A critical review on the stability of natural food pigments and stabilization techniques

This comprehensive review article delves into the complex world of natural edible pigments, with a primary focus on their stability and the factors that influence them. The study primarily explores four classes of pigments: anthocyanins, betalains, chlorophylls and carotenoids by investigating both their intrinsic and extrinsic stability factors. The review examines factors affecting the stability of anthocyanins which act as intrinsic factors like their structure, intermolecular and intramolecular interactions, copigmentation, and self-association as well as extrinsic factors such as temperature, light exposure, metal ions, and enzymatic activities. The scrutiny extends to betalains which are nitrogen-based pigments, and delves into intrinsic factors like chemical composition and glycosylation, as well as extrinsic factors like temperature, light exposure, and oxygen levels affecting for their stability. Carotenoids are analyzed concerning their intrinsic and extrinsic stability factors. The article emphasizes the role of chemical structure, isomerization, and copigmentation as intrinsic factors and discusses how light, temperature, oxygen, and moisture levels influence carotenoid stability. The impacts of food processing methods on carotenoid preservation are explored by offering guidance on maximizing retention and nutritional value. Chlorophyll is examined for its sensitivity to external factors like light, temperature, oxygen exposure, pH, metal ions, enzymatic actions, and the food matrix composition. In conclusion, this review article provides a comprehensive exploration of the stability of natural edible pigments, highlighting the intricate interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In addition, it is important to note that all the references cited in this review article are within the past five years, ensuring the most up-to-date and relevant sources have been considered in the analysis.

Nutritional Description of Processed Foods with Fibre-Related Nutrition Claims in Spain: The BADALI Project

Fibre is one of the most beneficial nutrients for health and is very frequently used in nutrition claims (NCs) to promote foods. These claims may lead consumers to believe that products bearing them are healthy and/or healthier than those without them. The main objective of this work is to address this belief. This is the first exhaustive analysis of seven processed food types with fibre-related NCs (six cereal-based and one plant-based meat analogues) comparing them with those without these claims. The Spanish Food Database, BADALI, was used for this study. Results show that as many as 88.7% of processed foods with fibre-related NCs are classified as 'less healthy' according to the Nutrient Profile Model developed by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO-NPM). When compared to foods without these NCs, similar results were obtained in the whole sample. Most of the observed divergences when analysing individual critical nutrients by food type indicate a deterioration of the nutritional quality. Foods with fibre-related NCs contained more fibre. The more frequent use of whole grain cereals or other fibre-specific ingredients may contribute to this. Some other nutritionally relevant differences were observed and half of them reflected a deterioration of the nutritional quality. In addition, these foods presented a lower prevalence of the organic version, as well as similar rates of mineral and vitamin fortification. Therefore, processed foods with fibre-related NCs are not healthy, nor present a better nutritional profile than those without.

A review of recent compound-specific isotope analysis studies applied to food authentication

Compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of food products is a relatively new and novel technique used to authenticate food and detect adulteration. This paper provides a review of recent on-line and off-line CSIA applications of plant and animal origin foods, essential oils and plant extracts. Different food discrimination techniques, applications, scope, and recent studies are discussed. CSIA δ13C values are widely used to verify geographical origin, organic production, and adulteration. The δ15N values of individual amino acids and nitrate fertilizers have proven effective to authenticate organic foods, while δ2H and δ18O values are useful to link food products with local precipitation for geographical origin verification. Most CSIA techniques focus on fatty acids, amino acids, monosaccharides, disaccharides, organic acids, and volatile compounds enabling more selective and detailed origin and authentication information than bulk isotope analyses.. In conclusion, CSIA has a stronger analytical advantage for the authentication of food compared to bulk stable isotope analysis, especially for honey, beverages, essential oils, and processed foods.

The effect of an organic food intervention treatment on biomarkers of exposure to lead and cadmium in primary school children of Cyprus: A cluster-randomized crossover trial

BACKGROUND

Food contaminants, such as, pesticides and metals are ubiquitous in the food chain. Studies routinely report on the metals content of organic and conventional food crops. However, comparative human studies on the body burden of metals associated with organic food consumption are currently lacking.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives were to i) determine the effectiveness of an organic food intervention in reducing the body burden of urinary concentration of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) and ii) evaluate the association between metal exposures and biomarkers of oxidative damage in primary school children in Cyprus.

METHODS

This study was part of the ORGANIKO cluster-randomized crossover trial, a 40-day organic food treatment to 149 healthy children (10-12 years) in Cyprus. Urinary biomarkers of Pb and Cd were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Linear mixed-effect regression models were used to account for the effect and duration of the organic food treatment. Multiple comparisons were handled using Benjamini-Hochberg correction.

