Stereoselective synthesis and antiviral activity of (1E,2Z,3E)-1-(piperidin-1-yl)-1-(arylhydrazono)-2-[(benzoyl/benzothiazol-2-oyl)hydrazono]-4-(aryl(1))but-3-enes

P38γ modulates the lipid metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health problem in Western countries and has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease. Although NAFLD is closely associated with obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance, its pathogenesis remains unclear. The disease begins with excessive accumulation of triglycerides in the liver, which in turn leads to liver cell damage, steatosis, inflammation, and so on. P38γ is one of the four isoforms of P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (P38 MAPKs) that contributes to inflammation in different diseases. In this research, we investigated the role of P38γ in NAFLD. In vivo, a NAFLD model was established by feeding C57BL/6J mice with a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet and adeno-associated virus (AAV9-shRNA-P38γ) was injected into C57BL/6J mice by tail vein for knockdown P38γ. The results indicated that the expression level of P38γ was upregulated in MCD-fed mice. Furthermore, the downregulation of P38γ significantly attenuated liver injury and lipid accumulation in mice. In vitro, mouse hepatocytes AML-12 were treated with free fatty acid (FFA). We found that P38γ was obviously increased in FFA-treated AML-12 cells, whereas knockdown of P38γ significantly suppressed lipid accumulation in FFA-treated AML-12 cells. Furthermore, P38γ regulated the Janus Kinase-Signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway. Inhibition of P38γ can inhibit the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting lipid accumulation in FFA-treated AML-12 cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that targeting P38γ contributes to the suppression of lipid accumulation in fatty liver disease.

A Review of the Biological Activity of Amidrazone Derivatives

Amidrazones are widely used in chemical synthesis, industry and agriculture. We compiled some of the most important findings on the biological activities of amidrazones described in the years 2010-2022. The data were obtained using the ScienceDirect, Reaxys and Google Scholar search engines with keywords (amidrazone, carbohydrazonamide, carboximidohydrazide, aminoguanidine) and structure strategies. Compounds with significant biological activities were included in the review. The described structures derived from amidrazones include: amidrazone derivatives; aminoguanidine derivatives; complexes obtained using amidrazones as ligands; and some cyclic compounds obtained from amidrazones and/or containing an amidrazone moiety in their structures. This review includes chapters based on compound activities, including: tuberculostatic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and antitumor compounds, as well as furin and acetylocholinesterase inhibitors. Detailed information on the compounds tested in vivo, along the mechanisms of action and toxicity of the selected amidrazone derivatives, are described. We describe examples of compounds that have a chance of becoming drugs due to promising preclinical or clinical research, as well as old drugs with new therapeutic targets (repositioning) which have the potential to be used in the treatment of other diseases. The described examples prove that amidrazone derivatives are a potential source of new therapeutic substances and deserve further research.

Synthesis of new series of thiazol-(2(3H)-ylideneamino)benzenesulfonamide derivatives as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Human carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes (hCA I and II) are important metabolic enzymes. In this study, a new series of thiazol-(2(3H)-ylideneamino)benzenesulfonamide derivatives were synthesized and also some inhibition parameters including IC50 (hydratese) and inhibition constant values (Ki , esterase) were determined. All studied compounds exhibited potent inhibition against these enzymes. They inhibited carbonic anhydrases (CAs) with the IC50 values of 113 to 395.8 nM (Ki  = 77.38-319.59 nM) for hCA I and 91.9 to 516 nM (Ki  = 62.79-425.89 nM) for hCA II. Among the compounds, 5c was found to be the most active one (Ki : 77.38 nM) for hCA I and 5g was found for hCA II with the value of 62.79 nM.

Benzothiazoles as potential antiviral agents

OBJECTIVES

The recent viral pandemic poses a unique challenge for healthcare providers. Despite the remarkable progress, the number of novel antiviral agents in the pipeline is woefully inadequate against the evolving virulence and drug resistance of current viruses. This highlights the urgent need for new and improved vaccines, diagnostics and therapeutic agents to obviate the viral pandemic.

