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Rozbicki P, Oğuz E, Wolińska E, Türkan F, Cetin A, Branowska D. Synthesis and examination of 1,2,4-triazine-sulfonamide hybrids as potential inhibitory drugs: Inhibition effects on AChE and GST enzymes in silico and in vitro conditions. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024:e2400182. [PMID: 38771105 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The crucial functions of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in neurotransmission and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in detoxification and cellular protection underscore their pivotal roles as key enzymes, essential for maintaining the integrity of neurological and cellular homeostasis. For this purpose, a series of 1,2,4-triazine-sulfonamide hybrids (3a-r) was successfully synthesized, and subsequently evaluated for their inhibitory effects on AChE and GST. The investigation was complemented by molecular docking studies and ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) predictions. The synthesized hybrids demonstrated significant promise in inhibiting both AChE and GST activities. Molecular docking analyses provided insights into the interactions between the compounds and the target enzymes, shedding light on potential binding modes and key amino acid residues involved. Furthermore, the study benefited from ADMET predictions, offering valuable information on the compounds' pharmacokinetic properties and potential toxicity. The promising results obtained from this comprehensive approach highlight the potential of these 1,2,4-triazine-sulfonamide hybrids as effective inhibitors of AChE and GST, paving the way for further development and optimization in the pursuit of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ercan Oğuz
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Health Services Vocational School, Igdır University, Igdır, Turkey
| | - Ewa Wolińska
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Siedlce, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Fikret Türkan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Igdır University, Igdır, Turkey
| | - Adnan Cetin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Danuta Branowska
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Siedlce, Siedlce, Poland
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Ahmed K, Bashir M, Bano R, Sarfraz M, Khan HU, Khan S, Sharif A, Waseem A, Gilani MA, Batool K, Idrees R, Rauf A, Saleem RSZ, Arshad M. Potent heteroaromatic hydrazone based 1,2,4-triazine motifs: synthesis, anti-oxidant activity, cholinesterase inhibition, quantum chemical and molecular docking studies. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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3
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Mondal J, Sivaramakrishna A. Functionalized Triazines and Tetrazines: Synthesis and Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:34. [PMID: 35737142 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecules possessing triazine and tetrazine moieties belong to a special class of heterocyclic compounds. Both triazines and tetrazines are building blocks and have provided a new dimension to the design of biologically important organic molecules. Several of their derivatives with fine-tuned electronic properties have been identified as multifunctional, adaptable, switchable, remarkably antifungal, anticancer, antiviral, antitumor, cardiotonic, anti-HIV, analgesic, anti-protozoal, etc. The objective of this review is to comprehensively describe the recent developments in synthesis, coordination properties, and various applications of triazine and tetrazine molecules. The rich literature demonstrates various synthetic routes for a variety of triazines and tetrazines through microwave-assisted, solid-phase, metal-based, [4+2] cycloaddition, and multicomponent one-pot reactions. Synthetic approaches contain linear, angular, and fused triazine and tetrazine heterocycles through a combinatorial method. Notably, the triazines and tetrazines undergo a variety of organic transformations, including electrophilic addition, coupling, nucleophilic displacement, and intramolecular cyclization. The mechanistic aspects of these heterocycles are discussed in a detailed way. The bioorthogonal application of these polyazines with various strained alkenes and alkynes provides a new prospect for investigations in chemical biology. This review systematically encapsulates the recent developments and challenges in the synthesis and possible potential applications of various triazine and tetrazine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydip Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India
| | - Akella Sivaramakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India.
