The Karlson Lecture. Phytoecdysteroids: what use are they?

Insect Sterols and Steroids

Insects are incapable of biosynthesising sterols de novo so they need to obtain them from their diets or, in certain cases, from symbiotic microorganisms. Sterols serve a structural role in cellular membranes and act as precursors for signalling molecules and defence compounds. Many phytophagous insects dealkylate phytosterols to yield primarily cholesterol, which is also the main sterol that carnivorous and omnivorous insects obtain in their diets. Some phytophagous species have secondarily lost the capacity to dealkylate and consequently use phytosterols for structural and functional roles. The polyhydroxylated steroid hormones of insects, the ecdysteroids, are derived from cholesterol (or phytosterols in non-dealkylating phytophagous species) and regulate many crucial aspects of insect development and reproduction by means of precisely regulated titres resulting from controlled synthesis, storage and further metabolism/excretion. Ecdysteroids differ significantly from vertebrate steroid hormones in their chemical, biochemical and biological properties. Defensive steroids (cardenolides, bufadienolides, cucurbitacins and ecdysteroids) can be accumulated from host plants or biosynthesised within the insect, depending on species, stored in significant amounts in the insect and released when it is attacked. Other allelochemical steroids serve as pheromones. Vertebrate-type steroids have also been conclusively identified from insect sources, but debate continues about their significance. Side chain dealkylation of phytosterols, ecdysteroid metabolism and ecdysteroid mode of action are targets of potential insect control strategies.

Traditional medical practices for children in five islands from the Society archipelago (French Polynesia)

BACKGROUND

Traditional Polynesian medicine for children has been poorly documented, and few data are available on their efficacy and safety. In this context, the aim of this study was to identify traditional practices used for treating children and then assess the efficacy and safety of the most cited remedies by reviewing the literature.

METHODS

In 2022, a semi-structured survey was carried out on five islands from the Society archipelago (Bora Bora, Huahine, Moorea, Raiatea, and Tahiti). A total of 86 participants were interviewed including 19 experts in herbalism. A thorough literature review was performed on the most cited plant species to gather the relevant ethnobotanical, pharmacological, and clinical data of each remedy.

RESULTS

Participants mentioned using 469 remedies to treat 69 health disorders. The most represented health categories were digestive system, skin disorders, infectious diseases, and respiratory system. A total of 67 plant species (representing 731 use-reports) were mentioned and Annona muricata, Gardenia taitensis, and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis were the main plants reported. Regarding the safety of cited remedies, one plant (Microsorum grossum) showed high risk of toxicity, and its use should be avoided in infants and children.

CONCLUSION

Our survey confirms the importance of traditional medical practices for children in the Society Islands. A lack of data in children for most cited remedies demonstrate the need for more pharmacological and toxicological research on Polynesian medicinal plants. Finally, the potential risk of toxicity for some cited plant species reported calls for a better information of traditional medicine users and healers.

An extensive screening method for the identification and quantitation of ecdysteroids in equine urine and plasma using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry

RATIONALE

Recently, there has been a report suggesting that ecdysteroids can enhance sports performance, making them relevant substances in doping control. Hence, it is imperative to examine the analytical characteristics of ecdysteroids in biological samples to identify their misuse in competitive sports.

METHODS

To assess the doping of ecdysteroids such as ecdysone, ecdysterone, ponasterone A, turkesterone, and ajugasterone C, a fast and sensitive extraction and detection method was developed, optimized, and validated using equine urine and plasma. Different extraction techniques, namely, solid-phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, and dilute-and-inject, were explored to detect ecdysteroids from equine urine and plasma.

RESULTS

The most suitable method of detection was solid-phase extraction using ABS Elut-NEXUS, while liquid-liquid extraction and dilute-and-inject methods encountered difficulties due to the high polarity of ecdysteroids and the presence of significant matrix interferences. Mass spectrometric parameters are optimized on both the Q Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometer and the TSQ Altis triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. However, the study indicated that the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer exhibited improved limit of detection when analyzing samples. To achieve optimal separation of the analytes under investigation from the matrix interferences, various liquid chromatography columns were compared. The Selectra PFPP LC column with a mobile phase consisting of 0.2% formic acid in water (mobile phase A) and acetonitrile (mobile phase B) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min demonstrated superior performance.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this study will significantly contribute to the accurate identification of ecdysteroids, facilitating the investigation of their illicit use in horse racing.

Dietary Supplementation with 20-Hydroxyecdysone Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis and Reduces White Adipose Tissue Mass in Ovariectomized Rats Fed a High-Fat, High-Fructose Diet

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is defined as hepatic steatosis in combination with overweight, diabetes, or other metabolic risk factors. MAFLD affects a significant number of the global population and imposes substantial clinical and economic burdens. With no approved pharmacotherapy, current treatment options are limited to diet and exercise. Therefore, the development of medicines for MAFLD treatment or prevention is necessary. 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) is a natural steroid found in edible plants and has been shown to improve metabolism and dyslipidemia. Therefore, it may be useful for MAFLD treatment. Here, we aimed to determine how dietary supplementation with 20E affects fat accumulation and lipogenesis in the liver and adipose tissue of ovariectomized rats fed a high-fat, high-fructose diet (OHFFD). We found that 20E reduced hepatic triglyceride content and visceral fat deposition. 20E increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl CoA carboxylase while reducing the expression of fatty acid synthase in the liver and adipose tissue. Additionally, 20E increased hepatic expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 and reduced adipose expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1. In conclusion, 20E demonstrated beneficial effects in rats with OHFFD-induced MAFLD. These findings suggest that 20E may represent a promising option for MAFLD prevention or treatment.

Punicesterones A-G, polyhydroxylated mycoecdysteroids from the deep-sea-derived fungus Aspergillus puniceus SCSIO z021

Seven undescribed polyhydroxylated mycoecdysteroids, punicesterones A-G, along with two known analogues, were isolated from the deep-sea-derived fungal strain Aspergillus puniceus SCSIO z021 (Trichocomaceae). Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated by a combination of extensive NMR spectroscopic analysis, HRESIMS data, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. Punicesterone An unexpectedly possessed a nicotinoyl unit substituted at C-22 of a typical ecdysteroid skeleton. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, and antibacterial activities. Punicesterones B and C showed the activity of reducing triglyceride in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dosage-dependent manner, and also exhibited antibacterial activity against five pathogens.