KEY FINDINGS

Benzothiazole plays a pivotal role in the design and development of antiviral drugs. This is evident from the fact that it comprises many clinically useful agents. The current review is aimed to provide an insight into the recent development of benzothiazole-based antiviral agents, with a special focus on their structure-activity relationships and lead optimisation. One hundred and five articles were initially identified, and from these studies, 64 potential novel lead molecules and main findings were highlighted in this review.

SUMMARY

We hope this review will provide a logical perspective on the importance of improving the future designs of novel broad-spectrum benzothiazole-based antiviral agents to be used against emerging viral diseases.

Crystal structure of (4-chloro-phen-yl)(4-methyl-piperidin-1-yl)methanone

The title compound, C13H16ClNO, contains a methyl-piperidine ring in the stable chair conformation. The mean plane of the twisted piperidine ring subtends a dihedral angle of 39.89 (7)° with that of the benzene ring. In the crystal, weak C-H⋯O inter-actions link the mol-ecules along the a-axis direction to form infinite mol-ecular chains. H⋯H inter-atomic inter-actions, C-H⋯O inter-molecular inter-actions and weak dispersive forces stabilize mol-ecular packing and form a supra-molecular network, as established by Hirshfeld surface analysis.

Efficient Synthesis and Docking Studies of Novel Benzothiazole-Based Pyrimidinesulfonamide Scaffolds as New Antiviral Agents and Hsp90α Inhibitors

A series of novel substituted 2-pyrimidylbenzothiazoles incorporating either sulfonamide moieties or the amino group at C2 of the pyrimidine ring were synthesized and evaluated for its antiviral potency. The novel synthesis of the ring system was carried out by reacting guanidine or N-arylsulfonated guanidine with different derivatives of ylidene benzothiazole based on Michael addition pathways. The antiviral activity of the newly synthesized compounds was examined by a plaque reduction assay against HSV-1, CBV4, HAV HM 175, HCVcc genotype 4 viruses, and HAdV7. In the case of HSV-1, it was determined that 5 out of the 21 synthesized compounds exhibited superior viral reduction in the range of 70-90% with significant IC₅₀, CC₅₀, and SI values as compared with acyclovir. In the case of CBV4, nine compounds have shown more than 50% reduction. Comparable results were obtained for seven of these synthesized compounds when evaluated against HAV with only a couple of them showing 50% reduction or more against HCVcc genotype 4. Remarkably, one compound, 9a, has shown broad action against all five examined viruses, rendering it as potentially an effective antiviral agent. The five potent compounds 9a, 9b, 14b, 14g, and 14h against HSV-1 have also presented inhibitory activity against the Hsp90α protein with IC₅₀ in the range of 4.87-10.47 μg/mL. Interestingly, a combination of the potent synthesized compounds with acyclovir led to IC₅₀ values lower than that of acyclovir alone. The potent compounds 9a, 9b, 14b, 14g, and 14h were also docked inside the active site of Hsp90α to assess the interaction pattern between the tested compounds and the active site of the protein.

A novel water-soluble benzothiazole derivative BD926 inhibits human activated T cell proliferation by down-regulating the STAT5 activation

Immunosuppressants are widely used for treatment of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases and allogeneic graft rejection. However, because of the toxicity and tolerance of these drugs, novel immunosuppressants are urgently needed. We synthesized a series of novel water-soluble benzothiazole derivatives and found that BD926 [sodium 2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indazol-3-olate] had potent immunosuppressive activity. Treatment with BD926 significantly inhibited anti-CD3/anti-CD28 and alloantigen-induced human T cell proliferation as well as IL2-stimulated activated T cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. BD926 had no obvious cytotoxicity against human resting T cells, IL-4 treated activated T cells and fibroblast-like synoviocytes in our experimental conditions. Furthermore, BD926 induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and inhibited the cyclin D3 and CDK 6 expression in activated T cells. BD926 inhibited the STAT5, but not Akt and p70S6K, phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner in the IL-2-treated activated T cells. Interestingly, BD926 inhibited IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-17, but not IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10, production in activated T cells. Finally, treatment with BD926 reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, these data suggest that BD926 may be a lead compound for the design and development of new immunosuppressants for the intervention of allograft rejection and autoimmune diseases.

