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Méndez Y, Vasco AV, Ivey G, Dias AL, Gierth P, Sousa BB, Navo CD, Torres-Mozas A, Rodrigues T, Jiménez-Osés G, Bernardes GJL. Merging the Isonitrile-Tetrazine (4+1) Cycloaddition and the Ugi Four-Component Reaction into a Single Multicomponent Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311186. [PMID: 37682023 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions are of utmost importance at generating a unique, wide, and complex chemical space. Herein we describe a novel multicomponent approach based on the combination of the isonitrile-tetrazine (4+1) cycloaddition and the Ugi four-component reaction to generate pyrazole amide derivatives. The scope of the reaction as well as mechanistic insights governing the 4H-pyrazol-4-imine tautomerization are provided. This multicomponent process provides access to a new chemical space of pyrazole amide derivatives and offers a tool for peptide modification and stapling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanira Méndez
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Aldrin V Vasco
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Galway Ivey
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Ana Laura Dias
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Gierth
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Bárbara B Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Claudio D Navo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Angel Torres-Mozas
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160, Derio, Spain
- Ikerbaske, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
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Daher A, Bousfiha A, Tolbatov I, Mboyi CD, Cattey H, Roisnel T, Fleurat-Lessard P, Hissler M, Hierso JC, Bouit PA, Roger J. Tetrazo[1,2-b]indazoles: Straightforward Access to Nitrogen-Rich Polyaromatics from s- Tetrazines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300571. [PMID: 36710261 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The straightforward access to a new class of aza-polyaromatics is reported. Starting from readily available fluorinated s-tetrazine, a cyclization process with azide leads to the formation of an unprecedented tetrazo[1,2-b]indazole or a bis-tetrazo[1,2-b]indazole (cis and trans conformers). Based on the new nitrogen core, further N-directed palladium-catalyzed ortho-C-H bond functionalization allows the introduction of halides or acetates. The physicochemical properties of these compounds were studied by a joint experimental/theoretical approach. The tetrazo[1,2-b]indazoles display solid-state π-stacking, low reduction potential, absorption in the visible range up to the near-infrared, and intense fluorescence, depending on the molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Daher
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302 -, Université Bourgogne (UB) 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Asmae Bousfiha
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302 -, Université Bourgogne (UB) 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Iogann Tolbatov
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302 -, Université Bourgogne (UB) 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Clève D Mboyi
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302 -, Université Bourgogne (UB) 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Hélène Cattey
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302 -, Université Bourgogne (UB) 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | | | - Paul Fleurat-Lessard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302 -, Université Bourgogne (UB) 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | | | - Jean-Cyrille Hierso
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302 -, Université Bourgogne (UB) 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | | | - Julien Roger
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302 -, Université Bourgogne (UB) 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
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Abstract
The molecules possessing triazine and tetrazine moieties belong to a special class of heterocyclic compounds. Both triazines and tetrazines are building blocks and have provided a new dimension to the design of biologically important organic molecules. Several of their derivatives with fine-tuned electronic properties have been identified as multifunctional, adaptable, switchable, remarkably antifungal, anticancer, antiviral, antitumor, cardiotonic, anti-HIV, analgesic, anti-protozoal, etc. The objective of this review is to comprehensively describe the recent developments in synthesis, coordination properties, and various applications of triazine and tetrazine molecules. The rich literature demonstrates various synthetic routes for a variety of triazines and tetrazines through microwave-assisted, solid-phase, metal-based, [4+2] cycloaddition, and multicomponent one-pot reactions. Synthetic approaches contain linear, angular, and fused triazine and tetrazine heterocycles through a combinatorial method. Notably, the triazines and tetrazines undergo a variety of organic transformations, including electrophilic addition, coupling, nucleophilic displacement, and intramolecular cyclization. The mechanistic aspects of these heterocycles are discussed in a detailed way. The bioorthogonal application of these polyazines with various strained alkenes and alkynes provides a new prospect for investigations in chemical biology. This review systematically encapsulates the recent developments and challenges in the synthesis and possible potential applications of various triazine and tetrazine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydip Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India
| | - Akella Sivaramakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India.
