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Defant A, Carloni G, Innocenti N, Trobec T, Frangež R, Sepčić K, Mancini I. Structural Insights into the Marine Alkaloid Discorhabdin G as a Scaffold towards New Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:173. [PMID: 38667790 PMCID: PMC11051419 DOI: 10.3390/md22040173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, Antarctic Latrunculia sponge-derived discorhabdin G was considered a hit for developing potential lead compounds acting as cholinesterase inhibitors. The hypothesis on the pharmacophore moiety suggested through molecular docking allowed us to simplify the structure of the metabolite. ADME prediction and drug-likeness consideration provided valuable support in selecting 5-methyl-2H-benzo[h]imidazo[1,5,4-de]quinoxalin-7(3H)-one as a candidate molecule. It was synthesized in a four-step sequence starting from 2,3-dichloronaphthalene-1,4-dione and evaluated as an inhibitor of electric eel acetylcholinesterase (eeAChE), human recombinant AChE (hAChE), and horse serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), together with other analogs obtained by the same synthesis. The candidate molecule showed a slightly lower inhibitory potential against eeAChE but better inhibitory activity against hAChE than discorhabdin G, with a higher selectivity for AChEs than for BChE. It acted as a reversible competitive inhibitor, as previously observed for the natural alkaloid. The findings from the in vitro assay were relatively consistent with the data available from the AutoDock Vina and Protein-Ligand ANTSystem (PLANTS) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Defant
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy; (G.C.); (N.I.)
| | - Giacomo Carloni
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy; (G.C.); (N.I.)
- Unit of Structural Microbiology, Pasteur Institute, CNRS, University of Paris City, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nicole Innocenti
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy; (G.C.); (N.I.)
| | - Tomaž Trobec
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.T.); (R.F.)
| | - Robert Frangež
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.T.); (R.F.)
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Ines Mancini
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy; (G.C.); (N.I.)
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2
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Wagner H, Egelhaaf M, Carr C. Model organisms and systems in neuroethology: one hundred years of history and a look into the future. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:227-242. [PMID: 38227005 PMCID: PMC10995084 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01685-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The Journal of Comparative Physiology lived up to its name in the last 100 years by including more than 1500 different taxa in almost 10,000 publications. Seventeen phyla of the animal kingdom were represented. The honeybee (Apis mellifera) is the taxon with most publications, followed by locust (Locusta migratoria), crayfishes (Cambarus spp.), and fruitfly (Drosophila melanogaster). The representation of species in this journal in the past, thus, differs much from the 13 model systems as named by the National Institutes of Health (USA). We mention major accomplishments of research on species with specific adaptations, specialist animals, for example, the quantitative description of the processes underlying the axon potential in squid (Loligo forbesii) and the isolation of the first receptor channel in the electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) and electric ray (Torpedo spp.). Future neuroethological work should make the recent genetic and technological developments available for specialist animals. There are many research questions left that may be answered with high yield in specialists and some questions that can only be answered in specialists. Moreover, the adaptations of animals that occupy specific ecological niches often lend themselves to biomimetic applications. We go into some depth in explaining our thoughts in the research of motion vision in insects, sound localization in barn owls, and electroreception in weakly electric fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Wagner
- Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Martin Egelhaaf
- Department of Neurobiology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Catherine Carr
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, USA
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3
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Baskerville W, Holder K, Chen P, LaDouceur EEB. Hamartoma affecting ampullary electroreceptors and epitheliotropic lymphoma in a captive electric eel Electrophorus varii. Dis Aquat Organ 2023; 156:81-87. [PMID: 38095363 DOI: 10.3354/dao03760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Few reports are available describing lesions in captive electric eels Electrophorus spp. This report describes 2 types of cutaneous proliferative lesions (i.e. hamartoma and neoplasm) in a captive electric eel. Ampullary electroreceptor hamartomas appeared grossly as 2 discrete, smooth, pink, spherical, cutaneous masses measuring 6 and 18 mm in diameter. Histologically, hamartomas were composed of predominately spindle cells that were separated into lobules by a peripheral rim of polygonal cells. Spindle cells were arranged in vague streams and occasionally whorls within a myxomatous matrix. Polygonal cells arranged in variably sized trabeculae and cords within a pre-existing fibrovascular stroma surrounded the streams of spindle cells. Admixed with the polygonal cell population were multiple mucous glands and alarm cells, similar to those seen in normal regions of epidermis. Histochemical stains confirmed similar components in the normal ampullary electroreceptor as in the hamartomas. Lymphoma was also present, appearing grossly as patchy pitting, erythematous, and thickened areas of the skin affecting the entire animal. Lymphoma was diffusely infiltrating and expanding the epidermis, oral mucosa, and branchial mucosa up to 1.5 mm in thickness. It was composed of an unencapsulated, well-demarcated, moderately cellular neoplasm composed of lymphocytes arranged in small dense sheets and clusters that separated and effaced epidermal cells. This is the first report of lymphoma in an electric eel, and the first report of ampullary electroreceptor hamartoma in any animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Baskerville
- Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - K Holder
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - P Chen
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Heise N, Friedrich S, Temml V, Schuster D, Siewert B, Csuk R. N-methylated diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane substituted triterpenoic acids are excellent, hyperbolic and selective inhibitors for butyrylcholinesterase. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113947. [PMID: 34731766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Triterpenoic acids (oleanolic, ursolic, betulinic, platanic and glycyrrhetinic acid) were acetylated and coupled with 1,3- or 1,4-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonanes to yield amides. Reaction of these amides with methyl iodide at the distal nitrogen of the bicyclic system gave the corresponding quaternary ammonium salts. These compounds were shown to act as excellent inhibitors of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) while being only weak inhibitors for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Evaluation of the enzyme kinetics revealed these compounds to act as hyperbolic inhibitors for BChE while the results from molecular modeling gave an explanation for their selectivity between AChE and BChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Heise
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sander Friedrich
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Veronika Temml
- Pharmacy/ Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Institute, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Stubergasse 21, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Pharmacy/ Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Institute, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Stubergasse 21, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bianka Siewert
- Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - René Csuk
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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David B, Schneider P, Schäfer P, Pietruszka J, Gohlke H. Discovery of new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease: virtual screening and in vitro characterisation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:491-496. [PMID: 33478277 PMCID: PMC7833026 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1876685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than two decades, the development of potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors has been an ongoing task to treat dementia associated with Alzheimer's disease and improve the pharmacokinetic properties of existing drugs. In the present study, we used three docking-based virtual screening approaches to screen both ZINC15 and MolPort databases for synthetic analogs of physostigmine and donepezil, two highly potent AChE inhibitors. We characterised the in vitro inhibitory concentration of 11 compounds, ranging from 14 to 985 μM. The most potent of these compounds, S-I 26, showed a fivefold improved inhibitory concentration in comparison to rivastigmine. Moderate inhibitors carrying novel scaffolds were identified and could be improved for the development of new classes of AChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit David
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany, Düsseldorf
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Philipp Schäfer
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany, Düsseldorf
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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6
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Zhu Q, Lin M, Zhuo W, Li Y. Chemical Constituents from the Wild Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity Evaluation as Well as Molecular Docking Study. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237299. [PMID: 34885880 PMCID: PMC8659057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening the lead compounds which could interact both with PAS and CAS of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an important trend in finding innovative drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this paper, four sesquiterpenes, i.e., atractylenolide III (1), atractylenolide IV (2), 3-acetyl-atractylon (3) and β-eudesmol (4), were obtained from the wild Atractylode macrocephala grown in Qimen for the first time. Their structures were elucidated mainly by NMR spectroscopy. To screen the potential dual site inhibitors of AChE, the compounds 1, 2, 3, as well as a novel and rare bisesquiterpenoid lactone, biatractylenolide II (5), which was also obtained from the tilted plant in our previous investigation, were evaluated their AChE inhibitory activities by using Ellman's colorimetric method. The results showed that biatractylenolide II displayed moderate inhibitory activity (IC50 = 19.61 ± 1.11 μg/mL) on AChE. A further molecular docking study revealed that biatractylenolide II can interact with both the peripheral anionic site (PAS) and the catalytic active site (CAS) of AChE. These data suggest that biatractylenolide II can be considered a new lead compound to research and develop more potential dual site inhibitors of AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China; (Q.Z.); (M.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Min Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China; (Q.Z.); (M.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wanying Zhuo
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China; (Q.Z.); (M.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yunzhi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China; (Q.Z.); (M.L.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
- Correspondence:
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Wu J, Kou X, Ju H, Zhang H, Yang A, Shen R. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of naringenin carbamate derivatives as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 49:128316. [PMID: 34391893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of naringenin derivatives were designed and synthesized as multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) agents. The results showed that these derivatives displayed moderate-to-good acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitory activities at the micromolar range (IC50, 12.91 ~ 62.52 μM for AChE and 0.094 ~ 13.72 μM for BuChE). Specifically, compound 1 showed the highest inhibitory activity against BuChE with the IC50 value of (0.094 ± 0.0054) μM. A Lineweaver-Burk plot and molecular docking studies demonstrated that 1 targeted both the catalytically active site (CAS) and the peripheral anion site (PAS) of BuChE. Besides, all derivatives showed excellent hydroxyl free radicals (·OH) scavenging ability than vitamin C and cyclic voltammetry results displayed that 1 could effectively scavenge superoxide anion radical (·O2-). In addition, compound 1 displayed good metal chelating properties and had anti-Aβ aggregation activities. Therefore, compound 1 might be the potential anti-AD agent for further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Xiaodi Kou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Hui Ju
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Aihong Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
| | - Rui Shen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
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8