Adaptive mechanisms in quinoa for coping in stressful environments: an update

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a grain-like, genetically diverse, highly complex, nutritious, and stress-tolerant food that has been used in Andean Indigenous cultures for thousands of years. Over the past several decades, numerous nutraceutical and food companies are using quinoa because of its perceived health benefits. Seeds of quinoa have a superb balance of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, saponins, vitamins, phenolics, minerals, phytoecdysteroids, glycine betaine, and betalains. Quinoa due to its high nutritional protein contents, minerals, secondary metabolites and lack of gluten, is used as the main food source worldwide. In upcoming years, the frequency of extreme events and climatic variations is projected to increase which will have an impact on reliable and safe production of food. Quinoa due to its high nutritional quality and adaptability has been suggested as a good candidate to offer increased food security in a world with increased climatic variations. Quinoa possesses an exceptional ability to grow and adapt in varied and contrasting environments, including drought, saline soil, cold, heat UV-B radiation, and heavy metals. Adaptations in salinity and drought are the most commonly studied stresses in quinoa and their genetic diversity associated with two stresses has been extensively elucidated. Because of the traditional wide-ranging cultivation area of quinoa, different quinoa cultivars are available that are specifically adapted for specific stress and with broad genetic variability. This review will give a brief overview of the various physiological, morphological and metabolic adaptations in response to several abiotic stresses.

Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones

Phytoecdysteroids (PEs) are naturally occurring polyhydroxylated compounds with a structure similar to that of insect molting hormone and the plant hormone brassinosteroids. PEs have a four-ringed skeleton composed of 27, 28, 29, or 30 carbon atoms (derived from plant sterols). The carbon skeleton of ecdysteroid is known as cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene and has a β-sidechain on C-17. Plants produce PEs via the mevalonate pathway with the help of the precursor acetyl-CoA. PEs are found in algae, fungi, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms; more than 500 different PEs are found in over 100 terrestrial plants. 20-hydroxyecdysone is the most common PE. PEs exhibit versatile biological roles in plants, invertebrates, and mammals. These compounds contribute to mitigating biotic and abiotic stresses. In plants, PEs play a potent role in enhancing tolerance against insects and nematodes via their allelochemical activity, which increases plant biological and metabolic responses. PEs promote enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems, which decrease reactive oxygen species in the form of superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals and reduce malondialdehyde content. PEs also induce protein biosynthesis and modulate carbohydrate and lipid synthesis. In humans, PEs display biological, pharmacological, and medicinal properties, such as anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and tissue differentiation activity.

Efficacy of Cyanotis tuberosa (Roxb.) Schult. &Schult. f. root tubers' active fraction as anti-diabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cyanotis tuberosa (Roxb.) Schult. &Schult.f. is traditionally used as ethnomedicine for curing several ailments like diabetes, liver problems, ulcers, etc. OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-diabetic potential of Cyanotis tuberosa root tubers (CTRT)in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Anti-hyperglycemic activity of hexane extract of CTRT was investigated in diabetic rats. Silica gel chromatography was used to fractionate the hexane extract and the fraction's antihyperglycemic activity was checked in diabetic rats. Effects of long-term (30 days) treatment with an active fraction (CTAF) were evaluated in diabetic rats for 30 days by measurement of body weights, glycemic control, insulin levels, HbA1c, and serum and tissue lipid profiles. Lipid peroxide levels and antioxidant status were measured in the liver and kidney. Hepatic and Renal functional markers were also measured. Phytochemical characterization of CTAF was carried out by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis.

RESULTS

Hexane extract of CTRT at a dose of 750 mg/kg b.w produced significant antihyperglycemic activity in diabetic rats whereas CTAF has produced maximum antihyperglycemic activity at the dose of 75 mg/kg b.w. Following long-term treatment with CTAF in diabetic rats, significant improvement in glycemic control, (HbA1c) along with decreased insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), increase in body weights, and plasma insulin were observed. Also, CTAF ameliorated the serum and tissue lipid profiles. In addition, CTAF suppressed lipid peroxidation and restored the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the liver and kidney to normal levels. Further, CTAF reversed the liver and kidney functional markers to normalcy. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of 7 different phytoconstituents.

CONCLUSION

This study confirmed that CTAF exerts antidiabetic effects in diabetic rats by improving insulin secretion, glycemic control, and restoring functional activities of the liver and kidney. Our results suggest that root tubers of Cyanotis tuberosa can be used as a complementary or alternative agent for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Medicinal Importance of Ajuga Species in Iran: Ethnobotanical and Traditional Applications, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Studies

Context: Five species of the genus Ajuga (Lamiaceae) having the common name of "bugle" are found in Iran. In Persian medicine (PM), the genus Ajuga (Kamaphytus) is used for treating jaundice, joint pain, gout, amenorrhea, sciatica, and wound healing. This study aimed to review the ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and biological activities of Ajuga species that grow in Iran to determine their therapeutic potentials and suggest further studies on the healing properties of this genus in Iran. Evidence Acquisition: Electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were comprehensively searched for studies on Ajuga species in Iran, including "Ajuga austro-iranica," "Ajuga chamaecistus," "Ajuga comata" (Syn.: "Ajuga Chia," "Ajuga chamaepitys subsp. Chia"), "Ajuga orientalis," and "Ajuga reptans." The search period was from 1966 to February 2021. The related articles were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the current study. Results: Several ethnobotanical and pharmacologic reports have verified the traditional uses of the genus Ajuga for anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, analgesic, anabolic, anti-arthritis, antipyretic, and hepatoprotective activities. Numerous phytochemicals have been identified from Ajuga species involving phytoecdysteroids, neo-clerodane-diterpenes, iridoids, flavonoids, withanolides, phenylethyl glycoside, and essential oils. Conclusions: Due to the beneficial therapeutic effects of Ajuga genus, it can be considered in future clinical studies as a source of natural antioxidants, dietary supplements in the pharmaceutical industry, and stabilizing food against oxidative deterioration.

