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Sadeghian S, Razmi R, Khabnadideh S, Khoshneviszadeh M, Mardaneh P, Talashan A, Pirouti A, Khebre F, Zahmatkesh Z, Rezaei Z. Synthesis, biological evaluation, molecular docking, and MD simulation of novel 2,4-disubstituted quinazoline derivatives as selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors and antioxidant agents. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15577. [PMID: 38971857 PMCID: PMC11227574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66424-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by significant memory loss and cognitive impairments. Studies have shown that the expression level and activity of the butyrylcholinesterase enzyme increases significantly in the late stages of Alzheimer's disease, so butyrylcholinesterase can be considered as a promising therapeutic target for potential Alzheimer's treatments. In the present study, a novel series of 2,4-disubstituted quinazoline derivatives (6a-j) were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinestrase (BuChE) enzymes, as well as for their antioxidant activities. The biological evaluation revealed that compounds 6f, 6h, and 6j showed potent inhibitory activities against eqBuChE, with IC50 values of 0.52, 6.74, and 3.65 µM, respectively. These potent compounds showed high selectivity for eqBuChE over eelAChE. The kinetic study demonstrated a mixed-type inhibition pattern for both enzymes, which revealed that the potent compounds might be able to bind to both the catalytic active site and peripheral anionic site of eelAChE and eqBuChE. In addition, molecular docking studies and molecular dynamic simulations indicated that potent compounds have favorable interactions with the active sites of BuChE. The antioxidant screening showed that compounds 6b, 6c, and 6j displayed superior scavenging capabilities compared to the other compounds. The obtained results suggest that compounds 6f, 6h, and 6j are promising lead compounds for the further development of new potent and selective BuChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sadeghian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Raziyeh Razmi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soghra Khabnadideh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pegah Mardaneh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arman Talashan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arman Pirouti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khebre
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Zahmatkesh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Rezaei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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2
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Marcinkowska M, Mordyl B, Fajkis-Zajaczkowska N, Siwek A, Karcz T, Gawalska A, Bucki A, Żmudzki P, Partyka A, Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Pomierny B, Walczak M, Smolik M, Pytka K, Mika K, Kotańska M, Kolaczkowski M. Hybrid molecules combining GABA-A and serotonin 5-HT 6 receptors activity designed to tackle neuroinflammation associated with depression. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115071. [PMID: 36603509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is clear evidence that the presence of inflammatory factors and impaired GABA-ergic neurotransmission in depressed patients is associated with poor clinical outcome. We designed hybrid molecules, bearing the GABA molecule assembled with chemical fragments that interact with the serotonin 5-HT6 receptor. Such a combination aimed to curb neuroinflammation, remodel GABA-ergic signaling, and provide antidepressant-like activity. The most promising hybrid 3B exerted nanomolar affinity for 5-HT6 receptors and exerted agonistic properties on GABA-A receptors. Developability studies conferred that 3B exerted favorable drug-like properties and optimal brain penetration. In in vivo studies, 3B exerted robust antidepressant-like activity and proved to be highly effective in reducing levels of oxidative stress markers and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. The inetersting pharmacological profile of 3B makes it a promising candidate for further development for depression associated with neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Marcinkowska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Barbara Mordyl
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Agata Siwek
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Karcz
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Alicja Gawalska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Żmudzki
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Partyka
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Bartosz Pomierny
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Walczak
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Smolik
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Mika
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kotańska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Kolaczkowski
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland; Adamed Pharma S.A., Pienkow, 6A Mariana Adamkiewicza St., 05-152, Czosnów, Poland
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3
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Serotonin 5-HT 6 Receptor Ligands and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors Displaying Antioxidant Activity-Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Multifunctional Agents against Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169443. [PMID: 36012707 PMCID: PMC9409043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration leading to Alzheimer’s disease results from a complex interplay of a variety of processes including misfolding and aggregation of amyloid beta and tau proteins, neuroinflammation or oxidative stress. Therefore, to address more than one of these, drug discovery programmes focus on the development of multifunctional ligands, preferably with disease-modifying and symptoms-reducing potential. Following this idea, herein we present the design and synthesis of multifunctional ligands and biological evaluation of their 5-HT6 receptor affinity (radioligand binding assay), cholinesterase inhibitory activity (spectroscopic Ellman’s assay), antioxidant activity (ABTS assay) and metal-chelating properties, as well as a preliminary ADMET properties evaluation. Based on the results we selected compound 14 as a well-balanced and potent 5-HT6 receptor ligand (Ki = 22 nM) and human BuChE inhibitor (IC50 = 16 nM) with antioxidant potential expressed as a reduction of ABTS radicals by 35% (150 μM). The study also revealed additional metal-chelating properties of compounds 15 and 18. The presented compounds modulating Alzheimer’s disease-related processes might be further developed as multifunctional ligands against the disease.