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Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of aryl oxadiazole linked 1,2,4-triazine derivatives as anticonvulsant agents. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02880-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Alshammari NAH, Bakhotmah DA. Synthesis, Reactivity, and Applications of 4-Amino-3-Thioxo/Hydrazino-6-Substituted-1,2,4-Triazin-5-Ones and Their Derivatives: A Review. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2025863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nawaa Ali H. Alshammari
- Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina A. Bakhotmah
- Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Hu L, Fan M, Shi S, Song X, Wang F, He H, Qi B. Dual target inhibitors based on EGFR: Promising anticancer agents for the treatment of cancers (2017-). Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113963. [PMID: 34749202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The EGFR family play a significant role in cell signal transduction and their overexpression is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous human solid cancers. Inhibition of the EGFR-mediated signaling pathways by EGFR inhibitors is a widely used strategy for the treatment of cancers. In most cases, the EGFR inhibitors used in clinic were only effective when the cancer cells harbored specific activating EGFR mutations which appeared to preserve the ligand-dependency of receptor activation but altered the pattern of downstream signaling pathways. Moreover, cancer is a kind of multifactorial disease, and therefore manipulating a single target may result in treatment failure. Although drug combinations for the treatment of cancers proved to be successful, the use of two or more drugs concurrently still was a challenge in clinical therapy owing to various dose-limiting toxicities and drug-drug interactions caused by pharmacokinetic profiles changed. Therefore, a single drug targeting two or multiple targets could serve as an effective strategy for the treatment of cancers. In recent, drugs with diverse pharmacological effects have been shown to be more advantageous than combination therapies due to their lower incidences of side effects and more resilient therapies. Accordingly, dual target-single-agent strategy has become a popular field for cancer treatment, and researchers became more and more interest in the development of novel dual-target drugs in recent years. In this review, we briefly introduce the EGFR family proteins and synergisms between EGFR and other anticancer targets, and summarizes the development of potential dual target inhibitors based on wild-type and/or mutant EGFR for the treatment of solid cancers in the past five years. Additionally, the rational design and SARs of these dual target agents are also presented in detailed, which will lay a significant foundation for the further development of novel EGFR-based dual inhibitors with excellent druggability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mengmeng Fan
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shengmin Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaomeng Song
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huan He
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Baohui Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China.
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Pal R, Singh K, Khan SA, Chawla P, Kumar B, Akhtar MJ. Reactive metabolites of the anticonvulsant drugs and approaches to minimize the adverse drug reaction. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113890. [PMID: 34628237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several generations of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are available in the market for the treatment of seizures, but these are amalgamated with acute to chronic side effects. The most common side effects of AEDs are dose-related, but some are idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (ADRs) that transpire due to the formation of reactive metabolite (RM) after the bioactivation process. Because of the adverse reactions patients usually discontinue the medication in between the treatment. The AEDs such as valproic acid, lamotrigine, phenytoin etc., can be categorized under such types because they form the RM which may prevail with life-threatening adverse effects or immune-mediated reactions. Hepatotoxicity, teratogenicity, cutaneous hypersensitivity, dizziness, addiction, serum sickness reaction, renal calculi, metabolic acidosis are associated with the metabolites of drugs such as arene oxide, N-desmethyldiazepam, 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylsuccinimide, 2-(sulphamoy1acetyl)-phenol, E-2-en-VPA and 4-en-VPA and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, etc. The major toxicities are associated with the moieties that are either capable of forming RM or the functional groups may itself be too reactive prior to the metabolism. These functional groups or fragment structures are typically known as structural alerts or toxicophores. Therefore, minimizing the bioactivation potential of lead structures in the early phases of drug discovery by a modification to low-risk drug molecules is a priority for the pharmaceutical companies. Additionally, excellent potency and pharmacokinetic (PK) behaviour help in ensuring that appropriate (low dose) candidate drugs progress into the development phase. The current review discusses about RMs in the anticonvulsant drugs along with their mechanism vis-a-vis research efforts that have been taken to minimize the toxic effects of AEDs therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, G.T. Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Karanvir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, G.T. Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Shah Alam Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Oman
| | - Pooja Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, G.T. Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, G.T. Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
| | - Md Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, G.T. Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Oman.
