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Vana F, Szabo Z, Masarik M, Kratochvilova M. The interplay of transition metals in ferroptosis and pyroptosis. Cell Div 2024; 19:24. [PMID: 39097717 PMCID: PMC11297737 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-024-00127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell death is one of the most important mechanisms of maintaining homeostasis in our body. Ferroptosis and pyroptosis are forms of necrosis-like cell death. These cell death modalities play key roles in the pathophysiology of cancer, cardiovascular, neurological diseases, and other pathologies. Transition metals are abundant group of elements in all living organisms. This paper presents a summary of ferroptosis and pyroptosis pathways and their connection to significant transition metals, namely zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), lead (Pb), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), uranium (U), platinum (Pt), and one crucial element, selenium (Se). Authors aim to summarize the up-to-date knowledge of this topic.In this review, there are categorized and highlighted the most common patterns in the alterations of ferroptosis and pyroptosis by transition metals. Special attention is given to zinc since collected data support its dual nature of action in both ferroptosis and pyroptosis. All findings are presented together with a brief description of major biochemical pathways involving mentioned metals and are visualized in attached comprehensive figures.This work concludes that the majority of disruptions in the studied metals' homeostasis impacts cell fate, influencing both death and survival of cells in the complex system of altered pathways. Therefore, this summary opens up the space for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Vana
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zoltan Szabo
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, Brno, 656 53, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, BIOCEV, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, CZ-252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kratochvilova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for all types of organisms; however, iron has chemical properties that can be harmful to cells. Because iron is both necessary and potentially damaging, insects have homeostatic processes that control the redox state, quantity, and location of iron in the body. These processes include uptake of iron from the diet, intracellular and extracellular iron transport, and iron storage. Early studies of iron-binding proteins in insects suggested that insects and mammals have surprisingly different mechanisms of iron homeostasis, including different primary mechanisms for exporting iron from cells and for transporting iron from one cell to another, and subsequent studies have continued to support this view. This review summarizes current knowledge about iron homeostasis in insects, compares insect and mammalian iron homeostasis mechanisms, and calls attention to key remaining knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen J Gorman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA;
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3
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Franco Cairo JPL, Mandelli F, Tramontina R, Cannella D, Paradisi A, Ciano L, Ferreira MR, Liberato MV, Brenelli LB, Gonçalves TA, Rodrigues GN, Alvarez TM, Mofatto LS, Carazzolle MF, Pradella JGC, Paes Leme AF, Costa-Leonardo AM, Oliveira-Neto M, Damasio A, Davies GJ, Felby C, Walton PH, Squina FM. Oxidative cleavage of polysaccharides by a termite-derived superoxide dismutase boosts the degradation of biomass by glycoside hydrolases. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2022; 24:4845-4858. [PMID: 35813357 PMCID: PMC9208272 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc04519a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Wood-feeding termites effectively degrade plant biomass through enzymatic degradation. Despite their high efficiencies, however, individual glycoside hydrolases isolated from termites and their symbionts exhibit anomalously low effectiveness in lignocellulose degradation, suggesting hereto unknown enzymatic activities in their digestome. Herein, we demonstrate that an ancient redox-active enzyme encoded by the lower termite Coptotermes gestroi, a Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (CgSOD-1), plays a previously unknown role in plant biomass degradation. We show that CgSOD-1 transcripts and peptides are up-regulated in response to an increased level of lignocellulose recalcitrance and that CgSOD-1 localizes in the lumen of the fore- and midguts of C. gestroi together with termite main cellulase, CgEG-1-GH9. CgSOD-1 boosts the saccharification of polysaccharides by CgEG-1-GH9. We show that the boosting effect of CgSOD-1 involves an oxidative mechanism of action in which CgSOD-1 generates reactive oxygen species that subsequently cleave the polysaccharide. SOD-type enzymes constitute a new addition to the growing family of oxidases, ones which are up-regulated when exposed to recalcitrant polysaccharides, and that are used by Nature for biomass degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo L Franco Cairo
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 23 DK-1958 Frederiksberg C Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, University of York York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Fernanda Mandelli
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Robson Tramontina
- Programa de Processos Tecnológicos e Ambientais da Universidade de Sorocaba (UNISO) Sorocaba SP Brazil
| | - David Cannella
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 23 DK-1958 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | | | - Luisa Ciano
- Department of Chemistry, University of York York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Marcel R Ferreira
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP Botucatu São Paulo Brasil
