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Li J, Holford P, Beattie GAC, Wu S, He J, Tan S, Wang D, He Y, Cen Y, Nian X. Adipokinetic hormone signaling mediates the enhanced fecundity of Diaphorina citri infected by ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'. eLife 2024; 13:RP93450. [PMID: 38985571 PMCID: PMC11236419 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diaphorina citri serves as the primary vector for 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas),' the bacterium associated with the severe Asian form of huanglongbing. CLas-positive D. citri are more fecund than their CLas-negative counterparts and require extra energy expenditure. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms linking metabolism and reproduction is of particular importance. In this study, we found adipokinetic hormone (DcAKH) and its receptor (DcAKHR) were essential for increasing lipid metabolism and fecundity in response to CLas infection in D. citri. Knockdown of DcAKH and DcAKHR not only resulted in the accumulation of triacylglycerol and a decline of glycogen, but also significantly decreased fecundity and CLas titer in ovaries. Combined in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that miR-34 suppresses DcAKHR expression by binding to its 3' untranslated region, whilst overexpression of miR-34 resulted in a decline of DcAKHR expression and CLas titer in ovaries and caused defects that mimicked DcAKHR knockdown phenotypes. Additionally, knockdown of DcAKH and DcAKHR significantly reduced juvenile hormone (JH) titer and JH signaling pathway genes in fat bodies and ovaries, including the JH receptor, methoprene-tolerant (DcMet), and the transcription factor, Krüppel homolog 1 (DcKr-h1), that acts downstream of it, as well as the egg development related genes vitellogenin 1-like (DcVg-1-like), vitellogenin A1-like (DcVg-A1-like) and the vitellogenin receptor (DcVgR). As a result, CLas hijacks AKH/AKHR-miR-34-JH signaling to improve D. citri lipid metabolism and fecundity, while simultaneously increasing the replication of CLas, suggesting a mutualistic interaction between CLas and D. citri ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Paul Holford
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | | | - Shujie Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jielan He
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijian Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Desen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yurong He
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijing Cen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoge Nian
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
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Han P, Gong Q, Fan J, Abbas M, Chen D, Zhang J. Destruxin A inhibits scavenger receptor B mediated melanization in Aphis citricola. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1915-1924. [PMID: 35080798 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Destruxin A (DA) is a mycotoxin secreted by entomogenous fungi, such as Metarhizium anisopliae, which has broad-spectrum insecticidal activity. Insect innate immunity provides resistance against the invasion of entomopathogenic fungi. Previous studies have shown that DA could inhibit the immune response, however, the suppressive mechanism of DA on prophenoloxidase system is still unknown. RESULTS Based on the transcriptome of Aphis citricola, we screened the scavenger receptor class B(AcSR-B)and identified that it significantly responds to DA. Spatio-temporal expression analysis showed that AcSR-B is highly expressed in adult stage and is mainly distributed in the abdominal region. We further revealed that both M. anisopliae and Escherichia coli could suppress the expression of AcSR-B at 24 h, and that the expressed recombinant protein rAcSR-B possessed agglutination activity to M. anisopliae and E. coli. DA could suppress the protein expression of AcSR-B. In addition, RNA interference of AcSR-B caused death of A. citricola in a dose-dependent manner, and RNA interference of AcSR-B increased mortality in A. citricola under the same lethal concentration of DA. The inhibiting effect of AcSR-B silencing was similar with the DA treatment upon phenol oxidase (PO) activity of A. citricola hemolymph. DA could not decrease PO activity further after AcSR-B silencing. CONCLUSION Destruxin A inhibits melanization by suppressing AcSR-B in A. citricola. Our findings are helpful in understanding the underlying molecular mechanism of the DA suppressing immune system, and uncover a potential molecular target for double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qitian Gong
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiqiao Fan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mureed Abbas
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
| | - Duo Chen
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
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Bodláková K, Černý J, Štěrbová H, Guráň R, Zítka O, Kodrík D. Insect Body Defence Reactions against Bee Venom: Do Adipokinetic Hormones Play a Role? Toxins (Basel) 2021; 14:toxins14010011. [PMID: 35050987 PMCID: PMC8780464 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bees originally developed their stinging apparatus and venom against members of their own species from other hives or against predatory insects. Nevertheless, the biological and biochemical response of arthropods to bee venom is not well studied. Thus, in this study, the physiological responses of a model insect species (American cockroach, Periplaneta americana) to honeybee venom were investigated. Bee venom toxins elicited severe stress (LD50 = 1.063 uL venom) resulting in a significant increase in adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) in the cockroach central nervous system and haemolymph. Venom treatment induced a large destruction of muscle cell ultrastructure, especially myofibrils and sarcomeres. Interestingly, co-application of venom with cockroach Peram-CAH-II AKH eliminated this effect. Envenomation modulated the levels of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in the haemolymph and the activity of digestive amylases, lipases, and proteases in the midgut. Bee venom significantly reduced vitellogenin levels in females. Dopamine and glutathione (GSH and GSSG) insignificantly increased after venom treatment. However, dopamine levels significantly increased after Peram-CAH-II application and after co-application with bee venom, while GSH and GSSG levels immediately increased after co-application. The results suggest a general reaction of the cockroach body to bee venom and at least a partial involvement of AKHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Bodláková
- Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.Č.); (H.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31a, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Černý
- Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.Č.); (H.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31a, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Štěrbová
- Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.Č.); (H.Š.)
