thiruvalluvar University), Tamilnadu, 632509, Melvisharam, India
| | - S Vimal
- Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - S Abdul Majeed
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory (OIE Reference Laboratory for WTD), C. Abdul Hakeem College, ( Thiruvalluvar University), Tamilnadu, 632509, Melvisharam, India
| | - S Suryakodi
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory (OIE Reference Laboratory for WTD), C. Abdul Hakeem College, ( Thiruvalluvar University), Tamilnadu, 632509, Melvisharam, India
| | | | - Kishore M Paknikar
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, 411004, India
- Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Jyutika M Rajwade
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, 411004, India.
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411007, India.
| | - A S Sahul Hameed
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory (OIE Reference Laboratory for WTD), C. Abdul Hakeem College, ( Thiruvalluvar University), Tamilnadu, 632509, Melvisharam, India.
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Adicéam E, Devakumaran S, Cadel S, Foulon T, Ghelis T. The aminopeptidase B (Ap-B) is phosphorylated in HEK293 cells. Biochimie 2022:S0300-9084(22)00186-9. [PMID: 35952945 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis is a post-translational modification (PTM) that affects the whole proteome. First regarded as only destructive, it is more precise than expected. It is finely regulated by other PTMs like phosphorylation. Aminopeptidase B (Ap-B), a M1 metallopeptidase, hydrolyses the peptide bond on the carbonyl side of basic residues at the NH2-terminus of peptides. 2D electrophoresis (2DE) was used to show that Ap-B is modified by phosphorylation. Detection of Ap-B by western blot after 2DE reveals several isoforms with different isoelectric points. Using alkaline phosphatase, Pro-Q Diamond phosphorylation-specific dye and kinase-specific inhibitors, we confirmed that Ap-B is phosphorylated. Phosphorylation can alter the structure of proteins leading to changes in their activity, localization, stability and association with other interacting molecules. We showed that Ap-B phosphorylation might delay its turnover. Our study illustrates the central role of the crosstalk between kinases and proteases in the regulation of many biological processes.
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12
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García-Corona JL, Hégaret H, Deléglise M, Marzari A, Rodríguez-Jaramillo C, Foulon V, Fabioux C. First subcellular localization of the amnesic shellfish toxin, domoic acid, in bivalve tissues: Deciphering the physiological mechanisms involved in its long-retention in the king scallop Pecten maximus. Harmful Algae 2022; 116:102251. [PMID: 35710207 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA), the phycotoxin responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), is an excitatory amino acid naturally produced by at least twenty-eight species of the bloom-forming marine diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Suspension feeders, such as bivalve mollusks, can accumulate and lengthy retain high amounts of DA in their tissues, threatening human health and leading to extensive-prolonged fishery closures, and severe economic losses. This is particularly problematic for the king scallop Pecten maximus, which retains high burdens of DA from months to years compared to other fast-depurator bivalves. Nonetheless, the physiological and cellular processes responsible for this retention are still unknown. In this work, for the first time, a novel immunohistochemical techniques based on the use of an anti-DA antibody was successfully developed and applied for DA-detection in bivalve tissues at a subcellular level. Our results show that in naturally contaminated P. maximus following a Pseudo-nitzschia australis outbreak, DA is visualized mainly within small membrane-bounded vesicles (1 - 2.5 µm) within the digestive gland cells, identified as autophagosomic structures by means of immune-electron microscopy, as well as in the mucus-producing cells, particularly those from gonad ducts and digestive tract. Trapping of DA in autophagososomes may be a key mechanism in the long retention of DA in scallops. These results and the development of DA-immunodetection are essential to provide a better understanding of the fate of DA, and further characterize DA contamination-decontamination kinetics in marine bivalves, as well as the main mechanisms involved in the long retention of this toxin in P. maximus.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis García-Corona
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR6539 CNRS/UBO/IFREMER/IRD) Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR6539 CNRS/UBO/IFREMER/IRD) Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Margot Deléglise
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR6539 CNRS/UBO/IFREMER/IRD) Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Adeline Marzari
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR6539 CNRS/UBO/IFREMER/IRD) Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Jaramillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico
| | - Valentin Foulon
- Université Bretagne Loire, ENIB, UMR CNRS 6285 LabSTICC, Brest 29238, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR6539 CNRS/UBO/IFREMER/IRD) Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France.
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13
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Lv Q, Yu HL, Yang Y, Meng FH, Dai XD, Jiang PY, Liu CC. Screening of monoclonal antibodies against specific phosphonylation sites and analysis of serum samples exposed to soman and VX using an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2713-2724. [PMID: 35083511 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) covalently bind to tyrosine 411 of human serum albumin (HSA) and the formed adducts are stable biomarkers of OPNA exposure. The detection of these adducts has been limited to mass spectrometry techniques combined with protein digestion. Here, we developed indirect competitive ELISA (icELISA) methods to verify OPNA exposure by the detection of OPNA-phosphonylated adducts at tyrosine 411 residue (OPNA-HSA adducts), in which monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against phosphonylation sites at tyrosine 411 were introduced. The two mAbs were prepared by the fourth generation of rabbit mAb technology using the phosphonylated peptides of LVRY(GD or VX)TKKVPQC as the haptens. These mAbs were screened using our developed competitive ELISA method and then selected based on their individual affinity and selectivity. As a result, we obtained two mAbs that recognized the HSA Tyr 411 adduct of GD (mAb-5G2) or VX (mAb-12B9), respectively. They shared the highest affinity exhibiting a Kd value of about 10-6 mol/L of the OPNA exposure concentration. They also had remarkable selectivity, which could especially recognize their individual OPNA-HSA adducts in a native state but did not recognize other OPNA-HSAs and unadducted HSAs. Especially for mAb-12B9, it could clearly distinguish VX-HSA and GB-HSA between which there was only one alkyl difference in their phosphonyl portion of the adducted sites. The two mAbs were then used to build the icELISA method for analysis of the serum samples exposed to OPNA. It was found that the detectable lowest GD- and VX-exposed concentrations in serum samples were respectively 1.0 × 10-6 mol/L and 10.0 × 10-6 mol/L. This study provides one novel approach and strategy for the retrospective detection of OPNA exposure, and the two mAbs have great potential to be extended for point-of-care testing of OPNA intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Hui-Lan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Fan-Hua Meng
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xian-Dong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Pei-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Chang-Cai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China.