| | - Marcelo V Liberato
- Programa de Processos Tecnológicos e Ambientais da Universidade de Sorocaba (UNISO) Sorocaba SP Brazil
| | - Lívia B Brenelli
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 23 DK-1958 Frederiksberg C Denmark
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Thiago A Gonçalves
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gisele N Rodrigues
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Thabata M Alvarez
- Programa de Mestrado e Doutorado em Biotecnologia Industrial, Universidade Positivo Curitiba PR Brasil
| | - Luciana S Mofatto
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP Campinas São Paulo Brasil
| | - Marcelo F Carazzolle
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP Campinas São Paulo Brasil
| | - José G C Pradella
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Adriana F Paes Leme
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio) do Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM) Campinas São Paulo Brasil
| | - Ana M Costa-Leonardo
- Laboratório de Cupins, Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP Rio Claro São Paulo Brasil
| | - Mário Oliveira-Neto
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP Botucatu São Paulo Brasil
| | - André Damasio
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gideon J Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of York York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Claus Felby
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 23 DK-1958 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Paul H Walton
- Department of Chemistry, University of York York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Fabio M Squina
- Programa de Processos Tecnológicos e Ambientais da Universidade de Sorocaba (UNISO) Sorocaba SP Brazil
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Puri S, Singh S, Sohal SK. Oviposition behaviour and biochemical response of an insect pest, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) to plant phenolic compound phloroglucinol. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 255:109291. [PMID: 35121130 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are the secondary metabolites (SMs) present in plants carrying different bioactivities. In the present study, we explored the influence of a phenolic compound namely phloroglucinol on oviposition behaviour and different biochemical entities of an insect pest Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) using artificial diet. Phloroglucinol (IUPAC name: benzene-1,3,5-triol) affected the activity of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes viz. superoxide dismutases (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidases (APOX). dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), peroxidases (POX), phenol oxidase (PO), glutathione peroxidase (GPOX), glutathione S-transferase peroxidase (GSTpox), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and esterases (EST) as well as the biological antioxidants viz. ascorbate content and glutathione. The lipid peroxide content (LP) and hydrogen peroxide content (H2O2) were significantly enhanced in the treated larvae indicating oxidative stress in the insect. Significant inhibition in oviposition was observed and effective repellency percentage increased with phloroglucinol treatment as compared to control. The oviposition deterrent activity and toxic effects of phloroglucinol on various biochemical parameters of Z. cucurbitae larvae revealed in the present study clearly confirms its suitability for use in pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivali Puri
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Sumit Singh
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Satwinder Kaur Sohal
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India.
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5
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Devrnja N, Gašić U, Šajkunić S, Cingel A, Stupar S, Tubić L, Savić J. UHPLC-OrbiTrap MS Characterization of Phenolic Profiles in French Marigold Extracts and Analysis of Their Antifeedant Activity against Colorado Potato Beetle. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:407. [PMID: 35161388 PMCID: PMC8839140 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
French marigold is an aromatic plant rich in polyphenolic secondary metabolites, which pesticidal potential was examined in this study. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) connected with OrbiTrap mass spectrometer (MS) identified 113 phenolics and revealed the most detailed phytochemistry of French marigold published so far. Depending on plant material (flowers or leaves) and solvents used for extraction (water, methanol, dichloromethane), the phenolic composition varied. Methanol extract of flowers, with 89 identified phenolics and high antioxidant activity statistically comparable with positive control Trolox, was chosen for testing of antifeedant potential against the 3rd and 4th instars of Colorado potato beetle (CPB). A significant reduction in final body mass of 4th larval stage fed with potato leaves coated with methanol extract of flowers in the concentration of 10 mg/mL was observed (157.67 mg vs. 182.26 mg of controls fed with non-treated leaves). This caused delayed molting since treated larvae reached the maximal mass a day after controls and this delay persisted during the entire larval development. Continuous feeding caused a 25% decline in digestive proteolytic activity of the 4th instar in comparison to controls. The results suggest that French marigold methanol extract of flowers could be proposed as a promising antifeedant for CPB management, with an impact on the reduction in the environmental footprint associated with synthetic pesticide application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Devrnja
- Correspondence: (N.D.); (J.S.); Tel.: +381-11-2078-428 (N.D.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jelena Savić
- Correspondence: (N.D.); (J.S.); Tel.: +381-11-2078-428 (N.D.)