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8
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Pal R, Kumar B, Akhtar MJ, Chawla PA. Voltage gated sodium channel inhibitors as anticonvulsant drugs: A systematic review on recent developments and structure activity relationship studies. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105230. [PMID: 34416507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channel blockers are one of the vital targets for the management of several central nervous system diseases, including epilepsy, chronic pain, psychiatric disorders, and spasticity. The voltage-gated sodium channels play a key role in controlling cellular excitability. This reduction in excitotoxicity is also applied to improve the symptoms of epileptic conditions. The effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs as sodium channel depends upon the reversible blocking of the spontaneous discharge without blocking its propagation. There are number of antiepileptic drug(s) which are in pipeline to flour the market to conquer abnormal neuronal excitability. They inhibit the seizures through the inhibition of complex voltage- and frequency-dependent ionic currents through sodium channels. Over the past decade, the sodium channel is one of the most explored targets to control or treat the seizure, but there has not been any game-changing discovery yet. Although there are large numbers of drugs approved for the treatment of epilepsy, however they are associated with several acute to chronic side effects. Many research groups have tirelessly worked for better therapeutic medication on this popular target to treat epileptic seizures. The review quotes briefly the developments of the approved examples of sodium channel blockers as anticonvulsant drugs. Medicinal chemists have tried the design and development of some more potent anticonvulsant drugs to minimize the toxicity that are discussed here, and an emphasis is given for their possible mechanism and the structure-activity relationship (SAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Md Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO620, PC 130 Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Pooja A Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India.
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9
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Lamie PF, El-Kalaawy AM, Abdel Latif NS, Rashed LA, Philoppes JN. Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-based dual EGFR T790M/HER2 inhibitors: Design, synthesis, structure-activity relationship and biological activity as potential antitumor and anticonvulsant agents. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113222. [PMID: 33545637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new series of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine/triazine hybrids 6a-r was designed as antitumor and anticonvulsant agents. All the prepared compounds were evaluated against colon (HCT-116), breast (MCF-7) and normal human fibroblast (WI38) cell lines. The most potent derivatives against HCT-116 and MCF-7 cells were 6o and 6q, with IC50 = 4.80 and 6.50 nM, respectively, when compared to lapatinib, the reference drug (IC50 = 12.00 and 21.00 nM, on HCT-116 and MCF-7, sequentially). All other derivatives exhibited good to moderate cytotoxic activity. Four compounds 6f, 6j, 6o and 6q were evaluated for their EGFR T790M/HER2 inhibitory activity. They revealed 81.81-65.70% and 86.66-54.49% inhibitory activity against EGFR T790M and HER2 in a sequent. The most potent derivatives 6o and 6q were further estimated for cell cycle analysis showing pre G1 apoptotic activity and cell growth arrest at G2/M phase. Apoptotic marker proteins expression levels (caspase-3/7/9, Bax and Bcl-2) were measured for 6o and 6q. They showed pro-apoptotic effect by increasing caspase-3/7/9 protein levels and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Moreover, anticonvulsant activity for the prepared compounds 6a-r were evaluated in vivo using lithium-pilocarpine mice model of Status Epilepticus. EEG changes where recorded and MDA, GSH, GABA and glutamate were measured in brain tissue of different groups. All tested compounds revealed variable anti-epileptic effects, the most potent compounds were 6b and 6m. Also 6d, 6e, 6h, 6i, 6k, 6l and 6n compounds exhibited good anti-seizure activity, while compound 6j showed the lower activity. The rest of compounds displayed a neutral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe F Lamie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa M El-Kalaawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Noha S Abdel Latif
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Laila A Rashed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - John N Philoppes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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de Oliveira Carneiro Brum J, França TCC, LaPlante SR, Villar JDF. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Hydrazones and Derivatives: A Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:342-368. [PMID: 31612828 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666191014142448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrazones and their derivatives are very important compounds in medicinal chemistry due to their reported biological activity for the treatment of several diseases, like Alzheimer's, cancer, inflammation, and leishmaniasis. However, most of the investigations on hydrazones available in literature today are directed to the synthesis of these molecules with little discussion available on their biological activities. With the purpose of bringing lights into this issue, we performed a revision of the literature and wrote this review based on some of the most current research reports of hydrazones and derivatives, making it clear that the synthesis of these molecules can lead to new drug prototypes. Our goal is to encourage more studies focused on the synthesis and evaluation of new hydrazones, as a contribution to the development of potential new drugs for the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Oliveira Carneiro Brum