A validated HPTLC method for quantification of cordifolioside A, 20-β-hydroxyecdysone and columbin with HPTLC–ESI–MS/MS characterization in stems of Tinospora cordifolia

The objective of the present work was to develop a simple, specific, and fast high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method to identify and quantify cordifolioside A, 20-β-hydroxyecdysone and columbin with HPTLC‒electrospray ionization‒tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‒MS/MS) for characterization in Tinospora cordifolia stem extracts. Chromatographic development was performed using a HPTLC aluminum plate, pre-coated with silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ with hexane‒chloroform‒methanol‒formic acid as the mobile phase. Densitometric quantification for 20-β-hydroxyecdysone and cordifolioside A was performed at 254 nm and for columbin at 600 nm after derivatization with anisaldehyde‒sulfuric acid. The optimized mobile phase resulted in chromatographic separation of peaks for cordifolioside A, 20-β-hydroxyecdysone, and columbin at R_F of 0.12, 0.47, and 0.86, respectively. The linear concentration range was found to be 750‒2250 ng/band for 20-β-hydroxyecdysone and cordifolioside A and 675‒1875 ng/band for columbin with (r² > 0.99). The methodology showed good recoveries as 98.96‒101.43% for cordifolioside A, 98.15‒101.56% for 20-β-hydroxyecdysone, and 98.06‒98.80% for columbin. The limit of detection was found for columbin, 20-β-hydroxyecdysone, and cordifolioside A as 53.86 ng/band, 40.90 ng/band, and 107.05 ng/band, while the limit of quantification was found to be 163.21 ng/band, 123.94 ng/band, and 324.38 ng/band, respectively. The relative standard deviation for precision and robustness study for all the markers was found to be within 2%. Three markers were identified and confirmed in T. cordifolia stem extracts by ESI‒MS/MS. Compounds were assigned as norditerpene furan glycosides, ecdysteroids, and diterpenoid furanolactone: cordifolioside A (m/z = 527 [M + Na]⁺; UV λ_max 221 nm), 20-β-hydroxyecdysone (m/z = 481.30 [M + H]⁺; UV λ_max 247 nm), and columbin (m/z = 359 [M + H]⁺; UV λ_max 210 nm). The optimized method was found accurate, reproducible, robust, and specific and can be applied for the quantification of cordifolioside A, 20-β-hydroxyecdysone, and columbin for quality control of extracts of T. cordifolia.

A Commercial Extract of Cyanotis arachnoidea Roots as a Source of Unusual Ecdysteroid Derivatives with Insect Hormone Receptor Binding Activity

Ecdysteroids act as molting hormones in insects and as nonhormonal anabolic agents and adaptogens in mammals. A wide range of ecdysteroid-containing herbal extracts are available worldwide as food supplements. The aim of this work was to study such an extract as a possible industrial source of new bioactive ecdysteroids. A large-scale chromatographic isolation was performed from an extract of Cyanotis arachnoidea roots. Ten ecdysteroids (1-10) including eight new compounds were isolated and characterized by extensive nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Highly unusual structures were identified, including a H-14β (1, 2, 4, and 10) moiety, among which a 14β(H)17β(H) phytosteroid (1) is reported for the first time. Compounds with an intact side chain (4-10) and 11 other natural or semisynthetic ecdysteroids (11-21) were tested for insect ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) binding activity. Two new compounds, i.e., 14-deoxydacryhainansterone (5) and 22-oxodacryhainansterone (6), showed strong EcR binding activity (IC50 = 41.7 and 380 nM, respectively). Six compounds were identified as EcR agonists and another two as antagonists using a transgenic ecdysteroid reporter gene assay. The present results demonstrate that commercial C. arachnoidea extracts are rich in new, unusual bioactive ecdysteroids. Because of the lack of an authentic plant material, the truly biosynthetic or artifactual nature of these compounds cannot be confirmed.

The phytochemical, biological, and medicinal attributes of phytoecdysteroids: An updated review

The phytoecdysteroids (PEs) comprise a large group of biologically-active plant steroids, which have structures similar to those of insect-molting hormones. PEs are distributed in plants as secondary metabolites that offer protection against phytophagus (plant-eating) insects. When insects consume the plants containing these chemicals, they promptly molt and undergo metabolic destruction; the insects eventually die. Chemically, ecdysteroids are a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids that are structurally similar to androgens. The carbon skeleton of ecdysteroids is termed as cyclopentanoperhydro-phenanthrene with a β-side chain at carbon-17. The essential characteristics of ecdysteroids are a cis-(5β-H) junction of rings A and B, a 7-en-6-one chromophore, and a trans-(14α-OH) junction of rings C and D. Plants only synthesize PEs from mevalonic acid in the mevalonate pathway of the plant cell using acetyl-CoA as a precursor; the most common PE is 20-hydroxyecdysone. So far, over 400 PEs have been identified and reported, and a compilation of 166 PEs originating from 1998 has been previously reviewed. In the present review, we have summarized 212 new PEs reported between 1999 and 2019. We have also critically analyzed the biological, pharmacological, and medicinal properties of PEs to understand the full impact of these phytoconstituents in health and disease.

Urinary Elimination of Ecdysterone and Its Metabolites Following a Single-Dose Administration in Humans

Ecdysterone is a phytosteroid widely discussed for its various pharmacological, growth-promoting, and anabolic effects, mediated by the activation of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta). Performance-enhancement in sports was demonstrated recently, and ecdysterone was consequently included in the Monitoring Program, to detect potential patterns of misuse in sport. Only few studies on the pharmacokinetics of ecdysterone in humans have been reported so far. In this study, post-administration urine samples in twelve volunteers (single dose of 50 mg of ecdysterone) were analyzed using dilute-and-inject liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Identification and quantitation of ecdysterone and of two metabolites, 14-deoxy-ecdysterone and 14-deoxy-poststerone, was achieved. Ecdysterone was the most abundant analyte present in post-administration urine samples, detected for more than 2 days, with a maximum concentration (C_max) in the 2.8-8.5 h urine (C_max = 4.4-30.0 µg/mL). The metabolites 14-deoxy-ecdysterone and 14-deoxy-poststerone were detected later, reaching the maximum concentrations at 8.5-39.5 h (C_max = 0.1-6.0 µg/mL) and 23.3-41.3 h (C_max = 0.1-1.5 µg/mL), respectively. Sex-specific differences were not observed. Cumulative urinary excretion yielded average values of 18%, 2.3%, and 1.5% for ecdysterone, 14-deoxy-ecdysterone, and 14-deoxy-poststerone, respectively. Ecdysterone and 14-deoxy-ecdysterone were excreted following first-order kinetics with half-lives calculated with three hours, while pharmacokinetics of 14-deoxy-poststerone needs further evaluation.