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Takayoshi J, Huang YL, Matsuo Y, Saito Y, Li DP, Tanaka T. Ellagitannin Digestion in Moth Larvae and a New Dimeric Ellagitannin from the Leaves of Platycarya strobilacea. Molecules 2021; 26:4134. [PMID: 34299409 PMCID: PMC8303904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ellagitannins (ETs) are plant polyphenols with various health benefits. Recent studies have indicated that the biological activities of ETs are attributable to their degradation products, including ellagic acid and its gut microflora metabolites, such as urolithins. Insect tea produced in the Guangxi region, China, is made from the frass of moth larvae that feed on the ET-rich leaves of Platycarya strobilacea. Chromatographic separation of the Guangxi insect tea showed that the major phenolic constituents are ellagic acid, brevifolin carboxylic acid, gallic acid, brevifolin, and polymeric polyphenols. Chemical investigation of the feed of the larvae, the fresh leaves of P. strobilacea, showed that the major polyphenols are ETs including pedunculagin, casuarictin, strictinin, and a new ET named platycaryanin E. The new ET was confirmed as a dimer of strictinin having a tergalloyl group. The insect tea and the leaves of P. strobilacea contained polymeric polyphenols, both of which were shown to be composed of ETs and proanthocyanidins by acid hydrolysis and thiol degradation. This study clarified that Guangxi insect tea contains ET metabolites produced in the digestive tract of moth larvae, and the metabolites probably have higher bioavailabilities than the original large-molecular ETs of the leaves of P. strobilacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Takayoshi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (J.T.); (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yong-Lin Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin 541006, China;
| | - Yosuke Matsuo
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (J.T.); (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yoshinori Saito
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (J.T.); (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Dian-Peng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin 541006, China;
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (J.T.); (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
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7
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Rashwan RS, Hammad DM. Toxic effect of Spirulina platensis and Sargassum vulgar as natural pesticides on survival and biological characteristics of cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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8
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da Costa RR, Hu H, Li H, Poulsen M. Symbiotic Plant Biomass Decomposition in Fungus-Growing Termites. INSECTS 2019; 10:E87. [PMID: 30925664 PMCID: PMC6523192 DOI: 10.3390/insects10040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Termites are among the most successful animal groups, accomplishing nutrient acquisition through long-term associations and enzyme provisioning from microbial symbionts. Fungus farming has evolved only once in a single termite sub-family: Macrotermitinae. This sub-family has become a dominant decomposer in the Old World; through enzymatic contributions from insects, fungi, and bacteria, managed in an intricate decomposition pathway, the termites obtain near-complete utilisation of essentially any plant substrate. Here we review recent insights into our understanding of the process of plant biomass decomposition in fungus-growing termites. To this end, we outline research avenues that we believe can help shed light on how evolution has shaped the optimisation of plant-biomass decomposition in this complex multipartite symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R da Costa
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen East, Denmark.
| | - Haofu Hu
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen East, Denmark.
| | - Hongjie Li
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin⁻Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Michael Poulsen
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen East, Denmark.