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14
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Wang F, Wang H. Nanobody-Based Assays for the Detection of Environmental and Agricultural Contaminants. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2446:547-554. [PMID: 35157293 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2075-5_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Compared with traditional polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, nanobodies derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies have several advantages including small size, unique structure and binding geometry, high stability, and robust expression yields in numerous systems. Nanobody-based assays can also exhibit superior performance for immunodetection. Here, we describe protocols for three nanobody-based immunoassays for the detection of small chemical contaminants in environmental or agricultural samples: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluorescence enzyme immunoassay (FEIA), and bioluminescent enzyme immunoassay (BLEIA). These methods are based on hapten-specific nanobodies, nanobody-alkaline phosphatase fusion proteins, and nanobody-nanoluciferase fusion proteins, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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15
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Yukhananov R, Chimento DP, Marlow LA. Western Blot Processing Optimization: The Perfect Blot. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2349:65-80. [PMID: 34718991 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1585-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Western blot processing is a well-established procedure that includes protein extraction from tissues and cells, gel electrophoresis separation, transfer to a membrane, and immunodetection with specific antibodies. Here, we show that optimization of washing helps to maximize the specific interactions of antigens and antibodies. Performing all washing steps at 4 °C ensures a maximal signal to noise ratio and reduces nonspecific signals.
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16
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Lemauf S, Cazes D, Poirié M, Gatti JL. Amount of venom that Leptopilina species inject into Drosophila melanogaster larvae in relation to parasitic success. J Insect Physiol 2021; 135:104320. [PMID: 34634293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila endoparasitoid wasps Leptopilina boulardi and L. heterotoma (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) are pro-ovigenic species, i.e., females contain their lifetime number of mature eggs at emergence. They are therefore able to immediately parasitize many hosts when present. In response to parasitoid oviposition, the larval host D. melanogaster can mount an immune response, encapsulation, that can destroy the parasitoid eggs. This response is counteracted by the venom the wasp injects during oviposition. Here, we estimated the amount of venom injected into a D. melanogaster host larva using immunodetection of venom proteins and we attempted to correlate this amount with the number of eggs a female can lay on successive days. The venom reservoir of L. boulardi contains enough venom for at least 100 ovipositions while that of L. heterotoma contains venom for about 16 ovipositions. While a female L. boulardi may have enough venom for three days of parasitism when 20 or 40 larval hosts were presented each day, L. heterotoma certainly needs to synthesize new venom to parasitize the number of hosts offered. Interestingly, parasitism stopped (L. boulardi), egg protection (L. heterotoma) and egg hatching decreased (both species) after three days of parasitism. Thus, although venom does not appear to be a limiting factor for parasitism, our data suggest that it may have less effectiveness on the egg protection and on egg/host development after high repetitive egg laying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Lemauf
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Dominique Cazes
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marylène Poirié
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gatti
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France.
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17
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Bosque JR, Gómez-Nieto R, Hormigo S, Herrero-Turrión MJ, Díaz-Casado E, Sancho C, López DE. Molecular tools for the characterization of seizure susceptibility in genetic rodent models of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:106594. [PMID: 31685382 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by abnormal neuronal activity that arises from imbalances between excitatory and inhibitory synapses, which are highly correlated to functional and structural changes in specific brain regions. The difference between the normal and the epileptic brain may harbor genetic alterations, gene expression changes, and/or protein alterations in the epileptogenic nucleus. It is becoming increasingly clear that such differences contribute to the development of distinct epilepsy phenotypes. The current major challenges in epilepsy research include understanding the disease progression and clarifying epilepsy classifications by searching for novel molecular biomarkers. Thus, the application of molecular techniques to carry out comprehensive studies at deoxyribonucleic acid, messenger ribonucleic acid, and protein levels is of utmost importance to elucidate molecular dysregulations in the epileptic brain. The present review focused on the great diversity of technical approaches available and new research methodology, which are already being used to study molecular alterations underlying epilepsy. We have grouped the different techniques according to each step in the flow of information from DNA to RNA to proteins, and illustrated with specific examples in animal models of epilepsy, some of which are our own. Separately and collectively, the genomic and proteomic techniques, each with its own strengths and limitations, provide valuable information on molecular mechanisms underlying seizure susceptibility and regulation of neuronal excitability. Determining the molecular differences between genetic rodent models of epilepsy and their wild-type counterparts might be a key in determining mechanisms of seizure susceptibility and epileptogenesis as well as the discovery and development of novel antiepileptic agents. This article is part of the Special Issue "NEWroscience 2018".
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ramón Bosque
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez-Nieto
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Spain; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Sebastián Hormigo
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M Javier Herrero-Turrión
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; INCYL Neurological Tissue Bank (BTN-INCYL), Spain
| | - Elena Díaz-Casado
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Spain
| | - Consuelo Sancho
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Spain
| | - Dolores E López
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Spain; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, United States of America.
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18
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Cavalcante Pinto Júnior V, Moura LFWG, Cavalcante RC, Lima JRC, Bezerra AS, de Sousa Dantas DR, Amaral CML, Lima DF, Júnior ABV, Florindo Guedes MI. Prevalence of COVID-19 in children, adolescents and adults in remote education situations in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 108:20-26. [PMID: 33945867 PMCID: PMC8088039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A retrospective study was conducted to identify the prevalence of COVID-19 through serology and RT-PCR in children, adolescents and adults. A database of the COVID-19 Tracking Program in school children was used. METHODS The data comprised sociodemographic and clinical variables, results of serological tests (IgM and IgG), and real-time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results of IgM-positive individuals. The statistical analysis was performed with a 5% significance level. RESULTS Among 423 children, 107 (25.3%) exhibited seroprevalence with IgG, IgM or IgG/IgM; among 854 adolescents, 250 (29.2%) had positive serology; and among 282 adults, 59 (20.9%) were positive. The frequency of positivity on RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 was 3.5%, 3.6% and 6.0% in children, adolescents and adults, respectively. Children had a lower incidence of symptoms than adolescents (p = 0.001) and adults (p = 0.003); the most frequent were fever, ageusia, anosmia, headache, dry cough, sore throat, muscle pain, runny nose, dyspnoea, and diarrhoea. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence rate for all groups was 26.7% in serology and 4.04% in RT-PCR. Children had lower rates of IgM and fewer symptoms compared with adolescents and adults. The data suggest the potential for transmissibility in all age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdester Cavalcante Pinto Júnior
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Arnaldo Solheiro Bezerra
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Daylana Régia de Sousa Dantas
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Cícero Matheus Lima Amaral
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Daniel Freire Lima
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Izabel Florindo Guedes
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Ortega Ibarra JM, Cifuentes-Castro VH, Medina-Ceja L, Morales-Villagrán A. Nano dot blot: An alternative technique for protein identification and quantification in a high throughput format. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 358:109194. [PMID: 33901567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dot blot technique has been used in a similar way to western blotting, with the major difference being the lack of protein separation with electrophoresis. Protein samples are spotted over a membrane paper, the identification and quantification of a protein is achieved by immunodetection procedures such as colorimetry, fluorescence or chemiluminescence. This technique is widely accepted, but it uses large amounts of sample and antibodies to reveal the presence of the target protein. Significant milestones have been reached to achieve better results with the use of less sample and reagents; however, the ninety-six-well format is still in use. NEW METHOD In this work, we propose an innovation to this technique, reducing the amount of sample and antibodies to identify a specific protein when compared to the regular dot blot method. Procedure consists of using a sample volume of approximately 200 nanoliters deposited with a multineedle device developed by our group. RESULTS Five samples of standard protein or antigen can be spotted in a Cartesian format to identify and quantify the protein involved in physiological or pathological conditions. In addition, at least five replicates of sample or antigen are used to enable better statistics to calculate the concentration of every standard and the protein present in a sample. CONCLUSIONS Hundreds of samples can be deposited in a few minutes and analyzed in a single experimental session. To validate this method, which we called nano dot blot, six proteins involved in the inflammation process were tested in acute and chronic rat models of seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Medina-Ceja
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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20
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Abstract
The assimilation of CO2 within chloroplasts is catalyzed by the bifunctional enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, Rubisco. Within higher plants the Rubisco large subunit gene, rbcL, is encoded in the plastid genome, while the Rubisco small subunit gene, RbcS is coded in the nucleus by a multigene family. Rubisco is considered a poor catalyst due to its slow turnover rate and its additional fixation of O2 that can result in wasteful loss of carbon through the energy requiring photorespiratory cycle. Improving the carboxylation efficiency and CO2/O2 selectivity of Rubisco within higher plants has been a long term goal which has been greatly advanced in recent times using plastid transformation techniques. Here we present experimental methodologies for efficiently engineering Rubisco in the plastids of a tobacco master line and analyzing leaf Rubisco content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer M Whitney
- Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia.