Synthesis, biological evaluation and 2D-QSAR study of halophenyl bis-hydrazones as antimicrobial and antitubercular agents

In continuation of our endeavor towards the development of potent and effective antimicrobial agents, three series of halophenyl bis-hydrazones (14a-n, 16a-d, 17a and 17b) were synthesized and evaluated for their potential antibacterial, antifungal and antimycobacterial activities. These efforts led to the identification of five molecules 14c, 14g, 16b, 17a and 17b (MIC range from 0.12 to 7.81 μg/mL) with broad antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Aspergillus fumigates; Gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, and Bacillis subtilis; and Gram negative bacteria, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Escherichia coli. Three of the most active compounds, 16b, 17a and 17b, were also devoid of apparent cytotoxicity to lung cancer cell line A549. Amphotericin B and ciprofloxacin were used as references for antifungal and antibacterial screening, while isoniazid and pyrazinamide were used as references for antimycobacterial activity. Furthermore, three Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) models were built to explore the structural requirements controlling the different activities of the prepared bis-hydrazones.

Utility of N-aryl 2-aroylhydrazono-propanehydrazonoyl chlorides as precursors for synthesis of new functionalized 1,3,4-thiadiazoles with potential antimicrobial activity

Starting from N-aryl 2-aroylhydrazono-propanehydrazonoyl chlorides, a series of new functionalized 1,3,4-thiadiazoles were prepared. The structures of the compounds prepared were confirmed by both elemental and spectral analyses as well as by alternate synthesis. The mechanisms of the studied reactions are outlined. The antimicrobial activities of the compounds prepared were screened and the results showed that most of such compounds exhibit considerable activities.

Oxadiazoles as privileged motifs for promising anticancer leads: recent advances and future prospects

Taking into account the rising trend of the incidence of cancers of various organs, effective therapies are urgently needed to control human malignancies. The rapid emergence of hundreds of new agents that modulate an ever-growing list of cancer-specific molecular targets offers tremendous hope for cancer patients. However, almost all of the chemotherapy drugs currently on the market cause serious side effects. Based on these facts, the design of new chemical entities as anticancer agents requires the simulation of a suitable bioactive pharmacophore. The pharmacophore not only should have the required potency but must also be safer on normal cell lines than on tumor cells. In this perspective, oxadiazole scaffolds with well-defined anticancer activity profile have fueled intense academic and industrial research in recent years. This paper is intended to highlight the recent advances along with current developments as well as future outlooks for the design of novel and efficacious anticancer agents based on oxadiazole motifs.

The reaction of ethyl 2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylate with hydrazine hydrate

Although salicylaldehyde azine (3) was reported in 1985 as the single product of the reaction of ethyl 2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylate (1) with hydrazine hydrate, we identified another main reaction product, besides 3, which was identified as malono-hydrazide (4). In the last two decades, however, some articles have claimed that this reaction afforded exclusively hydrazide 2 and they have reported the use of this hydrazide 2 as a precursor in the syntheses of several heterocyclic compounds and hydrazones 6. We reported herein a study of the formation of 2 and a facile route for the synthesis of the target compounds N'-arylidene-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbohydrazides 6a-f.

BD750, a benzothiazole derivative, inhibits T cell proliferation by affecting the JAK3/STAT5 signalling pathway

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

A series of benzothiazole derivatives were screened for immunosuppressive activity; of these compounds BD750 was found to be the most effective immunosuppressant. The purpose of the current study was to determine the immunosuppressive activity of BD750 on T cell proliferation and its potential mode of action.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

T cell proliferation, CD25 and CD69 expression and cell cycle distribution were measured in vitro by flow cytometry. Cell viability was determined by CCK-8 assay. Cytokine levels were measured by elisa. The activation of signal-regulated molecules was assessed by Western blot analysis. The effects of BD750 were evaluated in vivo in a mouse model of delayed-type hypersensitivity.