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Bissaro B, Várnai A, Røhr ÅK, Eijsink VGH. Oxidoreductases and Reactive Oxygen Species in Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:e00029-18. [PMID: 30257993 PMCID: PMC6298611 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00029-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomass constitutes an appealing alternative to fossil resources for the production of materials and energy. The abundance and attractiveness of vegetal biomass come along with challenges pertaining to the intricacy of its structure, evolved during billions of years to face and resist abiotic and biotic attacks. To achieve the daunting goal of plant cell wall decomposition, microorganisms have developed many (enzymatic) strategies, from which we seek inspiration to develop biotechnological processes. A major breakthrough in the field has been the discovery of enzymes today known as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), which, by catalyzing the oxidative cleavage of recalcitrant polysaccharides, allow canonical hydrolytic enzymes to depolymerize the biomass more efficiently. Very recently, it has been shown that LPMOs are not classical monooxygenases in that they can also use hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidant. This discovery calls for a revision of our understanding of how lignocellulolytic enzymes are connected since H2O2 is produced and used by several of them. The first part of this review is dedicated to the LPMO paradigm, describing knowns, unknowns, and uncertainties. We then present different lignocellulolytic redox systems, enzymatic or not, that depend on fluxes of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Based on an assessment of these putatively interconnected systems, we suggest that fine-tuning of H2O2 levels and proximity between sites of H2O2 production and consumption are important for fungal biomass conversion. In the last part of this review, we discuss how our evolving understanding of redox processes involved in biomass depolymerization may translate into industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Bissaro
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Åsmund K Røhr
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
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Pessoa LZDS, Duarte JL, Ferreira RMDA, Oliveira AEMDFM, Cruz RAS, Faustino SMM, Carvalho JCT, Fernandes CP, Souto RNP, Araújo RS. Nanosuspension of quercetin: preparation, characterization and effects against Aedes aegypti larvae. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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11
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Oxidatively Active Plant Phenolics Detected by UHPLC-DAD-MS after Enzymatic and Alkaline Oxidation. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:483-496. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0949-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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12
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Arciuli M, Fiocco D, Fontana S, Arena MP, Frassanito MA, Gallone A. Administration of a polyphenol-enriched feed to farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): Kidney melanomacrophages response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:404-410. [PMID: 28743629 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The reinforcement of the defense mechanism of fish, through the administration of immunostimulants, is considered as a promising alternative to vaccines. Natural immunostimulants such as polyphenols, flavanoids, pigments and essential oils can modulate the innate immune response. In lower vertebrates, melano-macrophage centres, i.e. clusters of pigment-containing cells forming the extracutaneous pigment system, are wide-spread in the stroma of the haemopoietic tissue, mainly in kidney and spleen. In fishes, melano-macrophage centres play an important role in the immune response against antigenic stimulants and pathogens. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of a polyphenol-enriched diet on the health status of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Farmed sea bass were administered a feed containing a phytocomplex, rich in catechins and epigallocatechins, which was obtained from the seeds of Canosina Nero di Troia Vitis vinifera and mixed with conventional feed at two different concentrations. The effects of such a diet were investigated in juvenile and commercial size samples, i.e. undergoing a short- and long-term period of diet, respectively, focusing on their extracutaneous pigmentary system and, in more detail, on the enzymatic activities leading to melanin biosynthesis. Our results show that prolonged dietary treatments with higher concentration of polyphenols might modulate tyrosinase activity and gene expression in commercial size fishes. An increase of melano-macrophage activity is correlated to a stimulation of cytoprotective functions against antigenic stimulants and pathogens, as an expression of a robust and protective adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Arciuli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Daniela Fiocco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia University- Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Mattia Pia Arena
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia University- Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Anna Gallone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70124, Italy.