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Zondagh LS, Malan SF, Joubert J. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of edaravone derivatives bearing the N-benzyl pyridinium moiety as multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:1596-1605. [PMID: 32779503 PMCID: PMC7470113 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1801673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of multi-target directed edaravone derivatives bearing N-benzyl pyridinium moieties were designed and synthesised. Edaravone is a potent antioxidant with significant neuroprotective effects and N-benzyl pyridinium has previously exhibited positive results as part of a dual-site binding, peripheral anionic site (PAS) and catalytic anionic site (CAS), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. The designed edaravone-N-benzyl pyridinium hybrid compounds were docked within the AChE active site. The results indicated interactions with conserved amino acids (Trp279 in PAS and Trp84 in CAS), suggesting good dual-site inhibitory activity. Significant in vitro AChE inhibitory activities were observed for selected compounds (IC50: 1.2-4.6 µM) with limited butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (IC50's >160 µM), indicating excellent selectivity towards AChE (SI: 46 - >278). The compounds also showed considerable antioxidant ability, similar to edaravone. In silico studies indicated that these compounds should cross the blood-brain barrier, making them promising lead molecules in the development of anti-Alzheimer's agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke S. Zondagh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Sarel F. Malan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Jacques Joubert
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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9
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Xu K, Zhou Q, Li XQ, Luo T, Yuan XL, Zhang ZF, Zhang P. Cadinane- and drimane-type sesquiterpenoids produced by Paecilomyces sp. TE-540, an endophyte from Nicotiana tabacum L., are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104252. [PMID: 32911187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenoids with diverse skeleton types are regarded as potential lead compounds in pharmacological and other applications. Herein, we report the discovery of two new cadinane-type sesquiterpenoids, paecilacadinol A (1) and B (2); two new drimane-type sesquiterpenoids, ustusol D (3) and ustusol E (4); and six known analogs (5-10) from the endophytic fungus Paecilomyces sp. TE-540, enriching the structural diversity of naturally occurring sesquiterpenoids. Their planar structures were determined on the basis of detailed interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and HRESIMS data, while their stereochemical structures were established by X-ray crystallographic analyses for 1 and 3-8 and theoretical calculations for 2. Notably, compounds 1 and 2 represent novel examples of cadinane-type sesquiterpenoids with ether bonds formed by intramolecular dehydration. Compounds 5 and 6 showed moderate activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), with IC50 values of 43.02 ± 6.01 and 35.97 ± 2.12 μM, respectively. Docking analysis predicted that 5 bound well in the catalytic pocket of AChE via hydrophobic interactions with Trp84, Gly117, Ser122, and Tyr121 residues, while 6 was located with Asp72 and Ser122 residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Xu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiu-Qi Li
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tian Luo
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Xiao-Long Yuan
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Zhong-Feng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
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10
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Naito Y, Kotani M, Ohmura T. Feasibility of Acetylcholinesterase Reaction Assay Monitoring in DIUTHAME-MS. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2020; 31:2154-2160. [PMID: 32877611 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
DIUTHAME (desorption ionization using through hole alumina membrane) is a novel matrix-free laser desorption/ionization method that enables highly reproducible acquisition of mass spectra. This study aims to evaluate the applicability of DIUTHAME to the acetylcholinesterase reaction assay (AChE assay) commonly used in high-throughput screening (HTS) in the drug discovery process. The commercially available 9-ch DIUTHAME chip was applied to a series of AChE assays prepared with different reaction times. Numerous positive-mode TOF mass spectra were acquired from the raster-scanned sample spots of the AChE assays to analyze the progress of the enzyme reaction and to perform mass spectrometry imaging of the sample spots. The reaction kinetics plots obtained by DIUTHAME were found to reflect the time course of reaction progression as much as those obtained by MALDI and were found to have less error variation than MALDI. DIUTHAME allowed the already irradiated sample spots to be reused to reproduce the reaction kinetics plots by the second measurement conducted a week after, whereas MALDI was not able to properly reproduce the kinetics plots by remeasuring the irradiated sample spots. In DIUTHAME, which does not require a matrix, the experimental procedure for measuring AChE assay becomes extremely simple. DIUTHAME is potentially able to provide more precise AChE reaction kinetics plots than what have been accomplished by MALDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhide Naito
- The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries, 1955-1 Kurematsu-cho, Nishi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-1202, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kotani
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 314-5 Shimokanzo, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0193, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohmura
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 314-5 Shimokanzo, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0193, Japan
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11
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Sakata RP, Antoniolli G, Lancellotti M, Kawano DF, Guimarães Barbosa E, Almeida WP. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2'-Aminochalcone: A multi-target approach to find drug candidates to treat Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104201. [PMID: 32890999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative process that compromises cognitive functions. The physiopathology of AD is multifactorial and is mainly supported by the cholinergic and amyloid hypotheses, which allows the identification the fundamental role of some markers, such as the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-secretase (BACE-1), and the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). In this work, we prepared a series of chalcones and 2'-aminochalcones, which were tested against AChE and BACE-1 enzymes and on the aggregation of Aβ. All compounds inhibited AChE activity with different potencies. We have found that the majority of chalcones having the amino group are able to inhibit BACE-1, which was not observed for chalcones without this group. The most active compound is the one derived from 2,3-dichlorobenzaldeyde, having an IC50 value of 2.71 μM. A molecular docking study supported this result, showing a good interaction of the amino group with aspartic acid residues of the catalytic diade of BACE-1. Thioflavin-T fluorescence emission is reduced in 30 - 40%, when Aβ42 is incubated in the presence of some chalcones under aggregation conditions. In vitro cytotoxicity and in silico prediction of pharmacokinetic properties were also conducted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata P Sakata
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Brazil; Porphirio da Paz High School, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Lancellotti
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, 200, Candido Portinari, Campinas, SP ZC 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Daniel Fabio Kawano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, 200, Candido Portinari, Campinas, SP ZC 13083-871, Brazil
| | | | - Wanda P Almeida
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, 200, Candido Portinari, Campinas, SP ZC 13083-871, Brazil.
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12
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Jończyk J, Godyń J, Stawarska E, Morak-Młodawska B, Jeleń M, Pluta K, Malawska B. Dual Action of Dipyridothiazine and Quinobenzothiazine Derivatives-Anticancer and Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Activity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112604. [PMID: 32503288 PMCID: PMC7321178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inverse correlation observed between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cancer has prompted us to look for cholinesterase-inhibiting activity in phenothiazine derivatives that possess anticancer properties. With the use of in silico and in vitro screening methods, our study found a new biological activity in anticancer polycyclic, tricyclic, and tetracyclic compounds. The virtual screening of a library of 120 ligands, which are the derivatives of azaphenothiazine, led to the identification of 25 compounds that can act as potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Biological assays revealed the presence of selective inhibitors of eeAChE (electric eel AChE) or eqBuChE (equine serum BuChE) and nonselective inhibitors of both enzymes among the tested compounds. Their potencies against eeAChE were in a submicromolar-to-micromolar range with IC50 values from 0.78 to 19.32 μM, while their IC50 values against eqBuChE ranged from 0.46 to 10.38 μM. The most potent among the compounds tested was the tetracyclic derivative, 6-(4-diethylaminobut-2-ynyl)-9-methylthioquinobenzothiazine 24, which was capable of inhibiting both enzymes. 9-Fluoro-6-(1-piperidylethyl)quinobenzothiazine 23 was found to act as a selective inhibitor of eqBuChE with an IC50 value of 0.46 μM. Compounds with such a dual antitumor and cholinesterase-inhibitory activity can be considered as a valuable combination for the treatment of both cancer and AD prevention. The results presented in this study might open new directions of research on the group of tricyclic phenothiazine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jończyk
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.J.); (J.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Justyna Godyń
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.J.); (J.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Ewelina Stawarska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.J.); (J.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, The Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (B.M.-M.); (M.J.); (K.P.)
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, The Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (B.M.-M.); (M.J.); (K.P.)
| | - Krystian Pluta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, The Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (B.M.-M.); (M.J.); (K.P.)
| | - Barbara Malawska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.J.); (J.G.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-62-05-464
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Kashyap P, Muthusamy K, Niranjan M, Trikha S, Kumar S. Sarsasapogenin: A steroidal saponin from Asparagus racemosus as multi target directed ligand in Alzheimer's disease. Steroids 2020; 153:108529. [PMID: 31672628 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is multi-factorial disorder characterized by impaired memory and cognition deficit. AD is characterized by impaired cholinergic transmission, extracellular amyloid beta deposits, neurofibrillary tangles and oxidative stress. A multi-target directed ligand (MTDL) approach is required to devise a therapeutic strategy against AD. In the present study, Asparagus racemosus aqueous extract was chosen, as it possess abundant medicinal properties including nootropic effect mentioned in ancient Ayurvedic texts. Moreover, its secondary metabolite sarsasapogenin (SRS) was also selected for this multi-target study for the very first time. The current study demonstrated that sarsasapogenin significantly inhibits key enzymes involved in pathogenesis of AD which are acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), BACE1 and MAO-B in a concentration dependent manner. SRS also exhibited anti-amyloidogenic, anti-oxidant and neuroprotective effects by in vitro studies. The IC50 values of SRS is 9.9 μM and 5.4 μM for AChE and BuChE respectively. SRS also significantly inhibited Aβ42 fibrillization up to 68% at 40 μM concentration as compared to control. TEM visualization showed Aβ aggregates as short and scattered fibril clearly indicating SRS significantly inhibited peptide nucleation and fibril formation. Furthermore, the SRS was found to exert neuroprotective effect on PC12 cells against Aβ42 and H2O2-mediated cytotoxicity. The cell survival was 62% and 69% against Aβ42 and H2O2-mediated cytotoxicity, respectively. SRS also inhibited monoaminoxidase-B (MAO-B) and BACE1 enzymes in concentration dependent manner. Molecular docking studies indicated that SRS binds to the catalytic sites of multiple targets (AChE, BuChE, Aβ42, BACE1, and MAO-B) in a significant manner that might having disease-modifying effects. Thus SRS is acting as suitable lead and can be utilised as MTDL compound for factors implicated in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Kashyap
- University School of Biotechnology, GGS Indraprastha University, Dwarka, Sector 16C, New Delhi 110078, India
| | - Kalaivani Muthusamy
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Sector 23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Manisha Niranjan
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Sector 23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Shweta Trikha
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Sector 23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- University School of Biotechnology, GGS Indraprastha University, Dwarka, Sector 16C, New Delhi 110078, India.