Diversity-oriented synthesis through gamma radiolysis: Preparation of unusual ecdysteroid derivatives activating Akt and AMPK in skeletal muscle cells

Gamma-ray radiation is a unique way to induce chemical transformations of bioactive compounds. In the present study, we pursued this approach to the diversity-oriented synthesis of analogs of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), an abundant ecdysteroid with a range of beneficial, non-hormonal bioactivities in mammals including humans. Gamma irradiations of aqueous solutions of 20E were conducted either in N₂- or N₂O-saturated solutions. Centrifugal partition chromatography was used to fractionate crude resulting irradiated materials using a biphasic solvent system composed of tert-butyl alcohol - ethyl acetate - water (0.45:0.9:1, v/v/v) in ascending mode. Subsequently, the products were purified by RP-HPLC. Fourteen ecdysteroids, including five new compounds, were isolated, and their structure were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR and HRMS. Compounds 2-4, 7, 9, 12 and 15 were tested for their capacity to increase the Akt- and AMPK-phosphorylation of C2C12 murine skeletal myotubes in vitro. The compounds were similarly active on Akt as their parent compound. Stachysterone B (7) and a new ring-rearranged compound (12) were more potent than 20E in activating AMPK, indicating a stronger cytoprotective effect. Our results demonstrate the use of gamma irradiation in expanding the chemical diversity of ecdysteroids to obtain new, unusual bioactive metabolites.

Biologically Active Compounds in Stizolophus balsamita Inflorescences: Isolation, Phytochemical Characterization and Effects on the Skin Biophysical Parameters

Three germacranolides, as well as five flavonoids, natural steroid and simple phenolic compounds, were isolated from the inflorescence of Stizolophus balsamita growing in Iran. The paper presents active compounds found for the first time in the inflorescence of this species. The flavonoids, simple phenolic compounds and natural steroids have been isolated for the first time in the genus Stizolophus. The MTT assay was employed to study in vitro cytotoxic effects of the taxifolin against human fibroblasts. We also evaluate the possible biological properties/cosmetic effects of Stizolophus balsamita extract and taxifolin on the human skin. Sixty healthy Caucasian adult females with no dermatological diseases were investigated. We evaluate the effects of S. balsamita extract and taxifolin on skin hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). It was revealed that S. balsamita extract might decrease TEWL level and fixed the barrier function of the epidermis. The presence of bioactive phytochemical constituents in S. balsamita inflorescences makes them a valuable and safe source for creating new cosmetics and medicines.

Phytotherapy Perspectives for Treating Fungal Infections, Migraine, Sebhorreic Dermatitis and Hyperpigmentations with the Plants of the Centaureinae Subtribe (Asteraceae)

Sesquiterpene lactones, coumarins, phytoecdysones and phenolic compounds are characteristic of the species from the subtribe Centaureinae (Asteraceae). Many of the compounds isolated from plants of the Centaureinae subtribe have strong pharmacological properties. It may be suggested that these compounds' chemical structure might be an indicator of these pharmacological properties. The aim of the study was to describe recent studies in the field of phytotherapy, focusing on compounds isolated from chosen plants of Centaureinae and the possibilities of using them to treat antifungal infections, inhibit serotonin and ease symptoms of seborrhea dermatitis and hyperpigmentation. The results of these biological studies have shown that in the future, extracts from the above-mentioned plant material may be used as active substances in new safe and effective drugs.

Separation and HPLC Characterization of Active Natural Steroids in a Standardized Extract from the Serratula coronata Herb with Antiseborrheic Dermatitis Activity

Phytoecdysteroids are natural compounds with therapeutic benefits in both humans and animals. The effectiveness of natural products with health potential is based on the activities and potencies of their active ingredients. In this study, dominant ecdysteroids—ajugasterone C, 20-hydroxyecdysone and polypodine B—from the Serratula coronata (S. coronata) herb were separated by column chromatography, identified by spectroscopic data and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The obtained concentration of ecdysteroids (approximately 23%) in the S. coronatae herb extract enhances the possibility of their use in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products with high levels of phytoecdysteroids. Moreover, this study has shown a positive effect of ecdysteroids-containing cream on changes in quality of life and a beneficial effect in reducing the symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis. It has been demonstrated that the application of the cream with phytoecdysteroids resulted in a statistically significant alleviation of symptoms (p < 0.05), especially in terms of itching, pain or burning sensations in the affected areas in comparison to previous symptoms.

20-Hydroxyecdysone ameliorates metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunction in high-fat-high-fructose-fed ovariectomized rats

Background

Ecdysteroids are polyhydroxylated steroids present in invertebrates and plants. 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) is the most common and the main biologically active compound of ecdysteroids. Previous studies have demonstrated anabolic and metabolic effects of 20E in mammals. However, it is unknown whether 20E has a positive effect on all aspects of cardiometabolic syndrome. The aims of this study were to investigate the favorable effect and possible underlying mechanisms of 20E in a rat model of cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) induced by a high-calorie diet combined with female sex hormone deprivation.

Methods

20E (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, or 20 mg/kg) or pioglitazone (PIO) (10 mg/kg) was intragastrically administered to sham-operated Sprague-Dawley female rats and ovariectomized rats fed a high-fat-high-fructose diet (OHFFD) for 8 weeks. The phenotypic characteristics of CMS, including central adiposity, blood pressure, serum lipid profile, glucose tolerance, insulin action on skeletal muscle glucose transport activity and hepatic protein expression, were determined.

Results

Some CMS characteristics were improved by 20E treatment. Rats treated with 20E had lower body weight, abdominal fat accumulation than rats treated with vehicle control without changes in total caloric intake and fat-free mass. OHFFD rats exhibited high blood pressure, but 20E-treated rats maintained normal blood pressure with a lower level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol. Although 20E showed no positive effect on inducing insulin-mediated glucose transport in the skeletal muscle of OHFFD rats, 20E improved whole body glucose homeostasis. Analysis of protein expression in livers from 20E-treated rats revealed significantly increased expression of pAkt Ser⁴⁷³, pFOXO1 Ser²⁵⁶, pAMPKα Thr¹⁷², and FGF21.

Conclusion

20E treatment can alleviate cardiometabolic disorder caused by a high-fat-high-fructose diet and female sex hormone deprivation. In particular, 20E helps improve whole body insulin sensitivity in OHFFD rats, and the mechanisms that underlie this favorable effect are potentially mediated by the activation of AMPK and FGF21. The present study indicates that 20E could be an alternative therapeutic option for the prevention and alleviation of cardiometabolic syndrome.