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Franco Cairo JPL, Carazzolle MF, Leonardo FC, Mofatto LS, Brenelli LB, Gonçalves TA, Uchima CA, Domingues RR, Alvarez TM, Tramontina R, Vidal RO, Costa FF, Costa-Leonardo AM, Paes Leme AF, Pereira GAG, Squina FM. Expanding the Knowledge on Lignocellulolytic and Redox Enzymes of Worker and Soldier Castes from the Lower Termite Coptotermes gestroi. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1518. [PMID: 27790186 PMCID: PMC5061848 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Termites are considered one of the most efficient decomposers of lignocelluloses on Earth due to their ability to produce, along with its microbial symbionts, a repertoire of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). Recently, a set of Pro-oxidant, Antioxidant, and Detoxification enzymes (PAD) were also correlated with the metabolism of carbohydrates and lignin in termites. The lower termite Coptotermes gestroi is considered the main urban pest in Brazil, causing damage to wood constructions. Recently, analysis of the enzymatic repertoire of C. gestroi unveiled the presence of different CAZymes. Because the gene profile of CAZy/PAD enzymes endogenously synthesized by C. gestroi and also by their symbiotic protists remains unclear, the aim of this study was to explore the eukaryotic repertoire of these enzymes in worker and soldier castes of C. gestroi. Our findings showed that worker and soldier castes present similar repertoires of CAZy/PAD enzymes, and also confirmed that endo-glucanases (GH9) and beta-glucosidases (GH1) were the most important glycoside hydrolase families related to lignocellulose degradation in both castes. Classical cellulases such as exo-glucanases (GH7) and endo-glucanases (GH5 and GH45), as well as classical xylanases (GH10 and GH11), were found in both castes only taxonomically related to protists, highlighting the importance of symbiosis in C. gestroi. Moreover, our analysis revealed the presence of Auxiliary Activity enzyme families (AAs), which could be related to lignin modifications in termite digestomes. In conclusion, this report expanded the knowledge on genes and proteins related to CAZy/PAD enzymes from worker and soldier castes of lower termites, revealing new potential enzyme candidates for second-generation biofuel processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P L Franco Cairo
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM)Campinas, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Carazzolle
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas, Brazil
| | - Flávia C Leonardo
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)Campinas, Brazil; Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia (Hemocentro), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luciana S Mofatto
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)Campinas, Brazil; Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia (Hemocentro), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lívia B Brenelli
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM)Campinas, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thiago A Gonçalves
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM)Campinas, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cristiane A Uchima
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM) Campinas, Brazil
| | - Romênia R Domingues
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massas, Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBIO), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM) Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thabata M Alvarez
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM) Campinas, Brazil
| | - Robson Tramontina
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM)Campinas, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ramon O Vidal
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernando F Costa
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia (Hemocentro), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana M Costa-Leonardo
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Paes Leme
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massas, Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBIO), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM) Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gonçalo A G Pereira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fabio M Squina
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM) Campinas, Brazil
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Khosravifarsani M, Monfared AS, Pouramir M, Zabihi E. Effects of Fenton Reaction on Human Serum Albumin: An In Vitro Study. Electron Physician 2016; 8:2970-2976. [PMID: 27790352 PMCID: PMC5074758 DOI: 10.19082/2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human serum albumin (HSA) is a critical protein in human blood plasma, which can be highly damaged by oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to analyze modifications of this protein after oxidation using a Fenton system. Methods In this 2015 experiment, different ratios of Fenton reagent (Fe2+/H2O2) was incubated with one concentration of human serum albumin (1mg/ml). Hence, HSA was incubated 30 min with various combinations of a Fenton system and quantified oxidation products such as carbonyl groups, fragmentations, degradations, and oxidized free thiol group using reliable techniques. Image and data analysis were carried out using ImageJ software and Excel (version 2007), respectively. Results An SDS-PAGE profile showed no cross link and aggregation. However, protein band intensity has decreased to 50% in the highest ratio of H2O2/Fe. Carbonylation assay indicated carbonyl/protein (molc/molp) ratio increased linearly in lower ratios and the values plateau at higher levels of H2O2/Fe 2+. The only free sulfhydryl group on HSA was oxidized in all ratios of the Fenton system. Conclusion To sum, the structure of HSA has been changed following treatment with Hydroxyl Radical as the main product of Fenton reaction. These data confirm the antioxidant activity of HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Khosravifarsani
- M.Sc. of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, MPhil, Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Shabestani Monfared
- Ph.D. of Medical Physics, Professor, Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mahdi Pouramir
- Ph.D. of Clinical Biochemistry, Professor, Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Zabihi