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Plazas E, Casoti R, Avila Murillo M, Batista Da Costa F, Cuca LE. Metabolomic profiling of Zanthoxylum species: Identification of anti-cholinesterase alkaloids candidates. Phytochemistry 2019; 168:112128. [PMID: 31557705 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of bioactive compounds from natural sources is a key step in drug discovery and development, however, this procedure is usually expensive and difficult due to the complexity and the limited amounts of the metabolites in the extracts. Thus, rational or targeting isolations are becoming more popular to reduce the bottlenecks in bioactive natural products research. In this study, we used a LC-MS-based metabolomic approach and biochemometric statistical tools (PCA and OPLS-DA) to identify potential anti-cholinesterase alkaloids predictors in Zanthoxylum genus (Rutaceae). For this purpose, 41 alkaloid extracts from nine Colombian Zanthoxylum species were screened by UHPLC-UV-HRMS and inhibitory activity against Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Based on the screening results, a multivariate statistical analysis (MVA) and selection of anti-cholinesterase candidates were performed using the S-plot from the OPLS-DA model. The supervised analysis (OPLS-DA) paring the anti-cholinesterase screening and LC-HRMS data showed at least 11 ChE inhibition markers which could have contributed in the differentiation of active and inactive extracts. The predictors were tentatively identified by comparing chromatographic retention times (Rt) and accurate mass and MS2 fragmentation patterns. In general, the inhibition markers correspond to four types of isoquinoline alkaloids: tetrahydroprotoberberines, protoberberines, dihydrobenzophenanthridines and benzophenanthridines. The most active extracts from Z. schreberi and Z. monophylum showed the highest presence of berberine and chelerythrine, previously reported as cholinesterase inhibitors. Thus, to validate the results of the OPLS-DA model, three alkaloids from the bark of Z. schreberi (identified as berberine, chelerythrine and columbamine) were bio-directed isolated, and all of them showed strong inhibition against both enzymes. These findings support our statistical models and contribute to the rational search of anticholinesterase alkaloids. Therefore, LC-MS-based metabolomic approach combined with chemometric statistical analysis are shown as useful tools for the isolation of targeted bioactive natural products, contributing to improve the research and development stages of lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Plazas
- National University of Colombia, Chemistry Department, Cr 30 N°45-03, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Rosana Casoti
- AsterBioChem Research Team, University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Av. Do Café s/n, 140440-903, Ribeirão Petro, SP, Brazil
| | - Monica Avila Murillo
- National University of Colombia, Chemistry Department, Cr 30 N°45-03, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Fernando Batista Da Costa
- AsterBioChem Research Team, University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Av. Do Café s/n, 140440-903, Ribeirão Petro, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Enrique Cuca
- National University of Colombia, Chemistry Department, Cr 30 N°45-03, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia
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Krátký M, Štěpánková Š, Houngbedji NH, Vosátka R, Vorčáková K, Vinšová J. 2-Hydroxy- N-phenylbenzamides and Their Esters Inhibit Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110698. [PMID: 31694272 PMCID: PMC6920847 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) represents a viable approach to alleviate Alzheimer’s disease. Thirty-six halogenated 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamides (salicylanilides) with various substitution patterns and their esters with phosphorus-based acids were synthesized in yields of 72% to 92% and characterized. They were evaluated for in vitro inhibition of AChE from electric eel and BuChE from equine serum using modified Ellman’s spectrophotometric method. The benzamides exhibited a moderate inhibition of AChE with IC50 values in a narrow concentration range from 33.1 to 85.8 µM. IC50 values for BuChE were higher (53.5–228.4 µM). The majority of derivatives inhibit AChE more efficiently than BuChE and are comparable or superior to rivastigmine—an established cholinesterases inhibitor used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Phosphorus-based esters especially improved the activity against BuChE with 5-chloro-2-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}phenyl diethyl phosphite 5c superiority (IC50 = 2.4 µM). This derivative was also the most selective inhibitor of BuChE. It caused a mixed inhibition of both cholinesterases and acted as a pseudo-irreversible inhibitor. Several structure-activity relationships were identified, e.g., favouring esters and benzamides obtained from 5-halogenosalicylic acids and polyhalogenated anilines. Both 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamides and esters share convenient physicochemical properties for blood-brain-barrier penetration and thus central nervous system delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krátký
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Štěpánková
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Neto-Honorius Houngbedji
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Vosátka
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Vorčáková
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Vinšová
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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16
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Bharate SB, Chao CK, Thompson CM. Comparison of the reactivation rates of acetylcholinesterase modified by structurally different organophosphates using novel pyridinium oximes. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 71:103218. [PMID: 31302432 PMCID: PMC6736693 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel panel of oximes were synthesized, which have displayed varying degree of reactivation ability towards different organophosphorus (OP) modified cholinesterases. In the present article, we report a comparative reactivation profile of a series of quaternary pyridinium-oximes for electric eel acetylcholinesterase (EEAChE) inhibited by the organophosphorus (OP) inhibitors methyl paraoxon (MePOX), ethyl paraoxon (POX; paraoxon) and diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) that are distinguishable as dimethoxyphosphoryl, diethoxyphosphoryl and diisopropoxyphosphoryl AChE-OP-adducts. Most of the 59-oximes tested led to faster and more extensive reactivation of MePOX- and POX-inhibited EEAChE as compared to DFP-modified EEAChE. All were effective reactivators of three OP-modified EEAChE conjugates showing 18-21% reactivation for DFP-inhibited AChE and ≥45% reactivation for MePOX- and POX-inhibited EEAChE. Oximes 7 and 8 showed kr values better than pralidoxime (1) for DFP-inhibited EEAChE. Reactivation rates determined at different inhibition times showed no significant change in kr values during 0-90 min incubation with three OPs. However, a 34-72% decrease in kr for MePOX and POX and > 95% decrease in kr for DFP-inhibited EEAChE was observed after 24 h of OP-exposure (aging).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip B Bharate
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA; Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.
| | - Chih-Kai Chao
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Charles M Thompson
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.
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Lee JP, Kang MG, Lee JY, Oh JM, Baek SC, Leem HH, Park D, Cho ML, Kim H. Potent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by sargachromanol I from Sargassum siliquastrum and by selected natural compounds. Bioorg Chem 2019; 89:103043. [PMID: 31200287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Six hundred forty natural compounds were tested for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities. Of those, sargachromanol I (SCI) and G (SCG) isolated from the brown alga Sargassum siliquastrum, dihydroberberine (DB) isolated from Coptis chinensis, and macelignan (ML) isolated from Myristica fragrans, potently and effectively inhibited AChE with IC50 values of 0.79, 1.81, 1.18, and 4.16 µM, respectively. SCI, DB, and ML reversibly inhibited AChE and showed mixed, competitive, and noncompetitive inhibition, respectively, with Ki values of 0.63, 0.77, and 4.46 µM, respectively. Broussonin A most potently inhibited BChE (IC50 = 4.16 µM), followed by ML, SCG, and SCI (9.69, 10.79, and 13.69 µM, respectively). In dual-targeting experiments, ML effectively inhibited monoamine oxidase B with the greatest potency (IC50 = 7.42 µM). Molecular docking simulation suggested the binding affinity of SCI (-8.6 kcal/mol) with AChE was greater than those of SCG (-7.9 kcal/mol) and DB (-8.2 kcal/mol). Docking simulation indicated SCI interacts with AChE at Trp81, and that SCG interacts at Ser119. No hydrogen bond was predicted for the interaction between AChE and DB. This study suggests SCI, SCG, DB, and ML be viewed as new reversible AChE inhibitors and useful lead compounds for the development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Pil Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Gyun Kang
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Yeop Lee
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Gyeongsan 38540, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Cheol Baek
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Hee Leem
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Gyeongsan 38540, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeui Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Lae Cho
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Gyeongsan 38540, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea.