KEY RESULTS

BD750 significantly inhibited mouse and human T cell proliferation, stimulated either by anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies or by an alloantigen, in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. No obvious cytotoxic effects of BD750 were observed in our experimental conditions. Furthermore, BD750 did not inhibit CD25 and CD69 expression or IL-2 and IL-4 secretion, but induced cell cycle arrest at the G(0) /G(1) phase in activated T cells. In IL-2-stimulated CTLL-2 cells and primary activated T cells, BD750 inhibited cell proliferation and STAT5 phosphorylation, but not Akt or p70S6K phosphorylation. BD750 also reduced the T cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity response in mice in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

These data indicate that BD750 inhibits IL-2-induced JAK3/STAT5-dependent T cell proliferation. BD750 has the potential to be used as a lead compound for the design and development of new immunosuppressants for preventing graft rejection and treating autoimmune diseases.

Induced in-source fragmentation pattern of certain novel (1Z,2E)-N-(aryl)propanehydrazonoyl chlorides by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS)

Background

Collision induced dissociation (CID) in the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer system (QQQ) typically yields more abundant fragment ions than those produced with resonance excitation in the presence of helium gas in the ion trap mass spectrometer system (IT). Detailed product ion spectra can be obtained from one stage MS² scan using the QQQ. In contrast, generating the same number of fragment ions in the ion trap requires multiple stages of fragmentation (MSⁿ) using CID via in-trap resonance excitation with the associated time penalties and drop in sensitivity.

Results

The use of in-source fragmentation with electrospray ionization (ESI) followed by product ion scan (MS²) in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer system, was demonstrated. This process enhances the qualitative power of tandem mass spectrometry to simulate the MS³ of ion trap for a comprehensive study of fragmentation mechanisms. A five pharmacologically significant (1Z, 2E)-N-arylpropanehydrazonoyl chlorides (3a-e) were chosen as model compounds for this study. In this work, detailed fragmentation pathways were elucidated by further dissociation of each fragment ion in the ion spectrum, essentially, by incorporating fragmentor voltage induced dissociation (in-source fragmentation) and isolation of fragments in a quadrupole cell Q1. Subsequently, CID occurs in cell, Q2, and fragment ions are analyzed in Q3 operated in product ion mode this process can be referred to as pseudo-MS³ scan mode.

Conclusions

This approach allowed unambiguous assignment of all fragment ions using tandem mass spectrometer and provided adequate sensitivity and selectivity. It is beneficial for structure determination of unknown trace components. The data presented in this paper provide useful information on the effect of different substituents on the ionization/fragmentation processes and can be used in the characterization of this important class of compounds.

Design, synthesis and pharmacophoric model building of novel substituted nicotinic acid hydrazones with potential antiproliferative activity

Novel 6-aryl-2-methylnicotinic acid hydrazides 4a-c and their corresponding hydrazones 5a-c and 6a-i were synthesized. X-ray single crystal diffraction of 6h confirmed the chemical structure of hydrazones 6a-i. Antiproliferative activity of the synthetic compounds was investigated against K562 leukemia cell lines. Variable cell growth inhibitory activities were obtained with IC₅₀ range from 24.99 to 66.78 μM where the compound 6c exhibited the maximum activity. Structure activity relationship analysis has been performed and a common pharmacophore model for the synthesized derivatives has been obtained by using the pharmacophore elucidation module of the software MOE. The best model obtained is characterized by two projected locations of potential H-bond donors (F 3 and F4) and two Aromatic annotations (F1 and F2).