Detection and quantitation of ecdysterone in human serum by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

The polyhydroxylated phytosteroid ecdysterone is present in various plants (e.g. spinach). It is widely marketed as the active component of dietary supplements, due to its reported health and performance promoting effects. For evaluation of its actual bioavailability, a fast and sensitive method was developed, optimized and validated for human serum. Instrumental analysis was performed utilizing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with positive electrospray ionization and acquisition in multiple reaction mode. Solid phase extraction and dilute-and-inject (following protein precipitation) were tested to isolate ecdysterone from human serum. Both methods were compared in the light of the preset analytical target profile. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) for ecdysterone in human serum after SPE extraction corresponded to 0.06 ng/mL and 0.14 ng/mL, respectively, meeting the requested sensitivity of the method. The assay was linear over the range of 0.10 ng/mL to 20.83 ng/mL. As expected, the sensitivity of the SPE method was better than that of the dilute-and-inject procedure, which did not allow for quantitation of all post administration serum samples. Accuracy (relative error; %) and precision (coefficient of variation; %), were both within acceptance criteria (<15%). The developed method was successfully applied to a ten week intervention study conducted in young men performing regular resistance training. Different doses of supplements containing ecdysterone from spinach extract have been administered during the study and the quantitation of ecdysterone in serum samples has been successfully conducted. Ecdysterone could be quantified in all post-administration samples using solid phase extraction (SPE) for sample pretreatment.

Ecdysteroids as non-conventional anabolic agent: performance enhancement by ecdysterone supplementation in humans

Recent studies suggest that the anabolic effect of ecdysterone, a naturally occurring steroid hormone claimed to enhance physical performance, is mediated by estrogen receptor (ER) binding. In comparison with the prohibited anabolic agents (e.g., metandienone and others), ecdysterone revealed to be even more effective in a recent study performed in rats. However, scientific studies in humans are very rarely accessible. Thus, our project aimed at investigating the effects of ecdysterone-containing products on human sport exercise. A 10-week intervention study of strength training of young men (n = 46) was carried out. Different doses of ecdysterone-containing supplements have been administered during the study to evaluate the performance-enhancing effect. Analysis of blood and urine samples for ecdysterone and potential biomarkers of performance enhancement has been conducted. To ensure the specificity of the effects measured, a comprehensive screening for prohibited performance-enhancing substances was also carried out. Furthermore, the administered supplement has been tested for the absence of anabolic steroid contaminations prior to administration. Significantly higher increases in muscle mass were observed in those participants that were dosed with ecdysterone. The same hypertrophic effects were also detected in vitro in C2C12 myotubes. Even more relevant with respect to sports performance, significantly more pronounced increases in one-repetition bench press performance were observed. No increase in biomarkers for liver or kidney toxicity was noticed. These data underline the effectivity of an ecdysterone supplementation with respect to sports performance. Our results strongly suggest the inclusion of ecdysterone in the list of prohibited substances and methods in sports in class S1.2 "other anabolic agents".

Activation of mineralocorticoid receptor by ecdysone, an adaptogenic and anabolic ecdysteroid, promotes glomerular injury and proteinuria involving overactive GSK3β pathway signaling

Ecdysone is an arthropod molting hormone and has been marketed as a non-androgenic natural anabolic and adaptogen. However, the safety profile of ecdysone is largely undetermined. After ecdysone treatment for 2 weeks, mice developed albuminuria with histologic signs of glomerular injury, including hypertrophy, mesangial expansion, mild glomerulosclerosis and podocyte injury. A direct glomerulopathic activity of ecdysone seems to contribute, since addition of ecdysone to cultured glomerular cells induced cytopathic changes, including apoptosis, activation of mesangial cells, podocyte shape changes and a decreased expression of podocyte markers. To explore the molecular target responsible for the pathogenic actions, we employed an in silico modeling system of compound-protein interaction and identified mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) as one of the top-ranking proteins with putative interactions with ecdysone. The molecular structure of ecdysone was highly homologous to mineralocorticoids, like aldosterone. Moreover, ecdysone was capable of both inducing and activating MR, as evidenced by MR nuclear accumulation in glomerular cells both in vitro and in vivo following ecdysone treatment. Mechanistically, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β, which has been recently implicated in pathogenesis of glomerular injury and proteinuria, was hyperactivated in glomeruli in ecdysone-treated mice, concomitant with diverse glomerulopathic changes. In contrast, spironolactone, a selective blockade of MR, largely abolished the cytopathic effect of ecdysone in vitro and attenuated albuminuria and glomerular lesions in ecdysone treated mice, associated with a mitigated GSK3β overactivity in glomeruli. Altogether, ecdysone seems able to activate MR and thereby promote glomerular injury and proteinuria involving overactive GSK3β pathway signaling.

Effect of elicitation and precursor feeding on accumulation of 20-hydroxyecdysone in Achyranthes aspera Linn. cell suspension cultures

20-Hydroxyecdysone is one of the most common ecdysteroids in plants with potential therapeutic applications. In this study, cell suspension cultures of Achyranthes aspera were raised in shake flasks to investigate the production of 20-hydroxyecdysone. The quantification and characterization of 20-hydroxyecdysone in the cultures were done by High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography-quadrupole time-of- flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF) analyses. For raising the suspension, calli initiated from in vitro grown leaf explants were cultured in liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium augmented with combinations of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (1 mg L-1) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (1 mg L-1). Maximum growth index of the cell suspension was 9.9, which was achieved during 20th day of culture (final phase of exponential growth). At this stage, the biomass accumulated was 1.09 ± 0.09 g dry weight (DW) and the 20-hydroxyecdysone concentration was 0.24 mg g-1 DW. Eliciting the cultures with 0.6 mM Methyl jasmonate for 6 days; enhanced the production of 20-hydroxyecdysone production to 0.35 mg g-1 DW. By augmenting the cultures with the precursors namely cholesterol (10 mg L-1) and 7-dehydrocholesterol (10 mg L-1), production of 20-hydroxyecdysone was boosted to 0.31 mg g-1 DW and 0.28 mg g-1 DW respectively.

Phytoecdysteroids as antifeedants towards several beetles that include polyphagous and monophagous feeding guilds

BACKGROUND

Plants are thought to produce ecdysteroids as a means of protection from insect herbivores. Some insects will not feed on plants containing high amounts of phytoecdysteroids, and this response could be limited to monophagous and oligophagous insects. The aim of this study was to determine whether phytoecdysteroids could inhibit feeding in several species of beetles that range from monophagous to polyphagous.