- Ph.D. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Associate Professor, Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Moilanen J, Karonen M, Tähtinen P, Jacquet R, Quideau S, Salminen JP. Biological activity of ellagitannins: Effects as anti-oxidants, pro-oxidants and metal chelators. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 125:65-72. [PMID: 26899362 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ellagitannins are a subclass of hydrolysable tannins that have been suggested to function as defensive compounds of plants against herbivores. However, it is known that the conditions in the digestive tracts of different herbivores are variable, so it seems reasonable to anticipate that the reactivities and modes of actions of these ingested defensive compounds would also be different. A previous study on a few ellagitannins has shown that these polyphenolic compounds are highly oxidizable at high pH and that their bioactivity can be attributed to certain structural features. Herein, the activities of 13 ellagitannins using the deoxyribose assay were measured. The results provided information about the anti-oxidant, pro-oxidant and metal chelating properties of ellagitannins. Surprisingly, many of the tested ellagitannins exhibited pro-oxidant activities even at neutral pH and only moderate to low radical scavenging activities, although the metal chelating capacities of all tested ellagitannins were relatively high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Moilanen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Maarit Karonen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Tähtinen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Rémi Jacquet
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (CNRS-UMR 5255), Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Quideau
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (CNRS-UMR 5255), Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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Zhang H, Tsao R. Dietary polyphenols, oxidative stress and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Curr Opin Food Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 761] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Phenolic Compounds and Their Fates In Tropical Lepidopteran Larvae: Modifications In Alkaline Conditions. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:822-36. [PMID: 26364295 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lepidopteran larvae encounter a variety of phenolic compounds while consuming their host plants. Some phenolics may oxidize under alkaline conditions prevailing in the larval guts, and the oxidation products may cause oxidative stress to the larvae. In this study, we aimed to find new ways to predict how phenolic compounds may be modified in the guts of herbivorous larvae. To do so, we studied the ease of oxidation of phenolic compounds from 12 tropical tree species. The leaf extracts were incubated in vitro in alkaline conditions, and the loss of total phenolics during incubation was used to estimate the oxidizability of extracts. The phenolic profiles of the leaf extracts before and after incubation were compared, revealing that some phenolic compounds were depleted during incubation. The leaves of the 12 tree species were each fed to 12 species of lepidopteran larvae that naturally feed on these trees. The phenolic profiles of larval frass were compared to those of in vitro incubated leaf extracts. These comparisons showed that the phenolic profiles of alkali-treated samples and frass samples were similar in many cases. This suggested that certain phenolics, such as ellagitannins, proanthocyanidins, and galloylquinic acid derivatives were modified by the alkaline pH of the larval gut. In other cases, the chromatographic profiles of frass and in vitro incubated leaf extracts were not similar, and new modifications of phenolics were detected in the frass. We conclude that the actual fates of phenolics in vivo are often more complicated than can be predicted by a simple in vitro method.
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Erdem M, Büyükgüzel E. THE EFFECTS OF XANTHOTOXIN ON THE BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF Galleria mellonella L. (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 89:193-203. [PMID: 25821173 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a dietary plant allelochemical, xanthotoxin (XA), on survivorship, development, male and female adult longevity, fecundity, and hatchability of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella L. were investigated. Oxidative stress indicators, the lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein oxidation products, protein carbonyl (PCO) contents, and activities of a detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity were determined in wax moth adults. The insect was reared from first-instar larvae on an artificial diets containing XA at 0.001, 0.005, or 0.1% to adult stage in laboratory conditions. Relative to the controls, the diets containing XA concentrations led to decreased survivorship in seventh instar, pupal, and adult stages. Compared to control diet (77.7%), the highest dietary XA concentration decreased survivorship to adulthood to 11.0%. The highest XA concentration (0.1%) reduced female longevity from 10.4 to 5.7 days and decreased egg numbers from 95.0 to 33.5 and hatchability from 82.7 to 35.6%. The lowest XA concentration (0.001%) led to about a sixfold increase in MDA content. XA at high concentrations (0.005 and 0.1%) increased MDA (by threefold) and protein carbonyl (by twofold) contents decreased GST activity. The highest dietary XA concentration decreased GST activity from 0.28 ± 0.025 to 0.16 ± 0.005 μmol/mg protein/min. We infer from these findings that XA-induced oxidative stress led to decreased biological fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Erdem