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Loesche A, Köwitsch A, Lucas SD, Al-Halabi Z, Sippl W, Al-Harrasi A, Csuk R. Ursolic and oleanolic acid derivatives with cholinesterase inhibiting potential. Bioorg Chem 2019; 85:23-32. [PMID: 30599410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids are in the focus of scientific interest, and they were evaluated for many pharmacological applications among them their ability to act as inhibitors of cholinesterases. These inhibitors are still of interest as drugs that improve the life quality of patients suffering from age-related dementia illnesses especially of Alzheimer's disease. Herein, we prepared several derivatives of ursolic and oleanolic acid and screened them in Ellman's assays for their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase and/or butyrylcholinesterase, and for each of the active compounds the type of inhibition was determined. As a result, several compounds were shown as good inhibitors for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase even in a micromolar range. An ursolic acid derived hydroxyl-propinyl derivative 10 was a competitive inhibitor for butyrylcholinesterase with an inhibition constant of Ki = 4.29 μM, and therefore being twice as active as gold standard galantamine hydrobromide. The best inhibitor for acetylcholinesterase, however, was 2-methyl-3-oxo-methyl-ursoloate (18), acting as a mixed-type inhibitor showing Ki = 1.72 µM and Ki' = 1.28 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Loesche
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alexander Köwitsch
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Susana D Lucas
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácio, Instituto de Investigacao do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Zayan Al-Halabi
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- University of Nizwa, Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, PO Box 33, Birkat Al-Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - René Csuk
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Nilsu T, Thaisaeng W, Thamnarak W, Eurtivong C, Jumraksa A, Thorroad S, Khunnawutmanotham N, Ruchirawat S, Thasana N. Three Lycopodium alkaloids from Thai club mosses. Phytochemistry 2018; 156:83-88. [PMID: 30237134 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical constituents in alkaloid extracts from three Thai club mosses Huperzia squarrosa, Huperzia phlegmaria and Phlegmariurus nummularifolius were investigated. Squarrosinoxide was an undescribed Lycopodium alkaloid from H. squarrosa possessing an unprecedented 6/5/7 tricyclic spiro system. Acetyllycophlegmarianol was an undescribed N-oxide lycopodine-type alkaloid isolated from H. phlegmaria. 4-Epilycopodine, an undescribed epimer of lycopodine, was first isolated from P. nummularifolius. The structural assignments were established through comprehensive spectroscopic techniques and chemical correlations. All compounds were assayed for their anti-acetylcholinesterase activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanasan Nilsu
- Program of Applied Biological Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy of Science, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Wachirasak Thaisaeng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Wanlaya Thamnarak
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Chatchakorn Eurtivong
- Program of Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy of Science, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Apiwan Jumraksa
- Program of Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy of Science, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Sakornrat Thorroad
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | | | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Program of Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy of Science, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; The Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Commission on Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nopporn Thasana
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Program of Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy of Science, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; The Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Commission on Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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20
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Tao M, Zhang L, Guo Y. Dual-Channel Enzymatic Inhibition Measurement (DEIM) Coupling Isotope Substrate via Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2018; 29:2427-2435. [PMID: 30159674 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel dual-channel enzymatic inhibition measurement (DEIM) method was developed to improve the repeatability with light/heavy isotope substrates, producing reliable relative standard deviations (< 3%) by employing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as the model enzyme. The matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was adapted for enzyme-inhibited method due to its good salt-tolerance and high throughput; meanwhile, dual-channel enzymatic reactions were performed to improve the repeatability of each well. The acetylcholinesterase inhibition measurement was conducted by mixing the quenched enzyme reaction solution of blank group (with heavy isotope as substrate) and experimental group (with light isotope as substrate), of which the inhibition rate might be affected by isotope effects. Hence, inverse study and Km measurement were implemented to validate the method. The inverse study shows similar inhibition rate (68.9 and 70.3%) and the Km of isotope substrates are analogous (0.139 and 0.135 mM), which demonstrated that the novel method is feasible to AChE inhibition measurement. Finally, the method was applied to herb extracts, half of which exhibit inhibition to AChE. The precise dual-channel enzymatic inhibition measurement (DEIM) method could be regarded as a promising approach to potential enzyme inhibitor screening. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Postdoctoral Programme, Mayinglong Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yinlong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Sun JQ, Tao NE, Zhang AP, Qi H. Effects of cyclodextrin on the stereoselectivity inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by isomalathion. J Environ Sci Health B 2018; 53:580-586. [PMID: 29842826 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1473963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In attempt to evaluate the effects of cyclodextrins (CDs) on enantioselectivity of chiral pesticides toxicity, this study investigated effects of three kinds of cyclodextrins including α-CD, β-CD and randomly methylated β-CD (RAMEB) on toxicity of four enantiomers of isomalathion including (1R, 3R)-isomalathion, (1S, 3S)-isomalathion, (1S, 3R)-isomalathion and (1R, 3S)-isomalathion. Generally, the addition of α-CD and RAMEB (1.5 g/L to 3.5 g/L concentration) could lead to reduction of isomalathion toxicity in most cases, while the presence of β-CD (0.3 g/L to 1.5 g/L concentration) enhanced the toxicity of isomalathion. It was speculated that higher electronic cloud density and lower water solubility of β-CD than α-CD and RAMEB might favor to combination between acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and isomalathion included by β-CD. With respect for α-CD and RAMEB, isomalathion included by them could be easily dissolved in water because of high water solubility of the two CDs. Therefore, α-CD and RAMEB can be used as remediation regent for the pollution of isomalathion, and β-CD can act as an additive in improving bioactivity of such pesticides. In addition, the presence of CDs can alter enantioselectivity of chiral pesticides. The differences on the extent of enantioselectivity variation of isomalathion induced by α-CD, RAMEB and β-CD might be ascribe to the different cavity, electron cloud density and solubility among the three CDs. In conclusion, the above results gave researchers a possibility to change enantioselectivity of chiral pesticides from undesirable outcomes to desirable ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Q Sun
- a International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , China
| | - Ning E Tao
- a International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , China
| | - An P Zhang
- a International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , China
| | - Hong Qi
- b Department of Environmental Engineering , School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , China
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22
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Abstract
There is mounting evidence that enzyme diffusivity is enhanced when the enzyme is catalytically active. Here, using superresolution microscopy [stimulated emission-depletion fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (STED-FCS)], we show that active enzymes migrate spontaneously in the direction of lower substrate concentration ("antichemotaxis") by a process analogous to the run-and-tumble foraging strategy of swimming microorganisms and our theory quantifies the mechanism. The two enzymes studied, urease and acetylcholinesterase, display two families of transit times through subdiffraction-sized focus spots, a diffusive mode and a ballistic mode, and the latter transit time is close to the inverse rate of catalytic turnover. This biochemical information-processing algorithm may be useful to design synthetic self-propelled swimmers and nanoparticles relevant to active materials. Executed by molecules lacking the decision-making circuitry of microorganisms, antichemotaxis by this run-and-tumble process offers the biological function to homogenize product concentration, which could be significant in situations when the reactant concentration varies from spot to spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young Jee
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Sandipan Dutta
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Tsvi Tlusty
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea;
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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23
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Botić T, Defant A, Zanini P, Žužek MC, Frangež R, Janussen D, Kersken D, Knez Ž, Mancini I, Sepčić K. Discorhabdin alkaloids from Antarctic Latrunculia spp. sponges as a new class of cholinesterase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 136:294-304. [PMID: 28505534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The brominated pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids discorhabdins B, L and G and 3-dihydro-7,8- dehydrodiscorhabdin C, isolated from methanol extracts of two specimens of Latrunculia sp. sponges collected near the Antarctic Peninsula, are here demonstrated for the first time to be reversible competitive inhibitors of cholinesterases. They showed Ki for electric eel acetylcholinesterase of 1.6-15.0 μM, for recombinant human acetylcholinesterase of 22.8-98.0 μM, and for horse serum butyrylcholinesterase of 5.0-76.0 μM. These values are promising when compared to the current cholinesterase inhibitors used for treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease, to counteract the acetylcholine deficiency in the brain. Good correlation was obtained between IC50 data and results by molecular docking calculation on the binding interactions within the acetylcholinesterase active site, which also indicated the moieties in discorhabdin structures involved. To avoid unwanted peripheral side effects that can appear in patients using some acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, electrophysiological experiments were carried out on one of the most active of these compounds, discorhabdin G, which confirmed that it had no detectable undesirable effects on neuromuscular transmission and skeletal muscle function. These findings are promising for development of cholinesterase inhibitors based on the scaffold of discorhabdins, as potential new agents for treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Botić
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Andrea Defant
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Physics, University of Trento, via Sommarive, 14, I-38123 Povo-Trento, Italy
| | - Pietro Zanini
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Physics, University of Trento, via Sommarive, 14, I-38123 Povo-Trento, Italy
| | - Monika Cecilija Žužek
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, Slovenia
| | - Robert Frangež
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, Slovenia
| | - Dorte Janussen
- Marine Zoology Department, Senckenberg Research Institute and Nature Museum, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Kersken
- Marine Zoology Department, Senckenberg Research Institute and Nature Museum, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Željko Knez
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Ines Mancini
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Physics, University of Trento, via Sommarive, 14, I-38123 Povo-Trento, Italy.