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Incontri-Abraham D, Esparza-Salazar FJ, Ibarra A. Copolymer-1 as a potential therapy for mild cognitive impairment. Brain Cogn 2022; 162:105892. [PMID: 35841771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2022.105892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a prodromal stage of memory impairment that may precede dementia. MCI is classified by the presence or absence of memory impairment into amnestic or non-amnestic MCI, respectively. More than 90% of patients with amnestic MCI who progress towards dementia meet criteria for Alzheimer's disease (AD). A combination of mechanisms promotes MCI, including intracellular neurofibrillary tangle formation, extracellular amyloid deposition, oxidative stress, neuronal loss, synaptodegeneration, cholinergic dysfunction, cerebrovascular disease, and neuroinflammation. However, emerging evidence indicates that neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment. Unfortunately, there are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs for MCI. Copolymer-1 (Cop-1), also known as glatiramer acetate, is a synthetic polypeptide of four amino acids approved by the FDA for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Cop-1 therapeutic effect is attributed to immunomodulation, promoting a switch from proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory phenotype. In addition to its anti-inflammatory properties, it stimulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) secretion, a neurotrophin involved in neurogenesis and the generation of hippocampal long-term potentials. Moreover, BDNF levels are significantly decreased in patients with cognitive impairment. Therefore, Cop-1 immunization might promote synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation by increasing BDNF production in patients with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Incontri-Abraham
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Av. Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan, CP 52786, Edo. de México, Mexico
| | - Felipe J Esparza-Salazar
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Av. Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan, CP 52786, Edo. de México, Mexico
| | - Antonio Ibarra
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Av. Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan, CP 52786, Edo. de México, Mexico.
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Effects of Linkers and Substitutions on Multitarget Directed Ligands for Alzheimer’s Diseases: Emerging Paradigms and Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116085. [PMID: 35682763 PMCID: PMC9181730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is multifactorial, progressive and the most predominant cause of cognitive impairment and dementia worldwide. The current “one-drug, one-target” approach provides only symptomatic relief to the condition but is unable to cure the disease completely. The conventional single-target therapeutic approach might not always induce the desired effect due to the multifactorial nature of AD. Hence, multitarget strategies have been proposed to simultaneously knock out multiple targets involved in the development of AD. Herein, we provide an overview of the various strategies, followed by the multitarget-directed ligand (MTDL) development, rationale designs and efficient examples. Furthermore, the effects of the linkers and substitutional functional groups on MTDLs against various targets of AD and their modes of action are also discussed.