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Military Institute of Engineering, Praca General Tiburcio 80, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tanos Celmar Costa França
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Universite du Quebec, INRS-Centre Armand-Frapier Sante Biotechnologie, 531, Boulevard de Praires, Laval H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Steven R LaPlante
- Universite du Quebec, INRS-Centre Armand-Frapier Sante Biotechnologie, 531, Boulevard de Praires, Laval H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - José Daniel Figueroa Villar
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Military Institute of Engineering, Praca General Tiburcio 80, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Jha M, Alam O, Naim MJ, Sharma V, Bhatia P, Sheikh AA, Nawaz F, Alam P, Manaithiya A, Kumar V, Nazar S, Siddiqui N. Recent advancement in the discovery and development of anti-epileptic biomolecules: An insight into structure activity relationship and Docking. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 153:105494. [PMID: 32730845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although there have been many advancements in scientific research and development, the cause of epilepsy still remains an open challenge. In spite of high throughput research in the field of anti-epileptic drugs, efficacy void is still prevalent before the researchers. Researchers have persistently been exploring all the possibilities to curb undesirable side effects of the anti-epileptic drugs or looking for a more substantial approach to diminish or cure epilepsy. The drug development has shown a hope to medicinal chemists and researchers to carry further research by going through a substantial literature survey. This review article attempts to describe the recent developments in the anti-epileptic agents, pertaining to different molecular scaffolds considering their structure-activity relationship, docking studies and their mechanism of actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund Jha
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Ozair Alam
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Mohd Javed Naim
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Vrinda Sharma
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Parth Bhatia
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Aadil Ahmad Sheikh
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Farah Nawaz
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Perwaiz Alam
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Ajay Manaithiya
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Cardiology, Fortis Heart Institute, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Shagufi Nazar
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Nadeem Siddiqui
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
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Grover G, Nath R, Bhatia R, Akhtar MJ. Synthetic and therapeutic perspectives of nitrogen containing heterocycles as anti-convulsants. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115585. [PMID: 32631563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the commonly prevailing neurological disorders. According to the reports, it is evident that about 80% of the epileptic cases have been observed in developing countries. Although there are many drugs with significant potency available in the market; still there is an issue of selectivity and toxicity. Therefore, continuous attempts have been made by the researchers to develop newer therapeutic agents against epilepsy. Many synthetic strategies have been available in the literature to synthesize various classes of anticonvulsants with promising activity. In the presented review, authors have summarized some newer synthetic routes being used for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing anticonvulsants taking a cue from the reported established anticonvulsant drugs viz. vigabatrin, sodium valproate, oxcarbazepine, felbamate, retigabine, and gabapentin. Various derivatives with the substitution for better anticonvulsant profile have been described in the figures for easy comparative study. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of compounds with maximum potency has also been discussed. This article may serve as a boost for the researchers to modify the pre-existing synthetic routes as well as to improve potency and yield of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourav Grover
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur G.T. Road MOGA-142001, Punjab, India
| | - Rajarshi Nath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur G.T. Road MOGA-142001, Punjab, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur G.T. Road MOGA-142001, Punjab, India.
| | - Md Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur G.T. Road MOGA-142001, Punjab, India.