| | - Robert E Sharwood
- Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
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21
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de Pedro Jové R, Sebastià P, Valls M. Identification of Type III Secretion Inhibitors for Plant Disease Management. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2213:39-48. [PMID: 33270191 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0954-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial plant pathogens are among the most devastating threats to agriculture. To date, there are no effective means to control bacterial plant diseases due to the restrictions in the use of antibiotics in agriculture. A novel strategy under study is the use of chemical compounds that inhibit the expression of key bacterial virulence determinants. The type III secretion system is essential for virulence of many Gram-negative bacteria because it injects into the plant host cells bacterial proteins that interfere with their immune system. Here, we describe the methodology to identify bacterial type III secretion inhibitors, including a series of protocols that combine in planta and in vitro experiments. We use Ralstonia solanacearum as a model because of the number of genetic tools available in this organism and because it causes bacterial wilt, one of the most threatening plant diseases worldwide. The procedures presented can be used to evaluate the effect of different chemical compounds on bacterial growth and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger de Pedro Jové
- Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pau Sebastià
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marc Valls
- Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
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Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are covalently closed transcripts generated by back-splicing reaction. The lack of free ends endows these RNA molecules with high stability thus allowing them to accumulate in tissues and body fluids. They are widely expressed in most organisms, are modulated during development and display tissue-specific expression, resulting particularly enriched in the nervous system. Deregulation of circRNA expression has also been associated with several pathological conditions including neurological diseases and cancer.Here we present a Northern blot procedure that allows the analysis of the expression of bona fide circRNAs through the use of a digoxigenin-labeled RNA probe and the immunodetection of the signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora D'Ambra
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Morlando
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, "Department of Excellence 2018-2022", University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Abstract
Western blotting continues to be a workhorse assay in laboratories throughout the world. The utility, low cost and accessibility of western blotting have allowed the technique to remain in practice, despite being developed over 40 years ago. Advances in antibody specificity, chemiluminescent formulations, properties of fluorescent molecules and imaging techniques provide gains in sensitivity, dynamic range, and ease of use. Here we discuss such aspects for the users' consideration when planning and executing western blots, to take full advantage of contemporary practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Oh
- Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA.
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24
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Thacker JS, Andersen D, Liang S, Zieniewicz N, Trivino-Paredes JS, Nahirney PC, Christie BR. Unlocking the brain: A new method for Western blot protein detection from fixed brain tissue. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 348:108995. [PMID: 33202258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aldehyde fixation is a common process used to preserve the complex structure of biological samples ex vivo. This method of fixation relies on the formation of covalent bonds between aldehydes and amines present in the biomolecules of the sample. Aldehyde fixation is routinely performed in histological studies, however fixed tissue samples are rarely used for non-histological purposes as the fixation process is thought to make brain tissue unsuitable for traditional proteomic analyses such as Western blot. Advances in antigen-retrieval procedures have allowed detectable levels of protein to be solubilized from formaldehyde fixed tissue, opening the door for aldehyde-fixed samples to be used in both histological and proteomic approaches. NEW METHOD Here, we developed a series of antigen-retrieval steps for use on fixed-brain lysates to make them suitable for analysis by Western blot. RESULTS Prolonged exposure of the tissue homogenate to high temperature (90 °C for 2 h) in the presence of a concentrated formaldehyde scavenger and ionic detergent was sufficient to reveal a variety of synaptic and non-synaptic proteins on membrane blots. CONCLUSION This protocol has significant utility for future studies using fixed tissue samples in a variety of neuropathological conditions.
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Lara-Mondragón CM, MacAlister CA. Partial purification and immunodetection of cell surface glycoproteins from plants. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 160:215-34. [PMID: 32896318 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Cell surface glycoproteins in plants were first described more than 50 years ago, and yet, the precise mechanisms by which they operate remain elusive to this day. Studying glycoproteins is often challenging due to their subcellular localization (many secreted or membrane associated) and the extent of glycosylation present on the protein backbone, which can have profound effects on protein structure and behavior. In plants, additional layers of complexity exist as cell surface glycoproteins are in close contact, and in some cases, establish direct linkages with the polysaccharide networks present in the cell wall. In this chapter, we guide the reader through a protocol aimed to address the glycosylation status of a presumed cell surface glycoprotein. First, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using plants as homologous expression systems for recombinant glycoprotein production. Next, we describe a protocol for microsomal enrichment, followed by partial purification by affinity chromatography and finally glycodetection by immunoblotting using monoclonal antibodies targeting cell wall glycans. We particularly focus on the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) family, the most abundant family of glycoproteins in the plant cell wall. We provide examples of two putative HRGP chimeric proteins, one akin to extensins and the second an arabinogalactan protein (AGP)-like protein. For the latter, we provide an AGP-specific protocol to ensure enrichment of members of this group, which can be used independently or in conjunction with the described protocol. Throughout the chapter, we provide recommendations for the handling of plant glycoproteins and highlight special considerations for experimental design, along with troubleshooting suggestions.