RESULTS

A time-dependent reduction for creatinine-adjusted Pb during the intervention period was observed (β = -0.021; 95% CI: -0.034, -0.008; p-adjusted = 0.01). A similar trend was observed for creatinine-adjusted Cd, but it was not significant (β = -0.013; 95% CI: -0.026, 0.000; p-adjusted = 0.15). The creatinine-adjusted oxidative damage biomarkers were significantly associated with both metal biomarkers; Pb (8-OHdG: β = 0.388, 95% CI: 0.303, 0.472; p-adjusted<0.001; MDA: β = 0.187, 95% CI: 0.109, 0.265; p-adjusted<0.001; 8-iso-PGF2a: β = 0.320, 95% CI: 0.244, 0.397; p-adjusted<0.001), and Cd (8-OHdG: β = 0.148, 95% CI: 0.063, 0.233; p-adjusted = 0.003; MDA: β = 0.107, 95% CI: 0.030, 0.184; p-adjusted = 0.018; 8-iso-PGF2a: β = 0.263, 95% CI: 0.186, 0.339; p-adjusted<0.001).

DISCUSSION

A 40-day organic food treatment reduced primary school children's exposures to Pb over time. More human studies in settings with high food contaminant profiles across common crops are warranted.

Natural abundance analysis of the role played by 15 N as indicator for the certification of organic-system deriving food

BACKGROUND

The natural abundance of stable isotope ¹⁵ N (δ¹⁵ N) in production systems has emerged as an alternative to distinguish organic products from conventional ones. This study evaluated the use of δ¹⁵ N values recorded for nitrogen fertilizers, soil and plant tissue in order to set the differences between organic and conventional agricultural production systems applied to rice, potatoes, apple and banana crops.

RESULTS

Values of δ¹⁵ N recorded for N sources ranged from +5.58‰ to +18.27‰ and from -3.55‰ to +3.19‰ in organic and synthetic fertilizers, respectively. Values recorded for δ¹⁵ N in food from organic rice, potatoes and banana farms were higher than values recorded for δ¹⁵ N in conventional farms; the same was observed for values recorded for δ¹⁵ N in leaves from the four crops.

CONCLUSION

Results have allowed for differentiation between production systems due to values of δ¹⁵ N recorded in leaves of all crops and food, for rice, potatoes and banana trees. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Consumer Acceptance and Market Potential of Iodine-Biofortified Fruit and Vegetables in Germany

Biofortification of food crops with iodine is a novel approach to preventing iodine deficiency in humans. The present study analyses the consumer target groups and the market potential of iodine-biofortified fruit and vegetables in Germany. For this purpose, an online survey of 1016 German fruit and vegetable consumers was conducted to investigate the acceptance of different product categories as well as relevant criteria for the market launch. The results show that iodine-biofortified fruit and vegetables are particularly attractive to consumers who purchase at farmers’ markets, organic food shops, and farm stores. Out of this group, 39% of consumers rate such iodine-rich foods as very appealing. They attach importance to food that naturally contains iodine and prefer produce from integrated domestic cultivation. With their focus on sustainability and naturalness, this group of consumers clearly differs from typical users of dietary supplements, who are primarily concerned with health benefits. However, overall about 85% of respondents would prefer biofortified fruits and vegetables to supplements to improve their iodine supply. The greatest market potential for iodine-biofortified fruit and vegetables is to be expected in supermarkets, as this is the preferred food shopping location for most consumers. A total of 28% of those who buy here rate the biofortified foods presented as very appealing. Nevertheless, a successful market launch requires that the benefits of the new products are communicated according to the potential consumer group needs.

Elemental composition, rare earths and minority elements in organic and conventional wines from volcanic areas: The Canary Islands (Spain)

The organic wine market is rapidly growing worldwide, both in terms of production and consumption. However, the scientific literature is not conclusive regarding differences in the elemental composition of wines according to their production method, including both major and trace elements. Minerals can be present in wine as a result of both anthropogenic and environmental factors. To date, this has not been evaluated in volcanic contexts, neither has the emergent issue of rare earths and other minority elements as potential sources of food contamination. This study using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses organic and conventional wines produced in the Canary Islands (Spain), an archipelago of volcanic origin, to compare their content of 49 elements, including rare earths and minority elements. Our results showed that organic wines presented lower potential toxic element content on average than their conventional counterparts, but differences were not significant. Geographical origin of the wine samples (island) was the only significant variable differentiating wine samples by their composition profiles. By comparing our data with the literature, no agreement was found in terms of differences between organic and conventionally-produced wines. This confirms that other factors prevail over elemental composition when considering differences between wine production methods. Regarding the toxicological profile of the wines, five samples (three organic and two conventional) exceeded the maximum limits established by international legislation. This highlights the need for stricter analytical monitoring in the Canary Islands, with a particular focus on Cu and Ni concentration, and potentially in other volcanic areas.