- Ahmet Erdoğan Vocational School of Health Services, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Ender Büyükgüzel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Moilanen J, Koskinen P, Salminen JP. Distribution and content of ellagitannins in Finnish plant species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 116:188-197. [PMID: 25819000 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The results of a screening study, in which a total of 82 Finnish plant species were studied for their ellagitannin composition and content, are presented. The total ellagitannin content was determined by HPLC-DAD, the detected ellagitannins were further characterized by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and divided into four structurally different sub-groups. Thirty plant species were found to contain ellagitannins and the ellagitannin content in the crude extracts varied from few mgg(-1) to over a hundred mgg(-1). Plant families that were rich in ellagitannins (>90mgg(-1) of the crude extract) were Onagraceae, Lyhtraceae, Geraniaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Fagaceae and some species from Rosaceae. Plant species that contained moderate amounts of ellagitannins (31-89mgg(-1) of the crude extract) were representatives of the family Rosaceae. Plant species that contained low amounts of ellagitannins (1-30mgg(-1) of the crude extract) were representatives of the families Betulaceae and Myricaceae. The specific ellagitannin composition of the species allowed their chemotaxonomic classification and the comparison between the older Cronquist's classification and the nowadays preferred Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Moilanen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Piia Koskinen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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Wu H, Peng H, Zhang Y, Wang F, Zhang H, Wang C, Yang Z. Synthesis, crystal structure, electrochemistry and antioxidative activity of copper(II), manganese(II) and nickel(II) complexes containing bis(N
-ethylbenzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)aniline. Appl Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huilu Wu
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 PR China
| | - Hongping Peng
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 PR China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 PR China
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 PR China
| | - Cuiping Wang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 PR China
| | - Zaihui Yang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 PR China
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The influence of iron on the proteomic profile of Chromobacterium violaceum. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:267. [PMID: 25361869 PMCID: PMC4216352 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chromobacterium violaceum is a bacterium commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions and is associated with important pharmacological and industrial attributes such as producing substances with therapeutic properties and synthesizing biodegradable polymers. Its genome was sequenced, however, approximately 40% of its genes still remain with unknown functions. Although C. violaceum is known by its versatile capacity of living in a wide range of environments, little is known on how it achieves such success. Here, we investigated the proteomic profile of C. violaceum cultivated in the absence and presence of high iron concentration, describing some proteins of unknown function that might play an important role in iron homeostasis, amongst others. Results Briefly, C. violaceum was cultivated in the absence and in the presence of 9 mM of iron during four hours. Total proteins were identified by LC-MS and through the PatternLab pipeline. Our proteomic analysis indicates major changes in the energetic metabolism, and alterations in the synthesis of key transport and stress proteins. In addition, it may suggest the presence of a yet unidentified operon that could be related to oxidative stress, together with a set of other proteins with unknown function. The protein-protein interaction network also pinpointed the importance of energetic metabolism proteins to the acclimatation of C. violaceum in high concentration of iron. Conclusions This is the first proteomic analysis of the opportunistic pathogen C. violaceum in the presence of high iron concentration. Our data allowed us to identify a yet undescribed operon that might have a role in oxidative stress defense. Our work provides new data that will contribute to understand how this bacterium achieve its capacity of surviving in harsh conditions as well as to open a way to explore the yet little availed biotechnological characteristics of this bacterium with the further exploring of the proteins of unknown function that we showed to be up-regulated in high iron concentration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0267-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Barbehenn RV, Niewiadomski J, Kochmanski J, Constabel CP. Limited effect of reactive oxygen species on the composition of susceptible essential amino acids in the midguts of Lymantria dispar caterpillars. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 81:160-177. [PMID: 22961657 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The essential amino acids (EAAs) arginine, histidine, lysine, and methionine, as well as cysteine (semiessential), are believed to be susceptible to reactions with reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological systems. The decreased availability of these EAAs could harm insect nutrition, since several of them can also be limiting for protein synthesis. However, no in vivo studies have quantified the effect of ROS in the midguts of insect herbivores on EAA composition. This study examined the association between elevated levels of ROS in the midgut fluid of Lymantria dispar caterpillars and the compositions of EAAs (protein-bound + protein-free) in their midgut fluid and frass. Contrary to expectation, the compositions of EAAs were not significantly decreased by ROS in midgut fluid ex vivo when incubated with phenolic compounds. Two in vivo comparisons of low- and high-ROS-producing leaves also showed similar results: there were no significant decreases in the compositions of EAAs in the midgut fluids and/or frass of larvae with elevated levels of ROS in their midguts. In addition, waste nitrogen excretion was not significantly increased from larvae on high-ROS treatments, as would be expected if ROS produced unbalanced EAA compositions. These results suggest that L. dispar larvae are able to tolerate elevated levels of ROS in their midguts without nutritionally significant changes in the compositions of susceptible EAAs in their food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond V Barbehenn