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Rodríguez-Esquivel M, Romero-Morelos P, Taniguchi-Ponciano K, Mendoza-Rodríguez M, Marrero-Rodríguez D, Bandera-Delgado A, Huerta-Padilla V, Serna-Reyna L, Gómez-Gutiérrez G, Gómez-Virgilio L, Bandala C, López-Romero R, Garrido-Guerrero E, Chanona-Pérez J, Salcedo M. Expression of Pregnancy Specific β-1 Glycoprotein 1 in Cervical Cancer Cells. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:504-14. [PMID: 32546445 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical Cancer (CC) is a worldwide public health concern associated with genetic alterations, among these the gain of the 19q chromosome harboring the Pregnancy Specific Glycoproteins (PSG) gene family. These proteins play a critical role in pregnancy, with participation in immunotolerance, angiogenesis, and invasion processes, which are also observed in carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the molecular alterations of PSG1 and its relationship with CC. METHODS PSG1 Copy Number Variation (CNV) was evaluated in 31 CC and eight normal cervical tissues by qPCR. PSG1 expression was correlated with HPV detection and IL-10 and TGF-β expression in CC samples. Finally, PSG1 protein expression was evaluated by immunofluorescence in CC cell lines, by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray, and by immunoblotting in the sera of women with normal cervix, pre-invasive lesions, and CC. RESULTS PSG1 showed a gain of 25.6% in CNV and gene expression in CC. There was a lack of PSG1 expression in normal cervical epithelium and positive immunostaining in 57% of CC tissues, while all CC cell lines expressed PSG1. Finally, PSG1 was immunodetected in 90% of pre-invasive lesions and in all CC serum samples, but not in healthy women. PSG1 expression correlates with the expression of IL-10 and TGF-β in CC tissues, but not with the presence of HPV. CONCLUSION These data show evidence of the differential expression of PSG1 in CC that could explain its participation in tumor-biology and immunotolerance mechanisms. Further, its immunodetection could provide early detection of this cancer.
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Turpin J, Frumence E, El Safadi D, Meilhac O, Krejbich-Trotot P, Viranaïcken W. Improvement of immunodetection of the transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein by western blot. Anal Biochem 2020; 601:113775. [PMID: 32416096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induces an unfolded protein response (UPR) that either restores homeostasis or triggers apoptosis in case of adaptation failure. The three activated branches of UPR lead to IRE1-, PERK- and ATF6- dependent transcriptional induction of the gene encoding the transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) which plays an important role in apoptosis induction. In conventional immunoblotting conditions, detection of CHOP is a difficult task. Using a fixation step, we have optimized the detection of CHOP and this method provides a valuable tool to decipher CHOP involvement in UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Turpin
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Plateforme CYROI, 2, Rue Maxime Rivière, 97490, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Etienne Frumence
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Plateforme CYROI, 2, Rue Maxime Rivière, 97490, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Daed El Safadi
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Plateforme CYROI, 2, Rue Maxime Rivière, 97490, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1188, Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Plateforme CYROI, 2, Rue Maxime Rivière, 97490, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, France; CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Pascale Krejbich-Trotot
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Plateforme CYROI, 2, Rue Maxime Rivière, 97490, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, France.
| | - Wildriss Viranaïcken
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Plateforme CYROI, 2, Rue Maxime Rivière, 97490, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, France.
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Lee HB, Meeseepong M, Trung TQ, Kim BY, Lee NE. A wearable lab-on-a-patch platform with stretchable nanostructured biosensor for non-invasive immunodetection of biomarker in sweat. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 156:112133. [PMID: 32174559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Conformable, wearable biosensor-integrated systems are a promising approach to non-invasive and quantitative on-body detection of biomarkers in body fluids. However, realizing such a system has been slowed by the difficulty of fabricating a soft affinity-based biosensor patch capable of precise on-body fluid handling with minimal wearer intervention and a simple measurement protocol. Herein, we demonstrate a conformable, wearable lab-on-a-patch (LOP) platform composed of a stretchable, label-free, impedimetric biosensor and a stretchable microfluidic device for on-body detection of the hormone biomarker, cortisol. The all-in-one, stretchable microfluidic device can precisely collect and deliver sweat for cortisol quantitation and offers one-touch operation of reagent delivery for simultaneous electrochemical signal generation and washing. Three-dimensional nanostructuring of the Au working electrode enables the high sensitivity required to detect the pM-levels of cortisol in sweat. Our integrated LOP detected sweat cortisol quantitatively and accurately during exercise. This LOP will open a new horizon for non-invasive, highly sensitive, and quantitative on-body immunodetection for wearable personal diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Byeol Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyunggi-do, 16419, South Korea
| | - Montri Meeseepong
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyunggi-do, 16419, South Korea
| | - Tran Quang Trung
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyunggi-do, 16419, South Korea
| | - Bo-Yeong Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyunggi-do, 16419, South Korea
| | - Nae-Eung Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyunggi-do, 16419, South Korea; SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyunggi-do, 16419, South Korea; Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyunggi-do, 16419, South Korea; Institute of Quantum Biophysics (IQB), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyunggi-do, 16419, South Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS) Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyunggi-do, 16419, South Korea.
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Lee TH, Kim KS, Kim JH, Jeong JH, Woo HR, Park SR, Sohn MH, Lee HJ, Rhee JH, Cha SS, Hwang JH, Chung KM. Novel short peptide tag from a bacterial toxin for versatile applications. J Immunol Methods 2020; 479:112750. [PMID: 31981564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The specific recognition between a monoclonal antibody (mAb) and its epitope can be used in a tag system that has proved valuable in a wide range of biological applications. Herein, we describe a novel tag called RA-tag that is composed of a seven amino acid sequence (DIDLSRI) and recognized by a highly specific mAb, 47RA, against the bacterial toxin Vibrio vulnificus RtxA1/MARTXVv. By using recombinant proteins with the RA-tag at the N-terminal, C-terminal, or an internal site, we demonstrated that the tag system could be an excellent biological system for both protein purification and protein detection in enzyme-linked immunosorbent, Western blot, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining analyses in Escherichia coli, mammalian cell lines, yeast, and plant. In addition, our RA-tag/47RA mAb combination showed high sensitivity and reliable affinity (KD = 5.90 × 10-8 M) when compared with conventional tags. Overall, our results suggest that the RA-tag system could facilitate the development of a broadly applicable tag system for biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hee Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Soo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun 58128, Republic of Korea; Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy Medical Research Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun 58128, Republic of Korea; Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy Medical Research Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ryun Woo
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - So Ra Park
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Ho Sohn
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ju Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun 58128, Republic of Korea; Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy Medical Research Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun 58128, Republic of Korea; Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun 58128, Republic of Korea; Vaxcell-Bio Therapeutics, Hwasun-gun 58141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Shin Cha
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hee Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54907, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung Min Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54907, Republic of Korea.