Comparison of deoxynivalenol and zearaleone concentration in conventional and organic cereal products in western Poland

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE

Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) and Zearalenone (ZEA) are mycotoxin contaminants of cereals and cereal products that pose a significant threat to food safety. The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of DON and ZEA in different organic and conventional unprocessed cereals and cereal products that are available on the Polish agricultural fields and market. A total of 78 unprocessed cereal and cereal product samples of organic and conventional production were sampled from agricultural fields situated in western Poland and from available on the Polish market packaged comercial products produced by different domestic manufacturers. All samples were analyzed for DON and ZEA by HPLC with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD).

RESULTS

Results. Co-occurrence of DON was detected in cereals from the organic production system, the average content was 285.25 ± 134,04 μg kg ^-1 and from the conventional system - 373.71 ± 171,20 μg kg ^-1 , In flour from organic farming, the average DON content was 213.80 ± 151,28 μg kg ^-1, in conventional flour the average was 336.29 ± 188,90 μg kg ^-1. The range of DON concentrations in samples of cereal products from organic and conventional farms was detected in 26.3% and 31.6%, whereas the average concentrations of DON in cereal products was 199.60 ± 149.82 μg kg ^-1 and 387.67 ± 250.24 μg kg ^-1, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Mycotoxins contamination seen in organic cereals and cereal products does not statistical differ from that witnessed in their conventional counterparts.

Effect of Organic Food Intake on Nitrogen Stable Isotopes

Food choices affect the isotopic composition of the body with each food item leaving its distinct isotopic imprint. The common view is that the natural abundance of the stable isotopes of nitrogen (expressed as δ¹⁵N) is higher in animals than in plants that constitute our contemporary diets. Higher δ¹⁵N is thus increasingly viewed as a biomarker for meat and fish intake. Here we show that organic compared to conventional farming increases plant δ¹⁵N to an extent that can appreciably impact the performance of δ¹⁵N as a biomarker. The error that can arise when organic plants are consumed was modelled for the entire range of proportions of plant versus animal protein intake, and accounting for various intakes of organic and conventionally grown crops. This mass balance model allows the interpretation of differences in δ¹⁵N in light of organic food consumption. Our approach shows that the relationship between δ¹⁵N and meat and fish intake is highly contextual and susceptible to variation at the population, community or group level. We recommend that fertilization practices and organic plant consumption must not be overlooked when using δ¹⁵N as a biomarker for meat and fish intake or to assess compliance to nutritional interventions.

Long-Term Agricultural Effects on the Authentication Accuracy of Organic, Green, and Conventional Rice Using Isotopic and Elemental Chemometric Analyses

Organically farmed rice is believed to be healthier, safer, and eco-friendlier than its conventionally farmed counterparts and sells for a premium price in global markets. Deliberate mislabeling of organic rice has become a critical consumer concern in China and elsewhere, and there is an increased risk of buying fraudulent organic rice in the market place. In this study, stable isotopic and multielemental analysis combined with chemometrics was used to differentiate organically farmed rice from green and conventional rice in a 4-year experimental field trial from 2014 to 2017. A total of 108 rice samples and their associated soils were collected during the study from three farming (fertilization) systems to investigate whether there are long-term changes in the rice farming classification accuracy from climate effects. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios (i.e., δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) and 27 elemental contents (e.g., Na, K, Ca, Fe, and Zn) of rice and soil samples were determined and then evaluated using statistical analysis [i.e., one-way analysis of variance, multivariable correlation analysis, and modeling of partial least-squares discriminant analysis]. Although δ¹⁵N values can be an effective indicator for organic rice authentication during one crop rotation, both δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of rice were easily affected by rice cultivar and interannual soil fertilization and localized agroclimatic variations. These two isotopes were not able to separate organic rice from green and conventional rice accurately. Elemental contents of green and conventional rice (especially K and Ca) were found at higher levels due to the abundant application of synthetic fertilizers (e.g., KNO₃, KH₂PO₄, and CaHPO₄), unlike organically farmed rice, which primarily used animal manure and composts. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis modeling combined isotopic and elemental signatures to correctly differentiate organic rice from green and conventional counterparts, with an accuracy up to 100% over the 4-year study. Therefore, this multi-isotope and -element strategy proposes a more rigorous, alternative tool to combat fraudulent mislabeling of organic rice, increasing the trust of organically labeled rice products and supporting the integrity of the organic sector worldwide.