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Bojić T, Sencanski M, Perovic V, Milicevic J, Glisic S. In Silico Screening of Natural Compounds for Candidates 5HT6 Receptor Antagonists against Alzheimer's Disease. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092626. [PMID: 35565976 PMCID: PMC9101541 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a devastating neurodegenerative disease, is the focus of pharmacological research. One of the targets that attract the most attention for the potential therapy of AD is the serotonin 5HT6 receptor, which is the receptor situated exclusively in CNS on glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. The neurochemical impact of this receptor supports the hypothesis about its role in cognitive, learning, and memory systems, which are of critical importance for AD. Natural products are a promising source of novel bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic potential as a 5HT6 receptor antagonist in the treatment of AD dementia. The ZINC-natural product database was in silico screened in order to find the candidate antagonists of 5-HT6 receptor against AD. A virtual screening protocol that includes both short-and long-range interactions between interacting molecules was employed. First, the EIIP/AQVN filter was applied for in silico screening of the ZINC database followed by 3D QSAR and molecular docking. Ten best candidate compounds were selected from the ZINC Natural Product database as potential 5HT6 Receptor antagonists and were proposed for further evaluation. The best candidate was evaluated by molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Bojić
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics-080, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Milan Sencanski
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.P.); (J.M.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Vladimir Perovic
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.P.); (J.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Jelena Milicevic
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.P.); (J.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Sanja Glisic
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.P.); (J.M.); (S.G.)
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Hogendorf A, Hogendorf AS, Kurczab R, Satała G, Szewczyk B, Cieślik P, Latacz G, Handzlik J, Lenda T, Kaczorowska K, Staroń J, Bugno R, Duszyńska B, Bojarski AJ. N-Skatyltryptamines-Dual 5-HT 6R/D 2R Ligands with Antipsychotic and Procognitive Potential. Molecules 2021; 26:4605. [PMID: 34361754 PMCID: PMC8347595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of N-skatyltryptamines was synthesized and their affinities for serotonin and dopamine receptors were determined. Compounds exhibited activity toward 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT6, and D2 receptors. Substitution patterns resulting in affinity/activity switches were identified and studied using homology modeling. Chosen hits were screened to determine their metabolism, permeability, hepatotoxicity, and CYP inhibition. Several D2 receptor antagonists with additional 5-HT6R antagonist and agonist properties were identified. The former combination resembled known antipsychotic agents, while the latter was particularly interesting due to the fact that it has not been studied before. Selective 5-HT6R antagonists have been shown previously to produce procognitive and promnesic effects in several rodent models. Administration of 5-HT6R agonists was more ambiguous-in naive animals, it did not alter memory or produce slight amnesic effects, while in rodent models of memory impairment, they ameliorated the condition just like antagonists. Using the identified hit compounds 15 and 18, we tried to sort out the difference between ligands exhibiting the D2R antagonist function combined with 5-HT6R agonism, and mixed D2/5-HT6R antagonists in murine models of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Hogendorf
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (A.H.); (A.S.H.); (R.K.); (G.S.); (K.K.); (J.S.); (R.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Adam S. Hogendorf
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (A.H.); (A.S.H.); (R.K.); (G.S.); (K.K.); (J.S.); (R.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Rafał Kurczab
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (A.H.); (A.S.H.); (R.K.); (G.S.); (K.K.); (J.S.); (R.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Grzegorz Satała
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (A.H.); (A.S.H.); (R.K.); (G.S.); (K.K.); (J.S.); (R.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Bernadeta Szewczyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (B.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Paulina Cieślik
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (B.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (G.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Jadwiga Handzlik
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (G.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Tomasz Lenda
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Kaczorowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (A.H.); (A.S.H.); (R.K.); (G.S.); (K.K.); (J.S.); (R.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Jakub Staroń
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (A.H.); (A.S.H.); (R.K.); (G.S.); (K.K.); (J.S.); (R.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Ryszard Bugno
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (A.H.); (A.S.H.); (R.K.); (G.S.); (K.K.); (J.S.); (R.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Beata Duszyńska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (A.H.); (A.S.H.); (R.K.); (G.S.); (K.K.); (J.S.); (R.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Andrzej J. Bojarski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (A.H.); (A.S.H.); (R.K.); (G.S.); (K.K.); (J.S.); (R.B.); (B.D.)