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Ueno Y, Yoshizawa-Kumagaye K, Emura J, Urabe T, Yoshiya T, Furumoto T, Izui K. In Vivo Phosphorylation: Development of Specific Antibodies to Detect the Phosphorylated PEPC Isoform for the C4 Photosynthesis in Zea mays. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2072:217-240. [PMID: 31541450 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9865-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases (PEPCs), mostly known as the enzymes responsible for the initial CO2 fixation during C4 photosynthesis, are regulated by reversible phosphorylation in vascular plants. The phosphorylation site on a PEPC molecule is conserved not only among isoforms but also across plant species. An anti-phosphopeptide antibody is a common and powerful tool for detecting phosphorylated target proteins with high specificity. We generated two antibodies, one against a peptide containing a phosphoserine (phosphopeptide) and the other against a peptide containing a phosphoserine mimetic, (S)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (phosphonopeptide). The amino acid sequence of the peptide was taken from the site around the phosphorylation site near the N-terminal region of the maize C4-isoform of PEPC. The former antibodies detected almost specifically the phosphorylated C4-isoform of PEPC, whereas the latter antibodies had a broader specificity for the phosphorylated PEPC in various plant species. The following procedures are described herein: (1) preparation of the phosphopeptide and phosphonopeptide; (2) preparation and purification of rabbit antibodies; (3) preparation of cell extracts from leaves for analyses of PEPC phosphorylation with antibodies; and (4) characterization of the obtained antibodies. Finally, (5) two cases involving the application of these antibodies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Ueno
- Department of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Katsura Izui
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
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Rivers DB, Cavanagh G, Greisman V, Brogan R, Schoeffield A. Detection of fly artifacts from four species of necrophagous flies on household materials using immunoassays. Int J Legal Med 2019; 134:1239-1253. [PMID: 31520174 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An immunoassay was previously developed as a technique to improve methods for detection and analysis of fly artifacts found at crime scenes. The dot blot assay utilized a polyclonal antiserum (anti-md3) based on a unique digestive cathepsin D found in cyclorrhaphous Diptera. In this study, artifacts produced by adults of Calliphora vicina, Cynomya cadaverina, Sarcophaga bullata, and Protophormia terraenovae were examined using the immunoassay to determine if insect-derived stains could be distinguished from a range of human body fluid stains. A lift technique was developed which permitted transfer of fly artifacts from test materials to filter paper for dot blot analyses. All species readily deposited artifacts on all test household materials regardless of diet consumed. Despite differences in texture and porosity of the household materials, artifacts of all species transferred to the filter paper. With all fly species, anti-md3 serum bound to artifacts produced after feeding on semen, blood, feces, urine, and saliva. By contrast, anti-md3 serum did not react with any of the human fluids tested, nor with any of the lifts from household materials not exposed to flies. There was no evidence of false positives with any of the fly species tested, regardless of diet consumed. There was also no indication of false negatives with any of the dot blot assays. These observations suggest that immunoassays using anti-md3 serum performed on a simple lift of suspected fly artifacts can be used effectively as a confirmatory assay to distinguish fly regurgitate and fecal stains from human body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Rivers
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, 4501 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21210, USA.
- Forensic Studies Program, Loyola University Maryland, 4501 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21210, USA.
| | - Gregory Cavanagh
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, 4501 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21210, USA
| | - Valerie Greisman
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, 4501 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21210, USA
- Forensic Studies Program, Loyola University Maryland, 4501 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21210, USA
| | - Rebecca Brogan
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, 4501 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21210, USA
| | - Andrew Schoeffield
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, 4501 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21210, USA
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Tavakolian A, Heydari S, Siavoshi F, Brojeni GN, Sarrafnejad A, Eftekhar F, Khormali M. Localization of Staphylococcus inside the vacuole of Candida albicans by immunodetection and FISH. Infect Genet Evol 2019; 75:104014. [PMID: 31446135 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, two bacteria B1 and B2 were excised from two amphotericin B-treated Candida albicans Y1 and Y2, respectively. Bacteria were identified as B1: Staphylococcus hominis and B2: Staphylococcus haemolyticus according to their biochemical characteristics and detection and sequencing of Staphylococcus-specific genes. In this study the intracellular origin of staphylococci inside the vacuole of yeast was examined. Polyclonal antibodies against S. hominis and S. haemolyticus were raised in rabbit and used for detection of staphylococcal proteins in protein pool of yeasts by western blotting (WB). Fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated antibodies were used for bacterial localization inside yeast's vacuole by direct immunofluorescence (DIF). Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with Staphylococcaceae -specific probe was performed for validation of immunodetection results. WB results showed occurrence of several proteins in protein pool of yeasts that were similar to staphylococcal proteins such as those with molecular weight of 57.5 and 66 kDa. Fluorescent microscopy showed interactions of FITC-antibodies with intracellular staphylococci which appeared as green spots. Hybridization of staphylococcal- specific probe with bacteria inside yeasts' vacuole confirmed immunodetection results. Detection of staphylococcal proteins and genes inside Candida albicans yeast indicates existence of intracellular bacteria inside the vacuole of yeast. These results suggest C. albicans as the potential reservoir of medically important bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Tavakolian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Heydari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Nikbakht Brojeni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolfatah Sarrafnejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Eftekhar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Khormali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Background Bacterial sodium channels are important models for understanding ion permeation and selectivity. However, their homotetrameric structure limits their use as models for understanding the more complex eukaryotic voltage-gated sodium channels (which have a pseudo-heterotetrameric structure formed from an oligomer composed of four domains). To bridge this gap we attempted to synthesise oligomers made from four covalently linked bacterial sodium channel monomers and thus resembling their eukaryotic counterparts. Results Western blot analyses revealed NaChBac oligomers to be inherently unstable whereas intact expression of NavMs oligomers was possible. Immunodectection using confocal microscopy and electrophysiological characterisation of NavMs tetramers confirmed plasma membrane localisation and equivalent functionality with wild type NavMs channels when expressed in human embryonic kidney cells. Conclusion This study has generated new tools for the investigation of eukaryotic channels. The successful covalent linkage of four bacterial Nav channel monomers should permit the introduction of radial asymmetry into the structure of bacterial Nav channels and enable the known structures of these channels to be used to gain unique insights into structure-function relationships of their eukaryotic counterparts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13628-019-0049-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Sun
- 1Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ UK
| | - Zeyu Zheng
- 1Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ UK
| | - Olena A Fedorenko
- 1Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ UK.,2Present Address: School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
| | - Stephen K Roberts
- 1Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ UK
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Castillo F, Mackenzie TA, Cautain B. Immunofluorescence Analysis by Confocal Microscopy for Detecting Endogenous FOXO. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1890:143-149. [PMID: 30414151 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8900-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are known to inactivate tumor suppressor proteins by triggering their anomalous subcellular location. It has been well established that the aberrant location of FOXO proteins is linked to tumor formation, progression of the same, or resistance to anti-neoplastic treatment. Furthermore, the abnormal location of FOXO has also been considered a potential biomarker for diabetic complications or longevity in different organisms. Here, we describe the immunodetection of endogenous FOXO by confocal microscopy, which can be used as a chemical tool to quantify FOXO expression levels, its cellular location, and even its active/inactive forms with relevant antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Castillo
- Peptomyc S.L. CELLEX/Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Carrer de Natzaret, 115, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas A Mackenzie
- Fundacion MEDINA Parque tecnologico ciencias de la salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Bastien Cautain
- Fundacion MEDINA Parque tecnologico ciencias de la salud, Granada, Spain.