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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24
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Wang J, Wang ZM, Li XM, Li F, Wu JJ, Kong LY, Wang XB. Synthesis and evaluation of multi-target-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease based on the fusion of donepezil and melatonin. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4324-4338. [PMID: 27460699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of compounds obtained by fusing the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor donepezil and the antioxidant melatonin were designed as multi-target-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In vitro assay indicated that most of the target compounds exhibited a significant ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (eeAChE and hAChE), butyrylcholinesterase (eqBuChE and hBuChE), and β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, and to act as potential antioxidants and biometal chelators. Especially, 4u displayed a good inhibition of AChE (IC50 value of 193nM for eeAChE and 273nM for hAChE), strong inhibition of BuChE (IC50 value of 73nM for eqBuChE and 56nM for hBuChE), moderate inhibition of Aβ aggregation (56.3% at 20μM) and good antioxidant activity (3.28trolox equivalent by ORAC assay). Molecular modeling studies in combination with kinetic analysis revealed that 4u was a mixed-type inhibitor, binding simultaneously to catalytic anionic site (CAS) and the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE. In addition, 4u could chelate metal ions, reduce PC12 cells death induced by oxidative stress and penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Taken together, these results strongly indicated the hybridization approach is an efficient strategy to identify novel scaffolds with desired bioactivities, and further optimization of 4u may be helpful to develop more potent lead compound for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Jia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Fillafer C, Schneider MF. On the excitation of action potentials by protons and its potential implications for cholinergic transmission. Protoplasma 2016; 253:357-365. [PMID: 25874591 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the most conserved mechanisms for transmission of a nerve pulse across a synapse relies on acetylcholine (ACh). Ever since the Nobel Prize-winning works of Dale and Loewi, it has been assumed that ACh-subsequent to its action on a postsynaptic cell-is split into inactive by-products by acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Herein, the widespread assumption of inactivity of ACh's hydrolysis products is falsified. Excitable cells (Chara braunii internodes), which had previously been unresponsive to ACh, became ACh-sensitive in the presence of AChE. The latter was evidenced by a striking difference in cell membrane depolarization upon exposure to 10 mM intact ACh (∆V = -2 ± 5 mV) and its hydrolysate (∆V = 81 ± 19 mV), respectively, for 60 s. This pronounced depolarization, which also triggered action potentials, was clearly attributed to one of the hydrolysis products: acetic acid (∆V = 87 ± 9 mV at pH 4.0; choline ineffective in the range 1-10 mM). In agreement with our findings, numerous studies in the literature have reported that acids excite gels, lipid membranes, plant cells, erythrocytes, as well as neurons. Whether excitation of the postsynaptic cell in a cholinergic synapse is due to protons or due to intact ACh is a most fundamental question that has not been addressed so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fillafer
- Biological Physics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington St., Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Matthias F Schneider
- Biological Physics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington St., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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26
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Dzudzevic Cancar H, Soylemez S, Akpinar Y, Kesik M, Göker S, Gunbas G, Volkan M, Toppare L. A Novel Acetylcholinesterase Biosensor: Core-Shell Magnetic Nanoparticles Incorporating a Conjugated Polymer for the Detection of Organophosphorus Pesticides. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:8058-8067. [PMID: 26956086 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To construct a sensing interface, in the present work, a conjugated polymer and core-shell magnetic nanoparticle containing biosensor was constructed for the pesticide analysis. The monomer 4,7-di(furan-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (FBThF) and core-shell magnetic nanoparticles were designed and synthesized for fabrication of the biosensing device. The magnetic nanoparticles were first treated with silica and then modified using carboxyl groups, which enabled binding of the biomolecules covalently. For the construction of the proposed sensor a two-step procedure was performed. First, the poly(FBThF) was electrochemically generated on the electrode surface. Then, carboxyl group modified magnetic nanoparticles (f-MNPs) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the model enzyme, were co-immobilized on the polymer-coated surface. Thereby, a robust and novel surface, conjugated polymer bearing magnetic nanoparticles with pendant carboxyl groups, was constructed, which was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle measurements. This novel architecture was then applied as an immobilization platform to detect pesticides. To the best of our knowledge, a sensor design that combines both conjugated polymer and magnetic nanoparticles was attempted for the first time, and this approach resulted in improved biosensor characteristics. Hence, this approach opens a new perspective in the field of enzyme immobilization and sensing applications. Paraoxon and trichlorfon were selected as the model toxicants. To obtain best biosensor performance, optimization studies were performed. Under optimized conditions, the biosensor in concern revealed a rapid response (5 s), a low detection limit (6.66 × 10(-3) mM), and high sensitivity (45.01 μA mM(-1) cm(-2)). The KM(app) value of poly(FBThF)/f-MNPs/AChE were determined as 0.73 mM. Furthermore, there was no considerable activity loss for 10 d for poly(FBThF)/f-MNPs/AChE biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hurija Dzudzevic Cancar
- Department of Natural Sciences in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo , Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia-Herzegovina
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27
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García ME, Borioni JL, Cavallaro V, Puiatti M, Pierini AB, Murray AP, Peñéñory AB. Solanocapsine derivatives as potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase: Synthesis, molecular docking and biological studies. Steroids 2015; 104:95-110. [PMID: 26362598 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of natural products in medicinal chemistry is essential today. In this context, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors comprise one type of the compounds most actively studied in the search for an effective treatment of symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. This work describes the isolation of a natural compound, solanocapsine, the preparation of its chemical derivatives, the evaluation of AChE inhibitory activity, and the structure-activity analysis of relevant cases. The influence of structural variations on the inhibitory potency was carefully investigated by modifying different reactive parts of the parent molecule. A theoretical study was also carried out into the binding mode of representative compounds to the enzyme through molecular modeling. The biological properties of the series were investigated. Through this study valuable information was obtained of steroidal alkaloid-type compounds as a starting point for the synthesis of AChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela E García
- INFIQC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - José L Borioni
- INFIQC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Valeria Cavallaro
- INQUISUR-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, B8000CPB Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Puiatti
- INFIQC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adriana B Pierini
- INFIQC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana P Murray
- INQUISUR-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, B8000CPB Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Alicia B Peñéñory
- INFIQC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina.
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28
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Choi JS, Haulader S, Karki S, Jung HJ, Kim HR, Jung HA. Acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase inhibitory activities of the edible brown alga Eisenia bicyclis. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:1477-87. [PMID: 25370610 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
As part of our ongoing isolation of cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors from natural marine sources, the bioactivity of the ethanolic extracts from 12 Korean seaweeds were screened for their inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and total reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Eisenia bicyclis exhibited promising inhibitory properties against AChE, BChE and total ROS with inhibition percentages (%) of 68.01 ± 1.37, 95.72 ± 3.80, and 73.20 ± 1.82 at concentrations of 25 µg/mL, respectively. Among the different solvent-soluble fractions obtained from the ethanolic extract, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction was found to cause the most potent scavenging, or inhibitory activities, against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) and total ROS with the respective IC50 values of 2.48 ± 0.01, 8.70 ± 0.06, and 0.81 ± 0.03 µg/mL. Likewise, the EtOAc fraction also exhibited potent inhibitory activities against AChE and BChE with IC50 values of 2.78 ± 0.07 and 3.48 ± 0.32 µg/mL, respectively. Silica gel column chromatography of the EtOAc fraction yielded a phlorotannin, 974-B, based on the comparison with reported (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectroscopic data. 974-B showed strong scavenging/or inhibitory potential against DPPH, ONOO(-), total ROS, AChE, and BChE with the respective IC50 values of 0.86 ± 0.02, 1.80 ± 0.01, 6.45 ± 0.04, 1.95 ± 0.01, and 3.26 ± 0.08 µM, respectively. These results indicate that the potential of E. bicyclis and its phlorotannin for use in the development of therapeutic or preventive agents of Alzheimer's disease mainly through ChE inhibition and additional antioxidant capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Republic of Korea,
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29
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Abstract
Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in fresh electric organ tissue are elongated structures in which a multisubunit head containing the catalytic sites is attached to a fibrous tail. The principal form, 18S AChE, is of MW ca. 1,100,000 and aggregates reversibly at low ionic strength. Trypsin converts it to an 11S globular tetramer devoid of the tail and lacking the capacity to aggregate reversibly in low salt. Amino acid analysis, collagenase and pepsin digestion and immunological techniques were utilized to demonstrate that the fibrous tail of the elongated forms of AChE is a collagen triple helix. The distal portion of the tail contains a region responsible for the capacity for aggregation at low ionic strength. This latter property may be related to the postulated role of the tail in anchoring AChE to the fibrillar matrix of the basal lamina.
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30
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Nunes GS, Lins JAP, Silva FGS, Araujo LC, Silva FEPS, Mendonça CD, Badea M, Hayat A, Marty JL. Design of a macroalgae amperometric biosensor; application to the rapid monitoring of organophosphate insecticides in an agroecosystem. Chemosphere 2014; 111:623-630. [PMID: 24997974 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The immobilization of enzymes onto transducer support is a mature technology and has been successfully implemented to improve biocatalytic processes for diverse applications. However, there exists still need to design more sophisticated and specialized strategies to enhance the functional properties of the biosensors. In this work, a biosensor platform based on innovative fabrication strategy was designed, and employed for the detection of organophosphate (OP) in natural waters. The biosensor was prepared by incorporating acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) to the graphite paste modified with tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) mediator, along with the use of a macroalgae (Cladaphropsis membranous) as a functional immobilization support. The novel immobilization design resulted in a synergic effect, and led to enhanced stability and sensitivity of the biosensor. The designed biosensor was used to analyze methyl parathion OP insecticide in water samples collected from a demonstrably contaminated lake of São Luis Island, Maranhão, Northeast of Brazil. Water analysis revealed that the aquatic ecosystem was polluted by sub-ppm concentrations of the OP insecticide, and a good correlation was found between values obtained through biosensor and GC-MS techniques. Our results demonstrated that macroalgae-biosensor could be used as a low-cost and sensitive screening method to detect target analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Nunes
- Núcleo de Análise de Resíduos de Pesticidas, NARP, Departamento de Tecnologia Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Av. Portugueses, s/n, Bacanga 65080-040, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - J A P Lins
- Núcleo de Análise de Resíduos de Pesticidas, NARP, Departamento de Tecnologia Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Av. Portugueses, s/n, Bacanga 65080-040, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - F G S Silva
- Núcleo de Análise de Resíduos de Pesticidas, NARP, Departamento de Tecnologia Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Av. Portugueses, s/n, Bacanga 65080-040, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - L C Araujo
- Núcleo de Análise de Resíduos de Pesticidas, NARP, Departamento de Tecnologia Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Av. Portugueses, s/n, Bacanga 65080-040, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - F E P S Silva
- Núcleo de Análise de Resíduos de Pesticidas, NARP, Departamento de Tecnologia Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Av. Portugueses, s/n, Bacanga 65080-040, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - C D Mendonça
- Núcleo de Análise de Resíduos de Pesticidas, NARP, Departamento de Tecnologia Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Av. Portugueses, s/n, Bacanga 65080-040, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - M Badea
- Transilvania University of Brasov, Str. Nicolae Balcescu Nr. 56, 500019 Brasov, Romania
| | - A Hayat
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - J-L Marty
- Laboratoire IMAGES EA 4218, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Av. Paul Alduy, 52, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France.