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Verma T, Sinha M, Bansal N. Heterocyclic Compounds Bearing Triazine Scaffold and Their Biological Significance: A Review. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:4-28. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666191028111351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Benzene is a six-membered hydrocarbon ring system and if three carbon-hydrogen units of benzene ring are replaced by nitrogen atoms then triazine is formed. Triazines are present in three isomeric forms 1,2,3- triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, and 1,3,5-triazine according to the position of the nitrogen atom. These are weak bases having weaker resonance energy than benzene, so nucleophilic substitution is preferred than electrophilic substitution. Triazine is an interesting class of heterocyclic compounds in medicinal chemistry. Numerous synthetic derivatives of triazine have been prepared and evaluated for a wide spectrum of biological activities in different models with desired findings such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-cancer, antiviral, antimalarial, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, insecticidal and herbicidal agents. Triazine analogs have exposed potent pharmacological activity. So, triazine nucleus may be considered as an interesting core moiety for researchers for the development of future drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarawanti Verma
- I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University (IKGPTU), Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Sinha
- Laureate Institute of Pharmacy, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Nitin Bansal
- Department of Pharmacology, ASBASJSM College of Pharmacy, BELA, Ropar, Punjab, India
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Li SY, Zhai WQ, Li ZW, Li A, Jiang YM, Li W. Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Insulin-Enhancing Activity of Vanadium(V) Complexes with Hydrazone Ligands. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328418110052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sahu M, Siddiqui N, Naim MJ, Alam O, Yar MS, Sharma V, Wakode S. Design, Synthesis, and Docking Study of Pyrimidine-Triazine Hybrids for GABA Estimation in Animal Epilepsy Models. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 350. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201700146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meeta Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Formerly Faculty of Pharmacy); Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi India
| | - Nadeem Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Formerly Faculty of Pharmacy); Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi India
| | - Mohd. Javed Naim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Formerly Faculty of Pharmacy); Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi India
| | - Ozair Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Formerly Faculty of Pharmacy); Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi India
| | - Mohammad Shahar Yar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Formerly Faculty of Pharmacy); Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi India
| | - Vidushi Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR); New Delhi India
| | - Sharad Wakode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR); New Delhi India
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El-Faham A, Soliman SM, Ghabbour HA, Elnakady YA, Mohaya TA, Siddiqui MR, Albericio F. Ultrasonic promoted synthesis of novel s -triazine-Schiff base derivatives; molecular structure, spectroscopic studies and their preliminary anti-proliferative activities. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Angelova V, Karabeliov V, Andreeva-Gateva PA, Tchekalarova J. Recent Developments of Hydrazide/Hydrazone Derivatives and Their Analogs as Anticonvulsant Agents in Animal Models. Drug Dev Res 2016; 77:379-392. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Violina Angelova
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy; MU-Sofia; Sofia Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Jana Tchekalarova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Sofia Bulgaria
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Hosny NM, Sherif YE. Anti-inflammatory activity of (2E,15E)-2-[1-(2-aminophenyl)ethylidineamino]-N′-[1-(2-aminophenyl)ethylidene]benzoic acid hydrazide (AEBH) and some of its nanoparticles rare earth complexes. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ali MR, Verma G, Shaquiquzzaman M, Akhter M, Alam MM. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of some newer dihydro-pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile derivatives: Part II. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Wei CX, Bian M, Gong GH. Current Research on Antiepileptic Compounds. Molecules 2015; 20:20741-76. [PMID: 26610448 PMCID: PMC6332177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy affects about 1% of the world’s population. Due to the fact all antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have some undesirable side effects and about 30% of epileptic patients are not seizure-free with the existing AEDs, there is still an urgent need for the development of more effective and safer AEDs. Based on our research work on antiepileptic compounds and other references in recent years, this review covers the reported work on antiepileptic compounds which are classified according to their structures. This review summarized 244 significant anticonvulsant compounds which are classified by functional groups according to the animal model data, although there are some limitations in the data. This review highlights the properties of new compounds endowed with promising antiepileptic properties, which may be proven to be more effective and selective, and possibly free of unwanted side effects. The reviewed compounds represent an interesting possibility to overcome refractory seizures and to reduce the percentage of patients with a poor response to drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xi Wei
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Institute, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, China.
| | - Ming Bian
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Institute, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, China.
| | - Guo-Hua Gong
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Institute, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, China.
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia, China.
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Li KH, Li W, Ding Y, Ye YT, You ZL. Synthesis, characterization, and insulin-enhancing of vanadium(V) complexes with similar Schiff base ligands. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328415080023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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