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Csako G. Isoelectric Focusing in Agarose Gel for Detection of Oligoclonal Bands in Cerebrospinal and Other Biological Fluids. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1855:387-401. [PMID: 30426434 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8793-1_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Isoelectric focusing (IEF) coupled with immunodetection (immunofixation or immunoblotting) has become the leading technique for the detection and study of oligoclonal bands (OCBs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and also is increasingly used in other body fluids such as the tear and serum. Limited commercial availability of precast agarose IEF gels for research and a need for customization prompted reporting a detailed general protocol for the preparation and casting of agarose IEF gel along with sample, control, and isoelectric point marker preparation and carrying out the focusing itself for CSF OCBs. However, the method is readily adaptable to the use of other body fluid specimens and, possibly, research specimens such as culture fluids as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyorgy Csako
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Abstract
Posttranslational acetylation modifications of proteins have important consequences for cell biology, including effects on protein trafficking and cellular localization as well as on the interactions of acetylated proteins with other proteins and macromolecules such as DNA. Experiments to uncover and characterize protein acetylation events have historically been more challenging than investigating another common posttranslational modification, protein phosphorylation. More recently, high-quality antibodies that recognize acetylated lysine residues present in acetylated proteins and improved proteomic methodologies have facilitated the discovery that acetylation occurs on numerous cellular proteins and allowed characterization of the dynamics and functional effects of many acetylation events. This article summarizes some established biochemical information about how protein acetylation takes place and is regulated, in order to lay the foundation for subsequent descriptions of strategies used by our lab and others either to directly study acetylation of an individual factor or to identify groups of proteins targeted for acetylation that can then be examined in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Orren
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Amrita Machwe
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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Abstract
Several potential marker candidates for Parkinson's disease (PD) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been identified. These include α-synuclein, a major constituent of the intracellular aggregates Lewy bodies, a neuropathological hallmark of PD, and others. The extracellular presence of α-synuclein in blood, CSF, saliva, and conditioned media motivated the hypothesis that the quantification of CSF α-synuclein is a biomarker for α-synuclein-related disorders. We here describe the development of an electrochemiluminescence-based assay by conversion of an established ELISA for quantification of α-synuclein. The assay not only works with CSF but can also be used to quantify α-synuclein in different biological fluids, i.e., whole blood and blood products, saliva, as well as brain homogenates and cell culture material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Kruse
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Rivers DB, Cavanagh G, Greisman V, McGregor A, Brogan R, Schoeffield A. Immunoassay detection of fly artifacts produced by several species of necrophagous flies following feeding on human blood. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 1:1-10. [PMID: 32411948 PMCID: PMC7219191 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Foraging behavior of necrophagous flies commonly leads to distortion of human bloodstains and production of artifacts that confound reconstruction efforts at crime scenes. Currently there is no reliable method for detection of fly-derived stains or distinction of the artifacts from human bloodstains. To overcome these deficiencies, a confirmatory test was developed based on immunological detection of cathepsin D found in digestive fluids of Musca domestica and Protophormia terraenovae. Anti-serum (anti-md3 serum) was generated toward a 17-amino acid synthetic peptide based upon predicted antigenic amino acid sequences for the propeptide and mature enzyme of cathepsin D proteinase from larvae of M. domestica. The serum was used to test the hypothesis that digestive artifacts produced by an array of necrophagous flies associated with human decomposition could be detected with the immunoassay. Anti-md3 serum was able to bind artifacts from 27 species of flies representing 9 families. The antiserum reacted with both regurgitate and defecatory stains, but not transfer patterns. Stains from 4 fly species displayed no reactivity with anti-serum in dot blot assays. Anti-md3 serum did not bind to either human or bovine blood stains on filter paper. However, when both types of blood were spiked with synthetic md3 peptide the antiserum was able to bind. Dot blot assays displayed positive reactions with stains produced from larvae and teneral adults of Sarcophaga bullata, and with artifacts as old as 7-years after deposition. These observations indicate that the immunoassay permits distinction of artifacts from a wide range of species from human bloodstains, from multiple development stages, and from artifacts that remain at crime scenes for many months to years after deposition. Further work is needed to determine whether the detection of fly artifacts using the antiserum is suitable for non-laboratory conditions. Antiserum was generated that detects digestive cathepsin D in necrophagous Diptera. Anti-md3 serum specifically reacted with regurgitate and defecatory stains produced by flies after consuming human blood. The antiserum did not bind human blood or blood from other mammals. Anti-md3 shows promise for use in a confirmatory test that reliably distinguishes fly artifacts from human bloodstains.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Rivers
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, 4501 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21210, USA.,Forensic Studies Program, Loyola University Maryland, 4501 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21210, USA
| | - Gregory Cavanagh
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, 4501 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21210, USA
| | - Valerie Greisman
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, 4501 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21210, USA.,Forensic Studies Program, Loyola University Maryland, 4501 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21210, USA
| | - Andrew McGregor
- Department of Forensic Sciences, School of Graduate and Professional Studies, Stevenson University, Owings Mills, MD, 21117, USA
| | - Rebecca Brogan
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, 4501 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21210, USA
| | - Andrew Schoeffield
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, 4501 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21210, USA
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Iqbal MS, Siddiqui AA, Banerjee C, Nag S, Mazumder S, De R, Saha SJ, Karri SK, Bandyopadhyay U. Detection of retromer assembly in Plasmodium falciparum by immunosensing coupled to Surface Plasmon Resonance. Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom 2018; 1866:722-730. [PMID: 29654975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Retromer complex plays a crucial role in intracellular protein trafficking and is conserved throughout the eukaryotes including malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, where it is partially conserved. The assembly of retromer complex in RBC stages of malarial parasite is extremely difficult to explore because of its complicated physiology, small size, and intra-erythrocytic location. Nonetheless, understanding of retromer assembly may pave new ways for the development of novel antimalarials targeting parasite-specific protein trafficking pathways. Here, we investigated the assembly of retromer complex in P. falciparum, by an immunosensing method through highly sensitive Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technique. After taking leads from the bioinformatics search and literature, different interacting proteins were identified and specific antibodies were raised against them. The sensor chip was prepared by covalently linking antibody specific to one component and the whole cell lysate was passed through it in order to trap the interacting complex. Antibodies raised against other interacting components were used to detect them in the trapped complex on the SPR chip. We were able to detect three different components in the retromer complex trapped by the immobilized antibody specific against a different component on a sensor chip. The assay was reproduced and validated in a different two-component CD74-MIF system in mammalian cells. We, thus, illustrate the assembly of retromer complex in P. falciparum through a bio-sensing approach that combines SPR with immunosensing requiring a very small amount of sample from the native source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shameel Iqbal
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Asim Azhar Siddiqui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Chinmoy Banerjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Shiladitya Nag
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Somnath Mazumder
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Rudranil De
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Shubhra Jyoti Saha
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Karri
- Central Instrumentation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Uday Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
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Inchara UB, Sathish RP, Shankar KM, Abhiman PB, Prakash P. Evaluation of the Sensitivity of the Flow Through Assay for detection of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) using a cocktail of monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2018; 456:54-60. [PMID: 29486144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A panel of four monoclonal antibodies (C-05, C-14, C-38 and C-56) specific to VP28 of White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) were evaluated individually and in cocktail to increase sensitivity of the Flow Through Assay (FTA) for detection of the virus. Recombinant VP28 and semi purified WSSV was used as antigen for evaluation. Out of the total 11 cocktails and four individual of MAbs, 2 MAb cocktails C-05 + C-56 and C-14 + C-56 exhibited highest sensitivity in the FTA. The two MAb cocktail were 100 times more sensitive than 1-step PCR and nearly equivalent to 2-step PCR for the detection of WSSV. The detection limit of WSSV by MAb cocktail increased by two fold compared to the single MAb C-05 currently being used in (FTA).