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31
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Loizzo MR, Bonesi M, Pugliese A, Menichini F, Tundis R. Chemical composition and bioactivity of dried fruits and honey of Ficus carica cultivars Dottato, San Francesco and Citrullara. J Sci Food Agric 2014; 94:2179-2186. [PMID: 24338976 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to evaluate, for the first time, the chemical profile, antioxidant properties and cholinesterase inhibitory activity of dried fruits and honey of Ficus carica (fig) cultivars Dottato, Citrullara, and San Francesco. RESULTS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of fig extracts identified terpenes, sterols and fatty acids as major constituents. The aroma profile of honey obtained from a mixture of the three cultivars was investigated by solid-phase micro-extraction/GC-MS. 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxaldehyde, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one and 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone were the main compounds. Total phenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin content are also reported. The San Francesco cultivar is characterised by the highest phenol and flavonoid content, while Dottato showed the major anthocyanin content. The Dottato cultivar exhibited the best radical scavenging activity against both 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals (IC50 values of 5.4 and 22.6 µg mL(-1) , respectively). This cultivar also showed the highest inhibitory activity against both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, with IC50 values of 26.9 and 31.8 µg mL(-1) , respectively. CONCLUSION Dried figs are a convenient source of bioactive compounds that demonstrated potential neuroprotection and antioxidant effects. Therefore, the addition of figs to the human diet should be recommended by dieticians and nutritionists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica R Loizzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87030, Rende, (CS), Italy
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Abstract
Abstract
The pI50 index and separation coefficients of chosen 3-N,N-diethylaminophenyl-N′,N′-dialkylcarbamates were determined. Index pI50 (pI50 = negative logarithm of molar concentration of inhibitor inhibiting the enzyme activity by 50%) describes the effectiveness of the inhibitor. The rate of ability of the inhibitor to pass the blood-brain barrier is usually described by the separation coefficient in a system n-octanol/water (Kow). Obtained results were compared with pI50 and Kow of Exelon®, the commercially used drug against the Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sárka Stĕpánková
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Strossova 239, 530 03 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Abstract
Kinetics and mechanism of in vitro hydrolyses of acetylcholine and acetylthiocholine by carbamates were studied in a batch reactor at 25 °C, pH 8, and ionic strength of 0.11 m. Every hydrolysis was monitored by 3-4 independent methods. All studied hydrolyses can be described by the model of competitive inhibition with an irreversible step (k3). A table of obtained average values of rate constants and discussion of the resultes are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Komersová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Legií 565, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Bautista-Aguilera OM, Esteban G, Bolea I, Nikolic K, Agbaba D, Moraleda I, Iriepa I, Samadi A, Soriano E, Unzeta M, Marco-Contelles J. Design, synthesis, pharmacological evaluation, QSAR analysis, molecular modeling and ADMET of novel donepezil-indolyl hybrids as multipotent cholinesterase/monoamine oxidase inhibitors for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 75:82-95. [PMID: 24530494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of donepezil-indolyl based amines 7-10, amides 12-16, and carboxylic acid derivatives 5 and 11, as multipotent ASS234 analogs, able to inhibit simultaneously cholinesterase (ChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is reported. Theoretical studies using 3D-Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (3D-QSAR) was used to define 3D-pharmacophores for inhibition of MAO A/B, AChE, and BuChE enzymes. We found that, in general, and for the same substituent, amines are more potent ChE inhibitors (see compounds 12, 13 versus 7 and 8) or equipotent (see compounds 14, 15 versus 9 and 10) than the corresponding amides, showing a clear EeAChE inhibition selectivity. For the MAO inhibition, amides were not active, and among the amines, compound 14 was totally MAO A selective, while amines 15 and 16 were quite MAO A selective. Carboxylic acid derivatives 5 and 11 showed a multipotent moderate selective profile as EeACE and MAO A inhibitors. Propargylamine 15 [N-((5-(3-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)propoxy)-1-methyl-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)prop-2-yn-1-amine] resulted in the most potent hMAO A (IC50 = 5.5 ± 1.4 nM) and moderately potent hMAO B (IC50 = 150 ± 31 nM), EeAChE (IC50 = 190 ± 10 nM), and eqBuChE (IC50 = 830 ± 160 nM) inhibitor. However, the analogous N-allyl and the N-morpholine derivatives 16 and 14 deserve also attention as they show an attractive multipotent profile. To sum up, donepezil-indolyl hybrid 15 is a promising drug for further development for the potential prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard Esteban
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Bolea
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katarina Nikolic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danica Agbaba
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ignacio Moraleda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Barcelona, Km. 33.5, 28817 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Isabel Iriepa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Barcelona, Km. 33.5, 28817 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Abdelouahid Samadi
- Laboratorio de Química Médica (IQOG, CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Soriano
- SEPCO, (IQOG, CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Unzeta
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratorio de Química Médica (IQOG, CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Gupta B, Sharma R, Singh N, Kuca K, Acharya JR, Ghosh KK. In vitro reactivation kinetics of paraoxon- and DFP-inhibited electric eel AChE using mono- and bis-pyridinium oximes. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:381-90. [PMID: 24065055 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxime-assisted reactivation of organophosphate (OP)-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a crucial step in the post-inhibitory treatment of OP intoxication. The limited efficacy of oxime reactivators for all OP nerve agents and pesticides led to the development of various novel oximes and their thorough kinetic investigations. Hence, in the present investigation, we have tested 10 structurally different pyridinium oxime-based reactivators for their in vitro potency to reactivate paraoxon- and DFP-inhibited electric eel AChE. From structure activity relationship point of view, various oximes such as mono-quaternary (2-PAM, K100, K024) and bis-quaternary symmetric (obidoxime, TMB-4) and asymmetric (K027, K048, K203, K618, K628) oximes bearing different connecting linkers (oxybismethylene, trimethylene, propane, butane, butene, and xylene) have been studied. The observed kinetic data demonstrate that not only the position of oxime group is decisive for the increased reactivation ability of oximes, but the role of connecting linker is also significant. Oximes with aliphatic linkers are superior reactivators than the oximes with unsaturated and aromatic linkers. The optimal chain length for plausible reactivation ability for paraoxon- and DFP-inhibited AChE is 3 or 4 carbon-carbon connecting linker between prydinium rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanushree Gupta
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492010, CG, India
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Orhan IE, Senol FS, Ozturk N, Celik SA, Pulur A, Kan Y. Phytochemical contents and enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant properties of Anethum graveolens L. (dill) samples cultivated under organic and conventional agricultural conditions. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:96-103. [PMID: 23764360 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory effect of the n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts from Anethum graveolens L. (dill) cultivated under organic (AG-O) and conventional (AG-C) conditions was tested against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and tyrosinase at 200 μg mL⁻¹. Their antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylendiamine (DMPD), and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging assays as well as ferric ion-chelation capacity, ferric-(FRAP), and phosphomolybdenum-reducing antioxidant power (PRAP). The phytochemical analyses have been performed on both of the plant samples. GC-MS analysis pointed out that α-phellandrene was the main component in both of the essential oils in varying amounts (47.75% for AG-O and 27.94% for AG-C), while oleic acid was the dominant in the fruit oils of two samples (36.39% for AG-O and 53.87% for AG-C). HPLC analysis showed that both of the extracts contained rosmarinic acid as the major phenolic acid. The extracts inhibited BChE at moderate level, while the ethanol extracts exerted remarkable NO scavenging effect. The results emphasize that cultivation conditions may have effect on bioactivity and phytochemical content on plant samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
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Adsersen A, Guzman A, Mølgaard P, Simonsen HT. Tea toxicity and cholinesterase inhibition of Huilliche herbal medicine. J Complement Integr Med 2013; 10:/j/jcim.2013.10.issue-1/jcim-2012-0012/jcim-2012-0012.xml. [PMID: 23652640 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2012-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Eleven species of Huilliche medicinal plants used traditionally against infections and for wound healing were tested for their cholinesterase inhibition activity. Two different teas (a 5-7 min infusion and a 1 h decoction, both in water) were tested for their toxicity against Artemia salina. The results from the present study clearly show that teas boiled for 1 h is much more toxic than teas infused for 5-7 min. These results support the different traditional use of the two teas, where the 1h tea is for external use only. Additionally, significant inhibition of cholinesterase has been observed for MeOH extracts of Acaena argentea, Amomyrtas meli and Pseudopanax laetevirens, with that of A. argentea being the most potent. All findings call for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Adsersen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Hou XD, Liu QP, Smith TJ, Li N, Zong MH. Evaluation of toxicity and biodegradability of cholinium amino acids ionic liquids. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59145. [PMID: 23554985 PMCID: PMC3598705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinium amino acid ionic liquids ([Ch][AA] ILs), which are wholly composed of renewable biomaterials, have recently been demonstrated to have very promising properties for applications in organic synthesis and biomass pretreatment. In this work, the toxicity of these ILs toward enzymes and bacteria was assessed, and the effect of the anion on these properties is discussed. The inhibitory potentials of this type of ILs to acetylcholinesterase were weaker approximately an order of magnitude than the traditional IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. Additionally, the [Ch][AA] ILs displayed low toxicity toward the bacteria tested. Furthermore, the biodegradability of the [Ch][AA] ILs was evaluated via the closed bottle and CO(2) headspace tests using wastewater microorganisms. All the ILs were classified as 'readily biodegradable' based on their high levels of mineralization (62-87%). The presence of extra carboxyl or amide groups on the amino acid side chain rendered the ILs significantly more susceptible to microbial breakdown. In addition, for most of the [Ch][AA] ILs, low toxicity correlated with good biodegradability. The low toxicity and high biodegradability of these novel [Ch][AA] make them promising candidates for use as environmentally friendly solvents in large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Dan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Ping Liu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Thomas J. Smith