RESULTS

Here we demonstrate that phytoecdysteroids, including 20-hydroxyecdysone, prevent several beetle species from feeding on preferred host plants, including the polyphagous Japanese beetle Popillia japonica (Scarabaeidae). Phytoecdysteroids prevented feeding damage when sprayed onto soybean plants in no-choice and choice assays in a dose-dependent manner. Laboratory assays indicate that other plants could be protected from Japanese beetle herbivory, including linden, wild grape, elm, Virginia creeper and rose leaves. Additional beetle species tested in the family Chrysomelidae included the oligophagous Cerotoma trifurcata and Diabrotica virgifera virgifera and the monophagous Trirhabda canadensis. All species were prevented from feeding when their preferred host plants were treated with phytoecdysteroids.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that beetles, representing polyphagous and monophagous feeding guilds, can be prevented from feeding when phytoecdysteroids are applied to the leaf surface. The phytoecdysteroids could be utilized in pest management towards a variety of beetles, including the more pestiferous polyphagous species, if the compounds are placed on the leaf surface. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Backstabbing P-gp: Side-Chain Cleaved Ecdysteroid 2,3-Dioxolanes Hyper-Sensitize MDR Cancer Cells to Doxorubicin without Efflux Inhibition

P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1) over-expression, causing a multi-drug resistant (MDR) phenotype, is a major problem in cancer chemotherapy that urgently requires novel approaches. Our previous studies showed certain ecdysteroid derivatives as promising chemo-sensitizers against MDR and non-MDR cancer cell lines while also exerting mild to moderate inhibition of P-gp function. Here we report the preparation of a set of substituted 2,3-dioxolane derivatives of poststerone, a known in vivo metabolite of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). In contrast with previously studied ecdysteroid dioxolanes, the majority of the new compounds did not inhibit the efflux function of P-gp. Nevertheless, a strong, dose dependent sensitization to doxorubicin was observed on a P-gp transfected cancer cell line and on its susceptible counterpart. We also observed that the MDR cell line was more sensitive to the compounds' effect than the non-MDR. Our results showed for the first time that the chemo-sensitizing activity of ecdysteroids can be fully independent of functional efflux pump inhibition, and suggest these compounds as favorable leads against MDR cancer.

Ecdysteroid-containing food supplements from Cyanotis arachnoidea on the European market: evidence for spinach product counterfeiting

Phytoecdysteroids like 20-hydroxyecdysone (“ecdysterone”) can exert a mild, non-hormonal anabolic/adaptogenic activity in mammals, and as such, are frequently used in food supplements. Spinach is well-known for its relatively low ecdysteroid content. Cyanotis arachnoidea, a plant native in China, is among the richest sources of phytoecdysteroids, and extracts of this plant are marketed in tons per year amounts via the internet at highly competitive prices. Here we report the investigation of a series of food supplements produced in Germany and claimed to contain spinach extracts. Twelve ecdysteroids including two new compounds were isolated and utilized as marker compounds. A comparative analysis of the products with Cyanotis and spinach extracts provides evidence that they were manufactured from Cyanotis extracts instead of spinach as stated. Based on the chromatographic fingerprints, 20-hydroxyecdysone 2- and 3-acetate are suggested as diagnostic markers for related quality control. This case appears to represent an unusual type of dietary supplement counterfeiting: undeclared extracts from alternative plants would supposedly ‘guarantee’ product efficacy.

BBB penetration-targeting physicochemical lead selection: Ecdysteroids as chemo-sensitizers against CNS tumors

The anticancer potential of ecdysteroids, especially their chemo-sensitizing activity has recently gained a substantial scientific interest. A comprehensive physicochemical profiling was performed for a set of natural or semi-synthetic ecdysteroids (N=37) to identify a lead compound against central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Calculated properties, such as lipophilicity (clogP), topological polar surface area (TPSA), brain-to-plasma ratio (clogBB) along with the measured blood-brain barrier specific in vitro permeability (logP_e) were evaluated in parallel. Compounds with the highest CNS-availability predicted (clogBB>0.0 and logP_e>-6.0) showed moderate to high lipophilicity (clogP=3.89-5.25), relatively low TPSA (94.45Ų), and shared a common apolar 2,3- and 20,22-diacetonide motif (25, 30-33). These ecdysteroids were selected for testing their capacity to sensitize SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to vincristine. All of the five tested compounds exerted a remarkably strong, dose dependent chemo-sensitizing activity: at 2.5-10.0μM ecdysteroids increased the cytotoxic activity of vincristine one to three orders of magnitude in (e.g., from IC₅₀=39.5±2.9nM to as low as 0.056±0.03nM). Moreover, analysis of the combination index (CI) revealed outstanding synergism between ecdysteroids and vincristine (CI₅₀=0.072-0.444). Thus, based on drug-likeness, physchem character and in vitro CNS activity, compound 25 was proposed as a lead for further in vivo studies.

Plant ecdysteroids: plant sterols with intriguing distributions, biological effects and relations to plant hormones

The present review summarises current knowledge of phytoecdysteroids' biosynthesis, distribution within plants, biological importance and relations to plant hormones. Plant ecdysteroids (phytoecdysteroids) are natural polyhydroxylated compounds that have a four-ringed skeleton, usually composed of either 27 carbon atoms or 28-29 carbon atoms (biosynthetically derived from cholesterol or other plant sterols, respectively). Their physiological roles in plants have not yet been confirmed and their occurrence is not universal. Nevertheless, they are present at high concentrations in various plant species, including commonly consumed vegetables, and have a broad spectrum of pharmacological and medicinal properties in mammals, including hepatoprotective and hypoglycaemic effects, and anabolic effects on skeletal muscle, without androgenic side-effects. Furthermore, phytoecdysteroids can enhance stress resistance by promoting vitality and enhancing physical performance; thus, they are considered adaptogens. This review summarises current knowledge of phytoecdysteroids' biosynthesis, distribution within plants, biological importance and relations to plant hormones.

Assessing herbal products with health claims

Herbs, herbal extracts, or phytochemicals are broadly used as foods, drugs, and as traditional medicines. These are well regulated in Europe, with thorough controls on both safety and efficacy or validity of health claims. However, the distinction between medicines and foods with health claims is not always clear. In addition, there are several cases of herbal products that claim benefits that are not scientifically demonstrated. This review details the European Union (EU) legislative framework that regulates the approval and marketing of herbal products bearing health claims as well as the scientific evidence that is needed to support such claims. To illustrate the latter, we focus on phytoecdysteroid (PE)-containing preparations, generally sold to sportsmen and bodybuilders. We review the limited published scientific evidence that supports claims for these products in humans. In addition, we model the in silico binding between different PEs and human nuclear receptors and discuss the implications of these putative bindings in terms of the mechanism of action of this family of compounds. We call for additional research to validate the safety and health-promoting properties of PEs and other herbal compounds, for the benefit of all consumers.