(Z)-1-(4-Methyl-phen-yl)-2-(phenyl-sulfon-yl)ethanone oxime

The mol-ecule of the title compound, C(15)H(15)NO(3)S, has a twisted U-shaped conformation: the twist occurs at the central C-S(=O)(2)-C-C-C unit and the benzene ring makes a dihedral angle of 28.74 (7)° with the phenyl ring. The S-C-C=N torsion angle is -88.95 (13)°. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds generate R(2) (2)(6) loops, and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds connect the dimers into a three-dimensional network.

(1Z,2E)-N'-{1-[2-(4-Bromo-phen-yl)hydrazin-1-yl-idene]-1-chloro-propan-2-yl-idene}thio-phene-2-carbohydrazide

In the title compound, C(14)H(12)BrClN(4)OS, the thienyl ring is disordered over two orientations with a site-occupancy ratio of 0.853 (2):0.147 (2). The mol-ecule is roughly planar, with the dihedral angles between the thienyl and benzene rings being 6.24 (16) and 9.7 (11)° for the major and minor components, respectively. The central fragment is almost planar [r.m.s. deviation = 0.0275 (2) Å for the ten non-H atoms]. The mean plane through this middle unit makes a dihedral angle of 2.71 (7)° with the benzene ring, whereas these values are 4.46 (15) and 7.7 (11)° for the major and minor components of the thienyl ring, respectively. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked into dimers by pairs of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming R(2) (2)(8) ring motifs. These dimers are arranged into sheets parallel to the ac plane.

(1Z,2E)-N'-{2-Chloro-1-methyl-2-[2-(4-methyl-phen-yl)hydrazin-1-yl-idene]ethyl-idene}-4-meth-oxy-benzohydrazide

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C₁₈H₁₉ClN₄O₂, contains two mol­ecules, in which the dihedral angles between the benzene rings are 43.60 (12) and 58.65 (13)°. The hydrazine N atoms are twisted slightly out of the planes of the tolyl and meth­oxy­benzene rings: the C—C—N—N and N—N—C—C torsion angles are 171.1 (2) and −174.4 (2)°, respectively, for one mol­ecule and −177.4 (2) and −170.6 (2)°, respectively, for the other. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into chains propagating along the b-axis direction.

1-(4-Methyl-phen-yl)-2-(phenyl-sulfon-yl)ethanone

In the title compound, C(15)H(14)O(3)S, the benzene and phenyl rings make a dihedral angle of 33.56 (16)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a layer parallel to the ab plane.

Design and synthesis of new 4-pyrazolin-3-yl-1,2,3-triazoles and 1,2,3-triazol-4-yl-pyrazolin-1-ylthiazoles as potential antimicrobial agents

New pyrazolyl-1,2,3-triazoles and 1,2,3-triazol-4-yl-pyrazolylthiazoles were synthesized through multi step reactions using 1-tolylyl-4-acetyl-5-methyl-1,2,3-triazole as a precursor. All the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral and elemental analyses. The structure of 11b was evidenced by X-ray crystallographic study. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities and also their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against most of test organisms was performed. Amongst the tested compounds 5a, 5c, 11b and 11c displayed excellent antimicrobial activity.

2-(6-Phenyl-7H-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazin-3-yl)-1,3-benzothiazole

In the title compound, C₁₇H₁₁N₅S₂, the dihedral angles formed between the triazole ring and the benzene ring and the 1,3-benzothia­zole ring system are 8.67 (8) and 13.90 (9)°, respectively. The conformation of the triazolo-thia­diazin-3-yl fused ring system is a twisted half-chair. Overall, the mol­ecule adopts a flattened shape. Supra­molecular helical chains along the a axis sustained by C—H⋯N inter­actions are found in the crystal structure. These are linked via C—H⋯π contacts as well as π–π [centroid–centroid distance = 3.5911 (12) Å] inter­actions between the triazole and thia­zole rings.

1-(4-Bromo-phen-yl)-2-(phenyl-sulfon-yl)ethanone

The overall conformation of the title mol­ecule, C₁₄H₁₁BrO₃S, is L-shaped, as seen in the value of the dihedral angle formed between the terminal benzene rings of 75.44 (13)°. The presence of C—H⋯O inter­actions leads to the formation of linear supra­molecular chains along the a-axis direction in the crystal structure. These are connected into supra­molecular arrays in the ab plane via C—H⋯π contacts.