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (NL); (MHZ)
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (NL); (MHZ)
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Kaleem Ahmed S, Belabassi Y, Sankaranarayanan L, Chao CK, Gerdes JM, Thompson CM. Synthesis and anti-acetylcholinesterase properties of novel β- and γ-substituted alkoxy organophosphonates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2048-51. [PMID: 23453838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activated organophosphate (OP) insecticides and chemical agents inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to form OP-AChE adducts. Whereas the structure of the OP correlates with the rate of inhibition, the structure of the OP-AChE adduct influences the rate at which post-inhibitory reactivation or aging phenomena occurs. In this report, we prepared a panel of β-substituted ethoxy and γ-substituted propoxy phosphonoesters of the type p-NO(2)PhO-P(X)(R)[(O(CH(2))(n)Z] (R=Me, Et; X=O, S; n=2, 3; Z=halogen, OTs) and examined the inhibition of three AChEs by select structures in the panel. The β-fluoroethoxy methylphosphonate analog (R=Me, Z=F, n=2) was the most potent anti-AChE compound comparable (ki ∼6 × 10(6)M(-1)min(-1)) to paraoxon against EEAChE. Analogs with Z=Br, I, or OTs were weak inhibitors of the AChEs, and methyl phosphonates (R=Me) were more potent than the corresponding ethyl phosphonates (R=Et). As expected, analogs with a thionate linkage (PS) were poor inhibitors of the AChEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaleem Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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40
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Jahanshahi-Anbuhi S, Chavan P, Sicard C, Leung V, Hossain SMZ, Pelton R, Brennan JD, Filipe CDM. Creating fast flow channels in paper fluidic devices to control timing of sequential reactions. Lab Chip 2012; 12:5079-85. [PMID: 23079674 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc41005b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the development of a method to control the flow rate of fluids within paper-based microfluidic analytical devices. We demonstrate that by simply sandwiching paper channels between two flexible films, it is possible to accelerate the flow of water through paper by over 10-fold. The dynamics of this process are such that the height of the liquid is dependent on time to the power of 1/3. This dependence was validated using three different flexible films (with markedly different contact angles) and three different fluids (water and two silicon oils with different viscosities). These covered channels provide a low-cost method for controlling the flow rate of fluid in paper channels, and can be added following printing of reagents to control fluid flow in selected fluidic channels. Using this method, we redesigned a previously published bidirectional lateral flow pesticide sensor to allow more rapid detection of pesticides while eliminating the need to run the assay in two stages. The sensor is fabricated with sol-gel entrapped reagents (indoxyl acetate in a substrate zone and acetylcholinesterase, AChE, in a sensing zone) present in an uncovered "slow" flow channel, with a second, covered "fast" channel used to transport pesticide samples to the sensing region through a simple paper-flap valve. In this manner, pesticides reach the sensing region first to allow preincubation, followed by delivery of the substrate to generate a colorimetric signal. This format results in a uni-directional device that detects the presence of pesticides two times faster than the original bidirectional sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Jahanshahi-Anbuhi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
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Rønsted N, Symonds MRE, Birkholm T, Christensen SB, Meerow AW, Molander M, Mølgaard P, Petersen G, Rasmussen N, van Staden J, Stafford GI, Jäger AK. Can phylogeny predict chemical diversity and potential medicinal activity of plants? A case study of Amaryllidaceae. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:182. [PMID: 22978363 PMCID: PMC3499480 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During evolution, plants and other organisms have developed a diversity of chemical defences, leading to the evolution of various groups of specialized metabolites selected for their endogenous biological function. A correlation between phylogeny and biosynthetic pathways could offer a predictive approach enabling more efficient selection of plants for the development of traditional medicine and lead discovery. However, this relationship has rarely been rigorously tested and the potential predictive power is consequently unknown. RESULTS We produced a phylogenetic hypothesis for the medicinally important plant subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae) based on parsimony and Bayesian analysis of nuclear, plastid, and mitochondrial DNA sequences of over 100 species. We tested if alkaloid diversity and activity in bioassays related to the central nervous system are significantly correlated with phylogeny and found evidence for a significant phylogenetic signal in these traits, although the effect is not strong. CONCLUSIONS Several genera are non-monophyletic emphasizing the importance of using phylogeny for interpretation of character distribution. Alkaloid diversity and in vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and binding to the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) are significantly correlated with phylogeny. This has implications for the use of phylogenies to interpret chemical evolution and biosynthetic pathways, to select candidate taxa for lead discovery, and to make recommendations for policies regarding traditional use and conservation priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Rønsted
- Botanic Garden, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Sølvgade 83, Opg. S, Copenhagen, DK-1307, Denmark
| | - Matthew R E Symonds
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Trine Birkholm
- Natural Products Research, Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Søren Brøgger Christensen
- Natural Products Research, Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Alan W Meerow
- USDA-ARS-SHRS, National Germplasm Repository, 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, Florida, USA
- Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Marianne Molander
- Natural Products Research, Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Per Mølgaard
- Natural Products Research, Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Gitte Petersen
- Botanic Garden, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Sølvgade 83, Opg. S, Copenhagen, DK-1307, Denmark
| | - Nina Rasmussen
- Natural Products Research, Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3201, South Africa
| | - Gary I Stafford
- Botanic Garden, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Sølvgade 83, Opg. S, Copenhagen, DK-1307, Denmark
| | - Anna K Jäger
- Natural Products Research, Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
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Vitorović-Todorović MD, Cvijetić IN, Juranić IO, Drakulić BJ. The 3D-QSAR study of 110 diverse, dual binding, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors based on alignment independent descriptors (GRIND-2). The effects of conformation on predictive power and interpretability of the models. J Mol Graph Model 2012; 38:194-210. [PMID: 23073222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 3D-QSAR analysis based on alignment independent descriptors (GRIND-2) was performed on the set of 110 structurally diverse, dual binding AChE reversible inhibitors. Three separate models were built, based on different conformations, generated following next criteria: (i) minimum energy conformations, (ii) conformation most similar to the co-crystalized ligand conformation, and (iii) docked conformation. We found that regardless on conformation used, all the three models had good statistic and predictivity. The models revealed the importance of protonated pyridine nitrogen of tacrine moiety for anti AChE activity, and recognized HBA and HBD interactions as highly important for the potency. This was revealed by the variables associated with protonated pyridinium nitrogen, and the two amino groups of the linker. MIFs calculated with the N1 (pyridinium nitrogen) and the DRY GRID probes in the AChE active site enabled us to establish the relationship between amino acid residues within AChE active site and the variables having high impact on models. External predictive power of the models was tested on the set of 40 AChE reversible inhibitors, most of them structurally different from the training set. Some of those compounds were tested on the different enzyme source. We found that external predictivity was highly sensitive on conformations used. Model based on docked conformations had superior predictive ability, emphasizing the need for the employment of conformations built by taking into account geometrical restrictions of AChE active site gorge.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Minter
- Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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Xing Y, Wang C, Han P, Wang Z, Zhang X. Acetylcholinesterase responsive polymeric supra-amphiphiles for controlled self-assembly and disassembly. Langmuir 2012; 28:6032-6036. [PMID: 22404254 DOI: 10.1021/la300612k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have fabricated enzyme responsive polymeric supra-amphiphiles by mixing a block copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(acrylic acid) with myristoylcholine chloride in water. The polymeric supra-amphiphiles self-assemble into spherical aggregates with sizes varying from about 40 to 150 nm. Moreover, the spherical aggregates can be disassembled triggered by acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme which can cut off the ester linkage of myristoylcholine chloride. Nile red can be loaded into the spherical aggregates and released in several hours upon the treatment of acetylcholinesterase. The releasing rate is rather fast considering that it takes more than 150 h for Nile red to diffuse out of the spherical aggregates without addition of acetylcholinesterase. It is anticipated that the new enzyme responsive polymeric supra-amphiphile may be explored as a carrier for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Xing
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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45