Phytoecdysteroids and flavonoid glycosides among Chilean and commercial sources of Chenopodium quinoa: variation and correlation to physico-chemical characteristics

BACKGROUND

Little is known about varietal differences in the content of bioactive phytoecdysteroids (PE) and flavonoid glycosides (FG) from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). The aim of this study was to determine the variation in PE and FG content among 17 distinct quinoa sources and identify correlations to genotypic (highland vs. lowland) and physico-chemical characteristics (seed color, 100-seed weight, protein content, oil content).

RESULTS

PE and FG concentrations exhibited over four-fold differences across quinoa sources, ranging from 138 ± 11 µg g(-1) to 570 ± 124 µg g(-1) total PE content and 192 ± 24 µg g(-1) to 804 ± 91 µg g(-1) total FG content. Mean FG content was significantly higher in highland Chilean varieties (583.6 ± 148.9 µg g(-1)) versus lowland varieties (228.2 ± 63.1 µg g(-1)) grown under the same environmental conditions (P = 0.0046; t-test). Meanwhile, PE content was positively and significantly correlated with oil content across all quinoa sources (r = 0.707, P = 0.002; Pearson correlation).

CONCLUSION

FG content may be genotypically regulated in quinoa. PE content may be increased via enhancement of oil content. These findings may open new avenues for the improvement and development of quinoa as a functional food.

Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of the antitumor potential and chemo-sensitizing activity of fluorinated ecdysteroid derivatives

Efflux pumps, like the ABCB1 transporter, play an important role in the chemo-resistance of various tumors and particularly of cancer stem cells.

20-hydroxyecdysone accumulation and regulation in Ajuga lobata D. Don suspension culture

Suspension culture of Ajuga lobata D. Don cells provides a method of synthesis of the phytoecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) which can regulate the molting process of larvae. We characterized the culture conditions to optimize 20E production. Growth of A. lobata D. Don cells fits the logistic equation curve with a growth cycle of 19 days. Medium conductivity was negatively correlated with dry cell weight and 20E accumulation, thus could be used to determine the optimal time for cell harvest. Continuous subculture reduced 20E synthesis, but supplementing medium with 20E precursors mevalonic (MVA), α-Pinene, and nitric oxide (NO) can significantly promote cell growth and influence 20E accumulation. Combination of α-Pinene, MVA, and SNP significantly elevated 20E accumulation, thus may synergistically enhance 20E synthesis in A. lobata D. Don. The optimal concentrations of α-Pinene, MVA, and NO donor SNP in suspension culture were 50 μL L(-1), 10 mg L(-1), and 80 μmol L(-1).

Evaluating the effect of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE) on mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling in the skeletal muscle and liver of rats

Phytoecdysteroids such as 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE) are nutritional supplements marketed as enhancers of lean body mass. In this study the impact of 20HE ingestion on protein kinase B/Akt-mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling in the skeletal muscle and liver of male rats was found to be limited. Bioavailability of 20HE, whether consumed alone or with leucine, also remained low at all doses ingested. Additional work is necessary to clarify 20HE mechanism of action in vivo.

The minor ecdysteroids from Ajuga turkestanica

INTRODUCTION

Ajuga turkestanica is a plant used in traditional medicine for its high ecdysteroid content, including the presence of the particularly active turkesterone, which possess efficient anabolic activity.

OBJECTIVES

To isolate and identify minor ecdysteroids present in a semi-purified plant fraction containing ca. 70% turkesterone.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Multi-step preparative HPLC (combining RP- and NP-HPLC systems) was used to purify the different components present in the turkesterone fraction. Isolated compounds were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry and 2D-NMR.

RESULTS

Fourteen ecdysteroids (including turkesterone and 20-hydroxyecdysone) were isolated. Seven of these, all bearing an 11α-hydroxy group, were previously unreported.

CONCLUSION

Ajuga turkestanica ecdysteroids are characterised by the abundance of 11α-hydroxylated compounds and by the simultaneous presence of 24C, 27C, 28C and 29C ecdysteroids. It is expected that even more ecdysteroids are to be found in this plant since the starting material for this study lacked the less polar ecdysteroids. The simultaneous presence of 20-hydroxyecdysone and turkesterone (its 11α-hydroxy analogue) as the two major ecdysteroids suggests that every ecdysteroid is probably present in both 11α-hydroxy and 11-deoxy forms.

β-Ecdysone Augments Peak Bone Mass in Mice of Both Sexes

BACKGROUND

One of the strongest predictors for osteoporosis is peak bone mass. Interventions to augment peak bone mass have yet to be developed. β-Ecdysone (βEcd), a natural steroid-like compound produced by arthropods to initiate metamorphosis, is believed to have androgenic effects and so may be used to augment bone mass.

QUESTIONS/PURPOSES

The purpose of this study was to use both male and female (1) gonadal-sufficient; and (2) -insufficient mice to investigate sex differences in terms of bone development and structure after βEcd administration.

METHODS

Two-month-old male and female Swiss-Webster mice were randomized to receive either vehicle or βEcd (0.5 mg/kg) for 3 weeks. In a separate experiment to evaluate the effects of βEcd on sex hormone-deficient mice, gonadectomy was performed in male (orchiectomy [ORX]) and female mice (ovariectomy [OVX]). Sham-operated and the ORX/OVX mice were then treated for 3 weeks with βEcd. Primary endpoints for the study were trabecular bone structure and bone strength.

RESULTS

In male mice, the trabecular bone volume was 0.18±0.02 in the placebo-treated (PL) and 0.23±0.02 in the βEcd-treated group (p<0.05 versus PL); and 0.09±0.01 in the ORX group (p<0.05 versus PL) and 0.12±0.01 in the ORX+βEcd group. Vertebral bone strength (maximum load) was 43±2 in PL and 51±1 in the βEcd-treated group (p<0.05 versus PL); and 30±4 in the ORX group (p<0.05 versus PL) and 37±3 in the ORX+βEcd group. In female mice, trabecular bone volume was 0.23±0.02 in PL and 0.26±0.02 in the βEcd-treated group (p<0.05 versus PL); and 0.15±0.01 in the OVX group (p<0.05 versus PL) and 0.14±0.01 in the OVX+βEcd group. Maximum load of the vertebrae was 45±2 in PL and 48±4 in the βEcd-treated group; and 39±4 in the OVX group (p<0.05 versus PL) and 44±4 in the OVX+βEcd group.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest the potential use of βEcd in the augmentation of bone mass in growing male and female mice. It may also partially prevent the detrimental effects of gonadectomy on trabecular bone.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Our results support the potential use of βEcd or nature products that are rich in βEcd to augment peak bone mass. βEcd may differ from the other anabolic hormone treatments that may have severe side effects such as serious cardiac complications. However, its effects on humans remain to be determined.