| | - Roman Guráň
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1665/1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (R.G.); (O.Z.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Zítka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1665/1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (R.G.); (O.Z.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Kodrík
- Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.Č.); (H.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31a, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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Xu Z, Bai J, Li L, Liang L, Ma X, Ma L. Sublethal concentration of emamectin benzoate inhibits the growth of gypsy moth by inducing digestive dysfunction and nutrient metabolism disorder. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4073-4083. [PMID: 33908141 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is one of the most important pests in the world. Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is widely used in the control of agricultural and forestry pests. Here, we explored the sublethal effects of EMB on gypsy moths in order to better understand the toxicological mechanism of EMB. RESULTS The sublethal concentration of EMB exposure significantly decreased the larvae body weight. To further explore the mechanism, indicators related to digestion and nutrient metabolism were detected. The results showed that EMB exposure caused midgut damage, reduced the activities of digestive enzymes and changed the content of sugar and amino acids. Moreover, the expression of insulin/phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/forkhead box protein O (FoxO) pathway and sugar metabolism-related genes was abnormal. The expression of insulin receptor (InR), chico, PI3K, and protein kinase B (Akt) significantly reduced, and that of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) and FoxO increased. The expression of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) was upregulation and that of glycogen synthase (GS), trehalase (TRE) and trehalose-phosphate synthase (TPS) were downregulation. All results indicated that EMB inhibits the growth of gypsy moth by inducing midgut injury, digestive dysfunction and nutrient metabolism disorder. In addition, EMB caused midgut injury may be related to apoptosis or a collateral effect of the damage in other tissues, and more extensive and deeper research is still needed to investigate the detailed mechanism. CONCLUSION Our finding strengthens the understanding of the sublethal effect of EMB, and provides a theoretical basis for the application of EMB in the prevention and control of gypsy moth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Xu
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianyang Bai
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Liwei Liang
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Institute of Forest Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry, Harbin, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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Gautam UK, Hlávková D, Shaik HA, Karaca I, Karaca G, Sezen K, Kodrík D. Adipokinetic Hormones Enhance the Efficacy of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Isaria fumosorosea in Model and Pest Insects. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100801. [PMID: 32998278 PMCID: PMC7600585 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are neuropeptides with a wide range of actions, including the control of insect energy metabolism. These hormones are also known to be involved in the insect defence system against toxins and pathogens. In this study, our aim was to demonstrate whether the application of external AKHs significantly enhances the efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea in a model species (firebug Pyrrhocoris apterus) and pest species (Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis and pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum). It was found that the co-application of Isaria with AKHs significantly enhanced insect mortality in comparison to the application of Isaria alone. The mode of action probably involves an increase in metabolism that is caused by AKHs (evidenced by the production of carbon dioxide), which accelerates the turnover of Isaria toxins produced into the infected insects. However, several species-specific differences probably exist. Intoxication by Isaria elicited the stimulation of Akh gene expression and synthesis of AKHs. Therefore, all interactions between Isaria and AKH actions as well as their impact on insect physiology from a theoretical and practical point of view need to be discussed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Kumar Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (U.K.G.); (D.H.); (H.A.S.)
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, 32260 Isparta, Turkey; (I.K.); (G.K.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey;
| | - Daniela Hlávková
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (U.K.G.); (D.H.); (H.A.S.)
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Haq Abdul Shaik
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (U.K.G.); (D.H.); (H.A.S.)
| | - Ismail Karaca
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, 32260 Isparta, Turkey; (I.K.); (G.K.)
| | - Gürsel Karaca
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, 32260 Isparta, Turkey; (I.K.); (G.K.)
| | - Kazim Sezen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey;
| | - Dalibor Kodrík
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (U.K.G.); (D.H.); (H.A.S.)
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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Gautam UK, Bohatá A, Shaik HA, Zemek R, Kodrík D. Adipokinetic hormone promotes infection with entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 229:108677. [PMID: 31783176 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are known to be involved in insect immunity, thus their role in the cockroach Periplaneta americana infected with the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea was examined in this study. The application of I. fumosorosea resulted in a significant increase in both Akh gene expression and AKH peptide levels. Further, co-application of I. fumosorosea with Peram-CAH-II significantly enhanced cockroach mortality compared with the application of I. fumosorosea alone. The mechanism of AKH action could involve metabolic stimulation, which was indicated by a significant increase in carbon dioxide production; this effect can increase the turnover and thus efficacy of toxins produced by I. fumosorosea in the cockroach's body. I. fumosorosea treatment resulted in a significant decrease in haemolymph nutrients (carbohydrates and lipids), but co-application with Peram-CAH-II restored control level of lipids or even further increased the level of carbohydrates. Such nutritional abundance could enhance the growth and development of I. fumosorosea. Further, both I. fumosorosea and Peram-CAH-II probably affected oxidative stress: I. fumosorosea alone curbed the activity of catalase in the cockroach's gut, but co-application with Peram-CAH-II stimulated it. Interestingly, the hormone alone had no effect on catalase activity. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate the interactions between the fungus and AKH activity; understanding this relationship could provide insight into AKH action and may have practical implications for insect pest control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Kumar Gautam
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Bohatá
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Studentská 1668, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Haq Abdul Shaik
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Rostislav Zemek
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Kodrík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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