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Pontual EV, Napoleão TH, Dias de Assis CR, de Souza Bezerra R, Xavier HS, Navarro DMDAF, Coelho LCBB, Paiva PMG. Effect of Moringa oleifera flower extract on larval trypsin and acetylcholinesterase activities in Aedes aegypti. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2012; 79:135-152. [PMID: 22392801 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti control is crucial to reducing dengue fever. Aedes aegypti larvae have developed resistance to organophosporous insecticides and the use of natural larvicides may help manage larval resistance by increasing elements in insecticide rotation programs. Here, we report on larvicidal activity of Moringa oleifera flower extract against A. aegypti L(1), L(2), L(3), and L(4) as well as the effect of flower extract on gut trypsin and whole-larval acetylcholinesterase from L(4.) In addition, the heated flower extract was investigated for larvicidal activity against L(4) and effect on larval gut trypsin. Moringa oleifera flower extract contains a proteinaceous trypsin inhibitor (M. oleifera flower trypsin inhibitor, MoFTI), triterpene (β-amyrin), sterol (β-sitosterol) as well as flavonoids (kaempferol and quercetin). Larvicidal activity was detected against L(2), L(3), and L(4) (LC(50) of 1.72%, 1.67%, and 0.92%, respectively). Flower extract inhibited L(4) gut trypsin (MoFTI K(i) = 0.6 nM) and did not affect acetylcholinesterase activity. In vivo assay showed that gut trypsin activity from L(4) treated with M. oleifera flower extract decreased over time (0-1,440 min) and was strongly inhibited (98.6%) after 310 min incubation; acetylcholinesterase activity was not affected. Thermal treatment resulted in a loss of trypsin inhibitor and larvicidal activities, supporting the hypothesis that flower extract contains a proteinaceous trypsin inhibitor that may be responsible for the deleterious effects on larval mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Viana Pontual
- Departamento de Bioquímica, CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
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Orhan IE, Ustün O, Sener B. Estimation of cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant effects of the leaf extracts of Anatolian Ficus carica var. domestica and their total phenol and flavonoid contents. Nat Prod Commun 2011; 6:375-378. [PMID: 21485278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ficus carica var. domestica Tsch. & Rav. (common fig) is widely grown in Turkey and exported for its edible fruits. In this study, the n-hexane, chloroform, acetone, methanol, n-butanol, and water extracts of the leaves of F. carica var. domestica were screened for their cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Cholinesterase inhibition against acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) was measured by the spectrophotometric method of Ellman at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 microg/mL., while antioxidant activity was tested using three in vitro methods; 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, metal-chelation capacity, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Total phenol and flavonoid contents of the extracts were determined spectrophotometrically. Our results revealed that the n-hexane and acetone extracts exerted a notable inhibition against both AChE (62.9 +/- 0.9% and 50.8 +/- 2.1%, respectively) and BChE (76.9 +/- 2.2% and 45.6 +/- 1.3%, respectively). However, they had low activity in the antioxidant tests. The chloroform extract was found to be the richest in total flavonoid content (252.5 +/- 1.1 mg/g quercetin equivalent), while the n-butanol extract had the highest total phenol amount (85.9 +/- 3.2 mg/g extract gallic acid equivalent).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
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47
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Abstract
A novel method for aflatoxin B (AFB) determination is proposed. The AFB determination is based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE, from electric eel) inhibition, and the AChE residual activity is determined using the colorimetric method (Ellman's method). To select and optimize the analytical procedures, the investigation on type of AChE inhibition by AFB(1) was carried out. The AChE degree of inhibition by AFB(1) was independent of the incubation time and the enzyme concentrations, showing the reversibility of the inhibition. This reversibility of the inhibition permits a rapid analysis of AFB(1). In fact, only a 3-min analysis is required. For the development of AFB(1) assay, the pH, the reaction time, the temperature, and the substrate concentration were evaluated and optimized. The linear range of 10-60 ng/mL was assessed. To evaluate the selectivity of this method, the cross-reactivity with other aflatoxins, such as AFB(2) (aflatoxin B(2)), AFG(1) (aflatoxin G(1)), AFG(2) (aflatoxin G(2)), and AFM(1) (aflatoxin M(1)), was investigated. The suitability of the assay for AFB(1) quantification in barley was also evaluated. This study shows a new approach to detect aflatoxins based on enzyme inhibition with several advantages, such as the easiness of use, the rapidity, and the cost-effectiveness, demonstrating a possible use as screening method for this type of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Moscone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy.
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Plumb C. The 'electric stroke' and the 'electric spark': anatomists and eroticism at George Baker's electric eel exhibition in 1776 and 1777. Endeavour 2010; 34:87-94. [PMID: 20674027 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In 1776 and 1777 five living electric eels exhibited in London became a sensational spectacle that appealed to anatomists, electricians and connoisseurs of erotica. George Baker's exhibition made visible the 'electric spark' of the electrical eel and a series of experiments were both witnessed by and participated in by members of the Royal Society and the metropolitan elite. Some participants even grasped the eels firmly in their hands and felt the 'electric stroke' of the eel in addition to observing the spark. In their observation of the electric eel some of these spectators transposed the vivid electric spark from the sphere of electricians and anatomists into that of satirical and erotic literature. Here the erotic electric eel proliferated in the literature and the eel took on quite different connotations that nonetheless were reliant on readers knowledge and experience of the exhibition, experiments and the preoccupations of anatomists. George Baker's electric eel exhibition of 1776 and 1777 is then instructive in exploring the production and circulation of knowledge in Georgian Britain. The story of the electric eel in Georgian culture charts the creation of the electric spark and stroke as objects of observation and encounter, their exhibitionary context, and finally their divergent meanings as the electric eel became erotically charged for a metropolitan masculine elite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Plumb
- Centre for Museology, Mansfield Cooper Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
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Bharate SB, Guo L, Reeves TE, Cerasoli DM, Thompson CM. Bisquaternary pyridinium oximes: Comparison of in vitro reactivation potency of compounds bearing aliphatic linkers and heteroaromatic linkers for paraoxon-inhibited electric eel and recombinant human acetylcholinesterase. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:787-94. [PMID: 20005727 PMCID: PMC2818686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxime reactivators are the drugs of choice for the post-treatment of OP (organophosphorus) intoxication and used widely for mechanistic and kinetic studies of OP-inhibited cholinesterases. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate new oxime compounds to reactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by the OP paraoxon. Several new bisquaternary pyridinium oximes with heterocyclic linkers along with some known bisquaternary pyridinium oximes bearing aliphatic linkers were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro reactivation potency against paraoxon-inhibited electric eel acetylcholinesterase (EeAChE) and recombinant human acetylcholinesterase (rHuAChE). Results herein indicate that most of the compounds are better reactivators of EeAChE than of rHuAChE. The reactivation potency of two different classes of compounds with varying linker chains was compared and observed that the structure of the connecting chain is an important factor for the activity of the reactivators. At a higher concentration (10(-3)M), compounds bearing aliphatic linker showed better reactivation than compounds with heterocyclic linkers. Interestingly, oximes with a heterocyclic linker inhibited AChE at higher concentration (10(-3)M), whereas their ability to reactivate was increased at lower concentrations (10(-4)M and 10(-5)M). Compounds bearing either a thiophene linker 26, 46 or a furan linker 31 showed 59%, 49% and 52% reactivation of EeAChE, respectively, at 10(-5)M. These compounds showed 14%, 6% and 15% reactivation of rHuAChE at 10(-4)M. Amongst newly synthesized analogs with heterocyclic linkers (26-35 and 45-46), compound 31, bearing furan linker chain, was found to be the most effective reactivator with a k(r) 0.042min(-1), which is better than obidoxime (3) for paraoxon-inhibited EeAChE. Compound 31 showed a k(r) 0.0041min(-1) that is near equal to pralidoxime (1) for paraoxon-inhibited rHuAChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip B. Bharate
- NIH COBRE Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Lilu Guo
- ATERIS Technologies LLC, 901 N Orange Street, Missoula, MT 59802, USA
| | - Tony E. Reeves
- USAMRICD, Research Division, Physiology and Immunology Branch, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, APG, MD 21010, USA
| | - Douglas M. Cerasoli
- USAMRICD, Research Division, Physiology and Immunology Branch, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, APG, MD 21010, USA
| | - Charles M. Thompson
- NIH COBRE Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- ATERIS Technologies LLC, 901 N Orange Street, Missoula, MT 59802, USA
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Abstract
Alexander Garden (1730-1791) was born in Scotland, where he trained in medicine before settling in South Carolina in 1752. With a passion for collecting and a love of nature, he sent specimens to Linnaeus and his associates in Europe. In 1774, Garden observed and conducted electrical experiments on some "eels" that had survived the trip from Surinam to Charleston. His detailed observations and reasons for believing they emit electricity were read before the Royal Society of London and subsequently published. He also advised the sea captain who owned the eels on how to preserve them and where to deliver their bodies if they died en route to London. Although they did die en route, John Hunter of the Royal Society was able to provide excellent descriptions of their electric organs because they were so well preserved. The sequence of events that followed led to other live eels surviving the voyage to London, where they were observed to spark in darkness in 1776. This was a critical piece of evidence in favor of fish electricity and eventually for the more revolutionary idea that even human nerves and muscles might function electrically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Finger
- Department of Psychology and Programs in Neuroscience and Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA.
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