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Barbehenn RV, Peter Constabel C. Tannins in plant-herbivore interactions. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1551-65. [PMID: 21354580 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tannins are the most abundant secondary metabolites made by plants, commonly ranging from 5% to 10% dry weight of tree leaves. Tannins can defend leaves against insect herbivores by deterrence and/or toxicity. Contrary to early theories, tannins have no effect on protein digestion in insect herbivores. By contrast, in vertebrate herbivores tannins can decrease protein digestion. Tannins are especially prone to oxidize in insects with high pH guts, forming semiquinone radicals and quinones, as well as other reactive oxygen species. Tannin toxicity in insects is thought to result from the production of high levels of reactive oxygen species. Tannin structure has an important effect on biochemical activity. Ellagitannins oxidize much more readily than do gallotannins, which are more oxidatively active than most condensed tannins. The ability of insects to tolerate ingested tannins comes from a variety of biochemical and physical defenses in their guts, including surfactants, high pH, antioxidants, and a protective peritrophic envelope that lines the midgut. Most work on the ecological roles of tannins has been correlative, e.g., searching for negative associations between tannins and insect performance. A greater emphasis on manipulative experiments that control tannin levels is required to make further progress on the defensive functions of tannins. Recent advances in the use of molecular methods has permitted the production of tannin-overproducing transgenic plants and a better understanding of tannin biosynthetic pathways. Many research areas remain in need of further work, including the effects of different tannin types on different types of insects (e.g., caterpillars, grasshoppers, sap-sucking insects).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond V Barbehenn
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
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Salminen JP, Karonen M, Sinkkonen J. Chemical Ecology of Tannins: Recent Developments in Tannin Chemistry Reveal New Structures and Structure-Activity Patterns. Chemistry 2011; 17:2806-16. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Barbehenn RV, Maben RE, Knoester JJ. Linking phenolic oxidation in the midgut lumen with oxidative stress in the midgut tissues of a tree-feeding caterpillar Malacosoma disstria (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2008; 37:1113-1118. [PMID: 19036189 DOI: 10.1603/0046-225x(2008)37[1113:lpoitm]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tannins are believed to function as plant defenses against caterpillars, in part, as a result of their oxidation in the midgut lumen. One putative mode of action that has not been examined in leaf-feeding larvae is oxidative stress in midgut tissues that results from tannin oxidation in the midgut lumen. The test species used in this study, Malacosoma disstria Hübner (Lasiocampidae), is known to have higher levels of phenolic oxidation in its midgut contents when it consumes the oxidatively active leaves of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) than when it consumes the leaves of red oak (Quercus rubra L.). This study tested the hypothesis that increased phenolic oxidation in the midgut lumen of M. disstria is associated with increased oxidative stress in its midgut tissues. Three markers (oxidized ascorbate:total ascorbate, oxidized glutathione:total glutathione, and oxidized proteins) were measured in larvae fed either sugar maple or red oak leaves. In addition, we examined whether superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity might be a useful inducible marker of oxidative stress in M. disstria midgut tissues. Three of the markers indicated that significantly higher levels of oxidative stress were produced in the midgut tissues of M. disstria that fed on sugar maple than on red oak. However, SOD activity did not differ between sugar maple- and red oak-feeding larvae. This study is the first to show a link between phenolic oxidation in the midgut contents of caterpillars and oxidative stress in their midgut tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond V Barbehenn
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA.
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Barbehenn RV, Jaros A, Yip L, Tran L, Kanellis AK, Constabel CP. Evaluating Ascorbate Oxidase as a Plant Defense Against Leaf-Chewing Insects Using Transgenic Poplar. J Chem Ecol 2008; 34:1331-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-008-9539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Halliwell B. Are polyphenols antioxidants or pro-oxidants? What do we learn from cell culture and in vivo studies? Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 476:107-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Gross EM, Brune A, Walenciak O. Gut pH, redox conditions and oxygen levels in an aquatic caterpillar: potential effects on the fate of ingested tannins. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 54:462-471. [PMID: 18171578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Larvae of the freshwater moth Acentria ephemerella (Pyralidae, Lepidoptera) can fully develop on Myriophyllum spicatum, a submerged macrophyte containing 7-10% of its dry mass as tannins. We investigated the physicochemical gut parameters of larvae fed with M. spicatum or Potamogeton perfoliatus, a food plant lacking tannins, and the chemical fate of ingested polyphenols. Microelectrode studies revealed that larval midguts were slightly alkaline (pH 8) and had a positive redox potential. Whole guts were oxygen sinks owing to the oxygen demand of the gut contents. Oxygen penetrated the midgut up to 100 microm, but the centres of the foregut and midgut were always anoxic. The physicochemical parameters of the guts did not change with the food plant. The major tannin from M. spicatum, tellimagrandin II, was significantly depleted in the midgut and was not detected in faeces. In vitro studies indicated that tellimagrandin II is rapidly depleted mainly through oxidation, and hydrolysis might also occur. Our findings for A. ephemerella are compared with those for terrestrial Lepidoptera, and possible mechanisms for adaptations to tannin-rich food plants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Gross
- Limnological Institute, Biology Department, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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