N'-[(1E,2E)-1-(2-Phenyl-hydrazin-1-yl-idene)-1-(phenyl-sulfon-yl)propan-2-yl-idene]benzohydrazide

The configuration about each C=N bond in the title compound, C₂₂H₂₀N₄O₃S, is E. While to a first approximation the phenyl­hydrazin-1-yl­idene and benzohydrazide residues are coplanar, in part due to the presence of an intra­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bond, significant twists are evident in the orientations of the hydrazine [N—N—C—C torsion angle = −170.74 (11)°] and benzoyl benzene [N—C—C—C = −21.72 (18)°] rings. The sulfonyl benzene ring occupies a position almost normal to the rest of the mol­ecule [C—S—C—N = −92.28 (10)°]. Centrosymmetric aggregates mediated by pairs of hydrazide–sulfonyl N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are the predominant packing motif in the crystal. These are connected into linear supra­molecular chains via C—H⋯O inter­actions which are, in turn, linked into layers in the ac plane via C—H⋯π inter­actions. Connections between layers along the b-axis direction are of the π–π type and occur between centrosymmetrically related hydrazine-bound benzene rings [centroid–centroid separation = 3.7425 (9) Å].

Synthesis and anti-microbial activity of some 1- substituted amino-4,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-pyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives

A new series of 1- substituted amino-4,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-pyridine-3-carbonitrile such as hydrazide hydrazones 3a-h; ethane-1,2-diaminopyridine 6; phthalimidopyridines 8a,b; hydrazides 10a,b; urea 11a and thiourea 11b were synthesized in a good to excellent yield in step efficient process, using 1-amino-4,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile (1) as a key intermediate. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated. The obtained data indicated that the majority of the tested compounds exhibited both antibacterial and antifungal activities, particularly compounds 8a and 8b showed a comparable effect to a well known antibacterial and antifungal agents.

1-[(Z)-2-Phenyl-hydrazin-1-yl-idene]-1-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-2-one

A Z configuration about the imine bond [1.3025 (18) Å] in the title compound, C₁₄H₁₉N₃O, allows for the formation of an intra­moleclar N—H⋯N hydrogen bond between the hydrazone H and piperidine N atoms; the carbonyl group is disposed to lie over the piperidine residue, which is in a chair form. A twist between the terminal benzene ring and the hydrazine residue is seen [N—N—C—C torsion angle = 163.81 (12)°]. Helical supra­molecular chains along the c axis mediated by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are the most prominent feature of the crystal packing. The chains are connected into layers lying in the ac plane by weak C—H⋯π contacts involving two methyl­ene H atoms and an adjacent benzene ring.

Synthesis of Diarylpyrazoles Containing a Phenylsulphone or Carbonitrile Moiety and their Chalcones as Possible Anti-Inflammatory Agents

A series of chalcone-based diarylpyrazoles containing a phenylsulphone or carbonitrile moiety was synthesized. Thus, 3-acetylpyrazoles 6a-c and 10a-c were used as useful substrates in facile synthesis of functional pyrazoles 7a-f and 11a-f, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activity and ulcerogenic effect were evaluated and some of the obtained products possessed a significant anti-inflammatory activity. 1-[1-(3-Methylphenyl)-5-phenyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]ethanone (6b) showed a high activity when compared with indomethacin as reference drug with lower gastrointestinal (GI) profile. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were performed in order to rationalize the obtained biological results.

Microwave-assisted one-step synthesis of fenamic acid hydrazides from the corresponding acids

A facile and efficient method for synthesis of fenamic acid hydrazides from their acids in one-step reaction under microwave irradiation and solvent-free conditions was developed. Compared with the two-step conventional heating method, the process was simple, the reaction time was very short and the yields were almost quantitative.