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Affiliation(s)
- U B Inchara
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture College of Fisheries Mangalore
| | - R P Sathish
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture College of Fisheries Mangalore
| | - K M Shankar
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture College of Fisheries Mangalore,.
| | - P B Abhiman
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture College of Fisheries Mangalore
| | - P Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University. 20, Geonji-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
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Kaykov A, Nurse P. Analysis of Fission Yeast Single DNA Molecules on the Megabase Scale Using DNA Combing. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1721:9-24. [PMID: 29423843 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7546-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
DNA combing enables the quantitative analysis of DNA replication, DNA recombination, DNA-protein interaction, and DNA methylation along genomic single DNA molecules at 1 kb resolution. However, DNA combing has been restricted to short 200-500 kb long DNA fragments, which introduces significant bias in data analysis. An improved DNA combing methodology that allows to routinely image Mb-scale single DNA molecules and occasionally up to full-length fission yeast chromosomes is presented in this chapter. DNA combing of Mb-scale single DNA molecules can be applied to accurately measure the dynamic properties of DNA replication such as the rate of origin firing, replication fork velocity, fork directionality and the frequency of fork blockage. In addition, Mb-scale single DNA molecules enable the quantitative analysis of complex genomic rearrangements including gross chromosomal translocations, repetitive DNA sequences, large deletions, and duplications, which are difficult to investigate with deep sequencing strategies.
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Abstract
Tyrosine nitrated proteins can be detected in plant cells electrophoretically and their distribution can be monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) imaging. One-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D PAGE) followed by Western blotting using polyclonal antibody against 3-nitrotyrosine residues enables detection of tyrosine nitrated proteins in plant cells. Here we describe detection of tyrosine nitrated proteins in the homogenates derived from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedling cotyledons. Total soluble proteins obtained from tissue homogenates are resolved using vertical gel electrophoresis followed by their electrophoretic transfer on to a microporous membrane support for immunodetection. Spatial distribution of tyrosine nitrated proteins can be visualized using an antibody against 3-nitrotyrosine residues. Immunofluorescent localization is performed by cutting 7 μm thick wax sections of tissue followed by incubation in primary anti-nitrotyrosine antibody (dilution 1:200) and secondary Cy-3 labeled anti-rabbit IgG antibody (dilution 1:1500). Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis is undertaken using argon lasers (ex: 530-550 nm and em: 570 nm) at pinhole 1. Modulation in the abundance and spatial localization of tyrosine nitrated proteins in plant tissues can be monitored using these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhara Arora
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Satish C Bhatla
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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Chauhan S, Hou CY, Jung ST, Kang TJ. Detection and purification of backbone-cyclized proteins using a bacterially expressed anti-myc-tag single chain antibody. Anal Biochem 2017; 532:38-44. [PMID: 28600127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A myc-tag and of which recognition by an antibody 9E10 has long been used for the detection and purification of recombinant proteins. We have previously expanded the application of the tag to the specific detection and purification of backbone-cyclized proteins. Here we sought a more practical way to using the 9E10 antibody by expressing its single chain antibody (scAb) form in Escherichia coli. The combined use of a strong T7 promoter and auto-induction strategy rather than early to mid-log induction of a Lac promoter resulted in the soluble over-expression of 9E10 scAb. However, the co-expression of a chaperone, Skp, was absolutely necessary for the activity even when the protein was expressed in a soluble manner. We could purify about 4 mg of 9E10 scAb from 1 l of culture, and the resulting scAb could be used to detect and purify the backbone-cyclized protein as the parental full-length 9E10. Moreover, the immunoaffinity resin prepared using 9E10 scAb could be regenerated several times after the elution of bound proteins using an acid, which added more value to the ready preparation of the active antibody in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Chauhan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, South Korea
| | - Chen Yuan Hou
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, South Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Department of Bio and Nano Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, South Korea
| | - Taek Jin Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, South Korea.
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Kosaka PM, Calleja M, Tamayo J. Optomechanical devices for deep plasma cancer proteomics. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 52:26-38. [PMID: 28867489 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Most of the cancer deaths could be avoided by early detection of the tumor when it is confined to its primary site and it has not metastasized. To this aim, one of the most promising strategies is the discovery and detection of protein biomarkers shed by the young tumor to the bloodstream. Proteomic technologies, mainly mass spectrometry and multiplexed immunoassays, have rapidly developed during last years with improved limits of detection and multiplexing capability. Unfortunately, these developments together major investments and large international efforts have not resulted into new useful protein biomarkers. Here, we analyze the potential and limitations of current proteomic technologies for detecting protein biomarkers released into circulation by the tumor. We find that these technologies can hardly probe the deepest region of the plasma proteome, at concentrations below the pg/mL level, where protein biomarkers for early cancer detection may exist. This clearly indicates the need of incorporating novel ultrasensitive techniques to the proteomic tool-box that can cover the inaccessible regions of the plasma proteome. We here propose biological detectors based on nanomechanical systems for discovery and detection of cancer protein biomarkers in plasma. We review the modes of operation of these devices, putting our focus on recent developments on nanomechanical sandwich immunoassays and nanomechanical spectrometry. The first technique enables reproducible immunodetection of proteins at concentrations well below the pg/mL level, with a limit of detection on the verge of 10 ag/mL. This technology can potentially detect low abundance tumor-associated proteins in plasma at the very early stages of the tumor. The second technique enables the identification of individual intact proteins by two physical coordinates, the mass and stiffness, instead of the mass-to-charge ratio of the protein constituents. This technology enormously simplifies the identification of proteins and it can provide useful information on interactions and posttranslational modifications, that otherwise is lost in mass spectrometry.