Ecdysteroids: A novel class of anabolic agents?

Increasing numbers of dietary supplements with ecdysteroids are marketed as "natural anabolic agents". Results of recent studies suggested that their anabolic effect is mediated by estrogen receptor (ER) binding. Within this study the anabolic potency of ecdysterone was compared to well characterized anabolic substances. Effects on the fiber sizes of the soleus muscle in rats as well the diameter of C2C12 derived myotubes were used as biological readouts. Ecdysterone exhibited a strong hypertrophic effect on the fiber size of rat soleus muscle that was found even stronger compared to the test compounds metandienone (dianabol), estradienedione (trenbolox), and SARM S 1, all administered in the same dose (5 mg/kg body weight, for 21 days). In C2C12 myotubes ecdysterone (1 µM) induced a significant increase of the diameter comparable to dihydrotestosterone (1 µM) and IGF 1 (1.3 nM). Molecular docking experiments supported the ERβ mediated action of ecdysterone. To clarify its status in sports, ecdysterone should be considered to be included in the class "S1.2 Other Anabolic Agents" of the list of prohibited substances of the World Anti-Doping Agency.

The effect of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide on the ecdysteroid content in the leaves of Spinacia oleracea L

The aim of this study was to show whether/how the application of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide can affect the content of ecdysteroids in spinach leaves. Brassinosteroids and ecdysteroids, structurally related phytosterols, show effect on a range of processes in plants. Brassinosteroids increase biomass yield in some species, photosynthesis and resistance to stress, and ecdysteroids show effect on proteins responsible for binding of CO2 or water cleavage. The mutual interaction of these sterols in plants is unclear. The UPLC-(+)ESI-MS/MS analyses of extracts of treated and untreated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves show that the application of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide does influence the ecdysteroid content in plant tissues. The response differs for the major ecdysteroids and also differs from that for the minor ones and is dependent on the developmental stage of the leaves within the same plant or the 24-epibrassinolide concentration applied.

Innovations in Health Value and Functional Food Development of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd., Amaranthaceae) is a grain-like, stress-tolerant food crop that has provided subsistence, nutrition, and medicine for Andean indigenous cultures for thousands of years. Quinoa contains a high content of health-beneficial phytochemicals, including amino acids, fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, saponins, phytosterols, phytoecdysteroids, phenolics, betalains, and glycine betaine. Over the past 2 decades, numerous food and nutraceutical products and processes have been developed from quinoa. Furthermore, 4 clinical studies have demonstrated that quinoa supplementation exerts significant, positive effects on metabolic, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal health in humans. However, vast challenges and opportunities remain within the scientific, agricultural, and development sectors to optimize quinoa's role in the promotion of global human health and nutrition.

Compounds leached from quinoa seeds inhibit matrix metalloproteinase activity and intracellular reactive oxygen species

OBJECTIVE

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a seed crop rich in bioactive compounds including phytoecdysones (especially 20-hydroxyecdysone, 20HE), polyphenols, proteins and essential fatty acids. We previously reported a method to leach and concentrate quinoa bioactives into a complex phytochemical mixture termed quinoa leachate (QL). Here, we aimed to determine the effect of QL and its chemically distinct fractions on five biochemical endpoints relevant to skin care applications: (i) cell viability, (ii) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) mRNA expression, (iii) MMP enzymatic activity, (iv) tyrosinase enzymatic activity and (v) intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.

METHODS

Quinoa leachate was fractionated and chemically characterized using column chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Cell viability was determined using a MTT assay in four mammalian cell lines. MMP-1 mRNA expression was assessed in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) via qRT-PCR. The enzymatic activity of MMP-9 and tyrosinase was measured using fluorometric and colorimetric in vitro assays, respectively. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ROS production was determined in human dermal fibroblasts by fluorescence intensity of an oxidant-sensitive probe.

RESULTS

Quinoa leachate was separated into three fractions: (i) carbohydrate-rich fraction (QL-C; 71.3% w/w of QL); (ii) phytoecdysone, polyphenol and protein-rich fraction (QL-P, 13.3% w/w of QL); (iii) oil-rich fraction (QL-O, 10.8% w/w of QL). QL did not reduce cell viability in any of the four cell lines tested. QL, QL-P and QL-O each significantly inhibited MMP-1 mRNA expression in HDF at a concentration of 5 μg mL(-1) . QL and QL-P also significantly inhibited MMP-9 enzymatic activity, whereas QL-P demonstrated significant tyrosinase enzymatic inhibition. Furthermore, QL, QL-P, QL-O and 20HE significantly inhibited intracellular ROS production.

CONCLUSION

This study is the first to demonstrate the MMP, tyrosinase and ROS inhibiting properties of multiple different phytochemical components derived from quinoa seeds. Our work indicates that quinoa phytochemicals may play a role in the treatment and prevention of skin ageing through a multiplicity of effects.

UV-protective Effects of Phytoecdysteroids from Microsorum grossum Extracts on Human Dermal Fibroblasts

Microsorum grossum (Polypodiaceae), locally called metuapua'a, is one of the most frequently used fern species in Polynesian traditional medicine. Fronds or rhizomes of this species are common ingredients of popular medicine recipes to cure various ailments. M. grossum frond and rhizome extracts contain, as their main bioactive components, phytoecdysteroids such as 20-hydroxyecdysone, known to have many interesting biological activities and considered to be adaptogenic compounds [1]. The skin-active effect of M. grossum extract was investigated in two ways on human dermal fibroblasts: a transcriptomic study with c-DNA array for gene expression modulation and a Stress Induced Premature Senescence (SIPS) test. The total extract of M. grossum up-regulates Heme Oxygenase 1 (HO1), an enzyme which protects cells from oxidative stress and which is responsible for skin photoimmunoprotection. The present paper also reports that premature senescence of human skin induced by repeated UV irradiations can be prevented by an ecdysteroid fraction of M. grossum. Our data indicate that extracts of M. grossum could protect skin against oxidative stresses and suggest that they could be used as innovative active cosmetic ingredients.