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Bhuiyan P, Chen Y, Karim M, Dong H, Qian Y. Bidirectional communication between mast cells and the gut-brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases: Avenues for therapeutic intervention. Brain Res Bull 2021; 172:61-78. [PMID: 33892083 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the global incidence of neurodegenerative diseases has been steadily increasing, especially in adults, there are no effective therapeutic interventions. Neurodegeneration is a heterogeneous group of disorders that is characterized by the activation of immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) (e.g., mast cells and microglia) and subsequent neuroinflammation. Mast cells are found in the brain and the gastrointestinal tract and play a role in "tuning" neuroimmune responses. The complex bidirectional communication between mast cells and gut microbiota coordinates various dynamic neuro-cellular responses, which propagates neuronal impulses from the gastrointestinal tract into the CNS. Numerous inflammatory mediators from degranulated mast cells alter intestinal gut permeability and disrupt blood-brain barrier, which results in the promotion of neuroinflammatory processes leading to neurological disorders, thereby offsetting the balance in immune-surveillance. Emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that gut-microbiota exert a pivotal role in inflammatory signaling through the activation of immune and inflammatory cells. Communication between inflammatory cytokines and neurocircuits via the gut-brain axis (GBA) affects behavioral responses, activates mast cells and microglia that causes neuroinflammation, which is associated with neurological diseases. In this comprehensive review, we focus on what is currently known about mast cells and the gut-brain axis relationship, and how this relationship is connected to neurodegenerative diseases. We hope that further elucidating the bidirectional communication between mast cells and the GBA will not only stimulate future research on neurodegenerative diseases but will also identify new opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piplu Bhuiyan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, PR China
| | - Yinan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, PR China
| | - Mazharul Karim
- College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Science, 309 East 2nd Street, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Hongquan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, PR China.
| | - Yanning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, PR China.
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Kumar D, Sharma S, Kalra S, Singh G, Monga V, Kumar B. Medicinal Perspective of Indole Derivatives: Recent Developments and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:864-891. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200310115327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds play a significant role in various biological processes of the human
body and many of them are in clinical use due to their diverse, chemical and biological properties.
Among these, indole is one of the most promising pharmacologically active molecules. Due to its
chemical reactivity, indole has been willingly modified to obtain a variety of new lead molecules,
which has been successfully utilized to obtained novel drug candidates for the treatment of different
pharmacological diseases. Indole-based compounds such as vincristine (anticancer), reserpine (antihypertensive),
amedalin (antidepressant) and many more describe the medicinal and pharmacological
importance of the indole in uplifting human life. In this review, we compiled various reports on indole
derivatives and their biological significance, including antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiplatelet, anti-
Alzheimer’s, anti-Parkinson’s, antioxidant and anticancer potential from 2015 onwards. In addition,
structure-activity relationship studies of the different derivatives have been included. We have also
discussed novel synthetic strategies developed during this period for the synthesis of different indole
derivatives. We believe that this review article will provide comprehensive knowledge about the medicinal
importance of indoles and will help in the design and synthesis of novel indole-based molecules
with high potency and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Sourav Kalra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
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Multitarget Therapeutic Strategies for Alzheimer's Disease: Review on Emerging Target Combinations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5120230. [PMID: 32714977 PMCID: PMC7354643 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5120230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent nowadays one of the major health problems. Despite the efforts made to unveil the mechanism leading to neurodegeneration, it is still not entirely clear what triggers this phenomenon and what allows its progression. Nevertheless, it is accepted that neurodegeneration is a consequence of several detrimental processes, such as protein aggregation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, finally resulting in the loss of neuronal functions. Starting from these evidences, there has been a wide search for novel agents able to address more than a single event at the same time, the so-called multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs). These compounds originated from the combination of different pharmacophoric elements which endowed them with the ability to interfere with different enzymatic and/or receptor systems, or to exert neuroprotective effects by modulating proteins and metal homeostasis. MTDLs have been the focus of the latest strategies to discover a new treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is considered the most common form of dementia characterized by neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunctions. This review is aimed at collecting the latest and most interesting target combinations for the treatment of AD, with a detailed discussion on new agents with favorable in vitro properties and on optimized structures that have already been assessed in vivo in animal models of dementia.