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Abstract
Immunodetection is described in this chapter as a technique for producing specific antibodies for antigen detection of the major human fungal pathogens. In the case of Candida spp., heat-killed cells are used to immunize mice over a couple of weeks and then splenocytes are isolated and further fused with myelomas to easily propagate the antibodies produced in the mice. The resulting antibodies follow a purification process where antibody levels and concentrations are determined. Fungal cells are also lysed to obtain whole cell extracts as a prior step for identification of antigens using immunoprecipitation. Finally, this method permits the production of specific antibodies against fungi and the identification of the respective antigens in an in vivo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Nogueira
- CCRI-Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Labdia-Labordiagnostik GmbH, Vienna, Austria
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, MFPL-Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Fabian Istel
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, MFPL-Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Leonel Pereira
- CCRI-Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Labdia-Labordiagnostik GmbH, Vienna, Austria
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, MFPL-Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Michael Tscherner
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, MFPL-Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, MFPL-Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna, 1030, Austria.
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Abstract
Isoelectric focusing (IEF) electrophoresis is considered to be the gold standard test for determining an individual's AAT phenotype. IEF electrophoresis is a technique used to separate proteins by differences in their isoelectric point (pI). Testing is performed on serum that is applied to an agarose gel containing ampholytes which create a pH gradient ranging from 4.2 to 4.9. Variants of AAT are therefore separated from each other and, after visualization of the focused protein bands using immunochemical techniques, can be identified and an AAT phenotype determined.In this chapter we elaborate on IEF electrophoresis as it relates to AAT phenotyping, describe practical approaches to AAT variant identification, and discuss circumstances in which phenotype testing may be inaccurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina N Greene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chemistry Division, University of Washington, Box 357110, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, 98105, WA, USA.
| | - M C Elliott-Jelf
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David G Grenache
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Abstract
DNA fiber spreading assay is an invaluable technique to visualize and follow the spatial and temporal progress of individual DNA replication forks. It provides information on the DNA replication progress and its regulation under normal conditions as well as on replication stress induced by environmental genotoxic agents or cancer drugs. The method relies on the detection of incorporated thymidine analogues during DNA synthesis in the S phase of the cell cycle by indirect immunofluorescence. Here, we describe the procedure established in our laboratories for sequential pulse labeling of human cells with 5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine (CldU) and 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IdU), cell lysis, and DNA fiber spreading on slides and sequential immunodetection of the incorporated thymidine analogues by primary antibodies recognizing specifically CldU or IdU alone. We describe also the laser scanning imaging, classification, and measurement of the detected DNA fiber tracks. The obtained quantitative data can be evaluated statistically to reveal the immediate or long-term effects of DNA-damaging agents, DNA repair inhibitors, and epigenetic modulators like HDAC inhibitors on DNA replication in normal and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Nikolova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Anja Göder
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ann Parplys
- Laboratory of Radiobiology Experimental Radiooncology, Clinic of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Borgmann
- Laboratory of Radiobiology Experimental Radiooncology, Clinic of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Serrano ÉA, Araya-Jaime C, Suárez-Villota EY, Oliveira C, Foresti F. Meiotic behavior and H3K4m distribution in B chromosomes of Characidium gomesi (Characiformes, Crenuchidae). Comp Cytogenet 2016; 10:255-268. [PMID: 27551347 PMCID: PMC4977801 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v10i2.7939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Characidium gomesi Travasso, 1956 specimens from the Pardo River have up to four heterochromatic supernumerary chromosomes, derived from the sex chromosomes. To access the meiotic behavior and distribution of an active chromatin marker, males and females of Characidium gomesi with two or three B chromosomes were analyzed. Mitotic chromosomes were characterized using C-banding and FISH with B chromosome probes. Meiocytes were subjected to immunofluorescence-FISH assay using anti-SYCP3, anti-H3K4m, and B chromosomes probes. Molecular homology of supernumeraries was confirmed by FISH and by its bivalent conformation in individuals with two of these chromosomes. In individuals with three Bs, these elements formed a bivalent and a univalent. Supernumerary and sex chromosomes exhibited H3K4m signals during pachytene contrasting with their heterochromatic and asynaptic nature, which suggest a more structural role than functional of this histone modification. The implications of this result are discussed in light of the homology, meiotic nuclear organization, and meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chomatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Alves Serrano
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n, 18618-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristian Araya-Jaime
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n, 18618-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elkin Y. Suárez-Villota
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnólogicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, CEP 05503-900, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n, 18618-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fausto Foresti
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n, 18618-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Alibardi L. Immunolocalization of FGF8/10 in the Apical Epidermal Peg and Blastema of the regenerating tail in lizard marks this apical growing area. Ann Anat 2016; 206:14-20. [PMID: 27113329 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that Fibroblast Growth Factors are present in the regenerating tail tissues of lizards where they may stimulate the process of regeneration. The present study is focused on the immunolocalization of FGF8 and FGF10 in the regenerating lizard tail, two signaling proteins of the apical epidermal cup/ridge and mesenchymal blastema sustaining tail and limb regeneration in amphibians and the development of the tail and limbs in vertebrate embryos. Main immunoreactive protein bands at 15-18kDa for FGF8/10 are detected in the regenerating epidermis and only a band at 30 or 35kDa in the underlying connective tissues. FGF8 appears particularly localized in cells and nuclei of the apical epidermal peg and of the ependymal ampulla present at the tip of the regenerating tail. FGF10 is also immuno-localized in the apical epidermis but is particularly intensely localized in the mesenchyme of the apical blastema. In accordance with previous studies, the present observations supports the hypothesis that the apical epidermal peg and the ependymal tube with the few regenerated neurons present within it, release FGF8/10 that may contribute to maintenance of cell proliferation in the apical front of the mesenchyme for the growth of the regenerating tail.
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Abstract
The efficiency of proteostasis regulation declines during aging and the failure of protein homeostasis is common in age-related diseases. Protein oxidation is a major contributor to the loss of proteome homeostasis, also called "proteostasis," precluding protein misfolding and aggregation. So, the identification of the molecular pathways impaired by protein oxidation will increase the understanding of proteostasis and the pathophysiological conditions related to the loss of proteostasis. Sample derivatization with dinitrophenyl hydrazine and western blot immunoassay detection of carbonylated proteins (commonly known as Oxyblot™) coupled to mass spectrometry (blot-MS) is an attractive methodological approach to identify proteins that are more prone to carbonylation, a typical oxidative modification of amino acid residues. The integration of blot-MS data of carbonylated proteins with bioinformatics tools allows the identification of the biological processes more affected by protein oxidation and that, eventually, result in the loss of proteostasis.In this chapter, we describe a blot-MS methodology to identify the proteins more prone to oxidation in biological samples, as cell and tissue extracts, and biofluids. Analysis of mitochondria isolated from cardiac tissue is provided as an example. Bioinformatic strategy to deal with data retrieved from blot-MS experiments are proposed for the identification of relevant biological processes modulated by oxidative stress stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Centre, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Centre, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Francisco Amado
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Centre, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute for Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
- PortugalQOPNA, Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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