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Karaj E, Sindi SH, Viranga Tillekeratne LM. Photoaffinity labeling and bioorthogonal ligation: Two critical tools for designing "Fish Hooks" to scout for target proteins. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 62:116721. [PMID: 35358862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules remain an important category of therapeutic agents. Their binding to different proteins can lead to both desired and undesired biological effects. Identification of the proteins that a drug binds to has become an important step in drug development because it can lead to safer and more effective drugs. Parent bioactive molecules can be converted to appropriate probes that allow for visualization and identification of their target proteins. Typically, these probes are designed and synthesized utilizing some or all of five major tools; a photoactivatable group, a reporter tag, a linker, an affinity tag, and a bioorthogonal handle. This review covers two of the most challenging tools, photoactivation and bioorthogonal ligation. We provide a historical and theoretical background along with synthetic routes to prepare them. In addition, the review provides comparative analyses of the available tools that can assist decision making when designing such probes. A survey of most recent literature reports is included as well to identify recent trends in the field.
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Baalmann M, Best M, Wombacher R. Site-Specific Protein Labeling Utilizing Lipoic Acid Ligase (LplA) and Bioorthogonal Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reaction. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1728:365-387. [PMID: 29405010 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7574-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe a two-step protocol for selective protein labeling based on enzyme-mediated peptide labeling utilizing lipoic acid ligase (LplA) and bioorthogonal chemistry. The method can be applied to purified proteins, protein in cell lysates, as well as living cells. In a first step a W37V mutant of the lipoic acid ligase (LplAW37V) from Escherichia coli is utilized to ligate a synthetic chemical handle site-specifically to a lysine residue in a 13 amino acid peptide motif-a short sequence that can be genetically expressed as a fusion with any protein of interest. In a second step, a molecular probe can be attached to the chemical handle in a bioorthogonal Diels-Alder reaction with inverse electron demand (DAinv). This method is a complementary approach to protein labeling using genetic code expansion and circumvents larger protein tags while maintaining label specificity, providing experimental flexibility and straightforwardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathis Baalmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Best
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Wombacher
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Guermazi R, Royer L, Galmiche L, Clavier G, Audebert P, Hedhli A. Synthesis and Characterization of New Fluorinated Tetrazines Displaying a High Fluorescence Yield. J Fluoresc 2016; 26:1349-56. [PMID: 27240694 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-016-1822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Following the case of tetrazines substituted with perfluorinated alkyl chains, separated by two methylene groups from the tetrazine core, a new series of analogous tetrazines, but featuring only one methylene group between the fluorescent core and the perfluorinated chain, have been synthesized, and their photo-physical properties investigated. Their fluorescence quantum yields in acetonitrile are in same range than chloroalkoxytetrazines, which make them interesting candidates for light emission. Surprisingly, the quantum yields are lower with one methylene group, rather than two methylene groups separating the fluorinated chain from the emitting core, in the case of unsymmetrical compounds, while they are superior in the case of symmetrical ones. This unusual observation is discussed in the article.