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Millan MJ, Dekeyne A, Gobert A, Brocco M, Mannoury la Cour C, Ortuno JC, Watson D, Fone KCF. Dual-acting agents for improving cognition and real-world function in Alzheimer's disease: Focus on 5-HT6 and D3 receptors as hubs. Neuropharmacology 2020; 177:108099. [PMID: 32525060 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To date, there are no interventions that impede the inexorable progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and currently-available drugs cholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors and the N-Methyl-d-Aspartate receptor antagonist, memantine, offer only modest symptomatic benefit. Moreover, a range of mechanistically-diverse agents (glutamatergic, histaminergic, monoaminergic, cholinergic) have disappointed in clinical trials, alone and/or in association with AChE inhibitors. This includes serotonin (5-HT) receptor-6 antagonists, despite compelling preclinical observations in rodents and primates suggesting a positive influence on cognition. The emphasis has so far been on high selectivity. However, for a multi-factorial disorder like idiopathic AD, 5-HT6 antagonists possessing additional pharmacological actions might be more effective, by analogy to "multi-target" antipsychotics. Based on this notion, drug discovery programmes have coupled 5-HT6 blockade to 5-HT4 agonism and inhibition of AchE. Further, combined 5-HT6/dopamine D3 receptor (D3) antagonists are of especial interest since D3 blockade mirrors 5-HT6 antagonism in exerting broad-based pro-cognitive properties in animals. Moreover, 5-HT6 and dopamine D3 antagonists promote neurocognition and social cognition via both distinctive and convergent actions expressed mainly in frontal cortex, including suppression of mTOR over-activation and reinforcement of cholinergic and glutamatergic transmission. In addition, 5-HT6 blockade affords potential anti-anxiety, anti-depressive and anti-epileptic properties, and antagonising 5-HT6 receptors may be associated with neuroprotective ("disease-modifying") properties. Finally D3 antagonism may counter psychotic episodes and D3 receptors themselves offer a promising hub for multi-target agents. The present article reviews the status of "R and D" into multi-target 5-HT6 and D3 ligands for improved treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders of aging. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'Serotonin Research: Crossing Scales and Boundaries'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, Institut de Recherche Servier, 78290, Croissy sur Seine, France.
| | - Anne Dekeyne
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, Institut de Recherche Servier, 78290, Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Alain Gobert
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, Institut de Recherche Servier, 78290, Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Mauricette Brocco
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, Institut de Recherche Servier, 78290, Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Clotilde Mannoury la Cour
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, Institut de Recherche Servier, 78290, Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Jean-Claude Ortuno
- Centre for Excellence in Chemistry, Institut de Recherche Servier, 78290, Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - David Watson
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, England, UK
| | - Kevin C F Fone
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, England, UK
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Lanthier C, Payan H, Liparulo I, Hatat B, Lecoutey C, Since M, Davis A, Bergamini C, Claeysen S, Dallemagne P, Bolognesi ML, Rochais C. Novel multi target-directed ligands targeting 5-HT4 receptors with in cellulo antioxidant properties as promising leads in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Romo-Araiza A, Ibarra A. Prebiotics and probiotics as potential therapy for cognitive impairment. Med Hypotheses 2019; 134:109410. [PMID: 31627123 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive functions, such as learning and memory, may be impaired during aging. Age-related cognitive impairment is associated with selective neuronal loss, oxidative changes that lead to microglia activation and neuroinflammation. In addition, it is associated to alteration reduction in trophic factors affecting neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. In recent years, attention has been paid to the relationship between gut microbiota and brain. In aging, there is an alteration in microbiota, gut microbiota diversity is perturbed with an increase in pathogenic bacteria at the expense of beneficial ones. Dysbiosis may lead to chronic inflammation, and a decrease in bacteria metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids which have been related to an upregulation of neurotrophic factors. Supplementation with prebiotics and probiotics can modulate gut microbiota, returning it to a more physiological state; thus, they may be considered as a possible treatment for age-related cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Romo-Araiza
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México C.P. 52786, Mexico
| | - Antonio Ibarra
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México C.P. 52786, Mexico.
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