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Knall AC, Hollauf M, Slugovc C. Kinetic studies of inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions (iEDDA) of norbornenes and 3,6-dipyridin-2-yl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine. Tetrahedron Lett 2014; 55:4763-4766. [PMID: 25152544 PMCID: PMC4125744 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inverse electron demand Diels-Alder additions (iEDDA) between 1,2,4,5-tetrazines and olefins have recently found widespread application as a novel 'click chemistry' scheme and as a mild technique for the modification of materials. Norbornenes are, due to their straightforward synthetic availability, especially interesting in the latter context. Therefore, the reactivity of different norbornene-based compounds was compared with unsubstituted norbornene and other alkenes using UV-vis measurements for the determination of reaction rates under pseudo first order conditions. Thereby, exo,exo-5-norbornene-2,3-dimethanol was found to be almost as reactive as unsubstituted norbornene whereas (±)-endo,exo-dimethyl-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylate reacted only insignificanty faster than unstrained alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid-Caroline Knall
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Braun K, Wiessler M, Pipkorn R, Ehemann V, Bäuerle T, Fleischhacker H, Müller G, Lorenz P, Waldeck W. A cyclic-RGD-BioShuttle functionalized with TMZ by DARinv "Click Chemistry" targeted to αvβ3 integrin for therapy. Int J Med Sci 2010; 7:326-39. [PMID: 20922134 PMCID: PMC2948216 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.7.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical experiences often document, that a successful tumor control requires high doses of drug applications. It is widely believed that unavoidable adverse reactions could be minimized by using gene-therapeutic strategies protecting the tumor-surrounding healthy tissue as well as the bone-marrow. One new approach in this direction is the use of "Targeted Therapies" realizing a selective drug targeting to gain effectual amounts at the target site, even with drastically reduced application doses. MCF-7 breast cancer cells expressing the α(v)β(3) [alpha(v)beta(3)] integrin receptor are considered as appropriate candidates for such a targeted therapy. The modularly composed BioShuttle carrier consisting of different units designed to facilitate the passage across the cell membranes and for subcellular addressing of diagnostic and/or therapeutic molecules could be considered as an eligible delivery platform. Here we used the cyclic RGD-BioShuttle as a carrier for temozolomide (TMZ) at the α(v)β(3) integrin receptor realizing local TMZ concentrations sufficient for cell killing. The IC50 values are 12 µMol/L in the case of cRGD-BioShuttle-TMZ and 100 µMol/L for underivatized TMZ, which confirms the advantage of TMZ reformulation to realize local concentrations sufficient for cell killing. Our paper focuses on the design, synthesis and application of the cRGD-BioShuttle conjugate composed of the cyclic RGD, a α(v)β(3) integrin-ligand, ligated to the cytotoxic drug TMZ. The ligation was carried out by the Diels Alder Reaction with inverse electron demand (DAR(inv)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Braun
- German Cancer Research Center, Dept. of Imaging and Radiooncology, INF 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Wiessler M, Waldeck W, Kliem C, Pipkorn R, Braun K. The Diels-Alder-reaction with inverse-electron-demand, a very efficient versatile click-reaction concept for proper ligation of variable molecular partners. Int J Med Sci 2009; 7:19-28. [PMID: 20046231 PMCID: PMC2792734 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.7.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ligation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) for working with image processing systems in diagnostics (MRT) attracts increasing notice and scientific interest. The Diels-Alder ligation Reaction with inverse electron demand (DAR(inv)) turns out to be an appropriate candidate. The DAR(inv) is characterized by a specific distribution of electrons of the diene and the corresponding dienophile counterpart. Whereas the reactants in the classical Diels-Alder Reaction feature electron-rich diene and electron-poor dienophile compounds, the DAR(inv) exhibits exactly the opposite distribution of electrons. Substituents with pushing electrones increase and, with pulling electrons reduce the electron density of the dienes as used in the DAR(inv).We report here that the DAR(inv) is an efficient route for coupling of multifunctional molecules like active peptides, re-formulated drugs or small molecules like the alkyalting agent temozolomide (TMZ). This is an example of our contribution to the "Click chemistry" technology. In this case TMZ is ligated by DAR(inv) as a cargo to transporter molecules facilitating the passage across the cell membranes into cells and subsequently into subcellular components like the cell nucleus by using address molecules. With such constructs we achieved high local concentrations at the desired target site of pharmacological action. The DAR(inv) ligation was carried out using the combination of several technologies, namely: the organic chemistry and the solid phase peptide synthesis which can produce 'tailored' solutions for questions not solely restricted to the medical diagnostics or therapy, but also result in functionalizations of various surfaces qualified amongst others also for array development.We like to acquaint you with the DAR(inv) and we like to exemplify that all ligation products were generated after a rapid and complete reaction in organic solutions at room temperature, in high purity, but also, hurdles and difficulties on the way to the TMZ-BioShuttle conjugate should be mentioned.With this report we would like to stimulate scientists working with the focus on "Click chemistry" to intensify research with this expanding DAR(inv )able to open the door for new solutions inconceivable so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Wiessler
- German Cancer Research Center, Dept. of Imaging and Radiooncology, INF 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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