Parameters for discrimination between organic and conventional production: A case study for chicory plants (Cichorium intybus L.)

Organic crop production has become a highly attractive way of production over the world and thus the need for robust analytical techniques for their authentication. The main aim of this study is to identify appropriate biomarkers to discriminate between organic and conventionally grown chicory. Chicory is an appreciated leafy vegetable among producers and consumers, especially due to its undemanding cultivation and content of bioactive substances. Six different fertility management practices (control, two organic, two mineral, and a combination of organic and mineral fertilizers) were used to produce five chicory cultivars in a glasshouse pot experiment. Analysis of bioactive compounds, nitrogen assimilation, multi-elemental profiling and stable isotope ratio determination of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) were performed to differentiate between organic and conventional production. In this study, nitrogen isotopes are found to be an excellent way of identifying organically produced chicory of a different variety with the highest δ15N values. Conversely, the same samples had the lowest δ34S values indicating that also stable isotopes of S could be used as a marker for the authentication of organic production.

Selenium and cadmium in bioaccessible fraction of organic weaning food: Risk assessment and influence of dietary components

BACKGROUND

The tendency of some sectors of the population to consume organic food has also come to include baby food. Nevertheless, it is necessary to develop studies to support the true nutritional and toxicological value of these products, making special emphasis in several trace elements. To our knowledge, no studies have been conducted on this type of organic food.

METHODS

Weaning foods with different formulations categorized as organic were analyzed to determine Se and Cd contents as well as its bioaccesibility. The analyses were conducted by electro thermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ET - AAS) after the treatment of the samples with acid mineralization. Besides, macronutrient analyses (protein, fat and dietary fiber) were also developed. Finally, a novelty statistic approach such as @Risk was used to evaluate contributions to DRI or PTWI of Se and Cd derived for consumption of these weaning foods.

RESULTS

Se content ranged between 2.44-15.4 μg Kg ¹. Samples with meat ingredients showed the highest Se contents, while weaning foods consisting of fruits or vegetables presented the lowest concentrations. Se bioccessible concentration ranged between 1.90-4.35 μg Kg^-1 with a greater uniformity amongst analyzed samples. Regarding Cd, concentrations of this heavy metal ranged between 1.23 and 3.64 μg Kg^-1. Furthermore, Cd bioaccessibility of organic weaning foods ranged between 0.17 and 1.38 μg Kg^-1. The solubility of all samples studied was around 20% from the initial Cd concentration. A negative statistical correlation between fat content - Cd bioaccesible (p < 0.05; r = - 0.756) and Cd content - Se bioaccesible (p < 0.05; r = - 0.777) were also found.

CONCLUSIONS

Cd concentrations are considerably lower than those reported in weaning formulas which were not categorized as organic. On the other hand, the analysed organic jars did not represent a significant source of Se. The probabilistic assessment developed, showed that contributions to DRI of Se for infants 1-3 years old by consumption of these weaning foods, are excessively low (15% at best).

Effect of a Shading Mesh on the Metabolic, Nutritional, and Defense Profiles of Harvested Greenhouse-Grown Organic Tomato Fruits and Leaves Revealed by NMR Metabolomics

Controlling the temperature inside a greenhouse during the summer is a problem of increasing importance in the Mediterranean countries, especially in the Spanish southeast. The metabolic profile of greenhouse tomatoes and leaves grown under conventional conditions and within the presence of a shade mesh (∼50% reduction of sunlight radiation) has been monitored. Tomatoes were weekly harvested from May to July 2017 and analyzed by NMR spectroscopy coupled to multivariate data analysis techniques, together with oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays (for antioxidant activity). Fatty acids and carotenoids profiles were unraveled by GC-FID and HPLC-DAD, respectively. To verify whether it would be possible to take advantage of different light growing conditions to potentiate a plant's defense system, leaves of the corresponding plants were collected and their methanolic extracts were analyzed by NMR toward deciphering new biomarkers, which were used to assess their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. The presence of a shading mesh resulted in a reduction in tomato production and in smaller fruits with lower contents of sugars (glucose and fructose) and carotenoids (lycopene and β-carotene) and higher contents of organic acids, amino acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and oleic acids) and of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids (which contributed to an increased antioxidant activity). Methanolic extracts of leaves of nonshaded plants showed a higher antibiofilm activity than that from shaded plants. This activity was well-correlated with an increase of phenolic compounds, together with some specific amino acids and organic acids from tomato leaves.

Cradle-to-grave carbon footprint of dried organic pasta: assessment and potential mitigation measures

BACKGROUND

In several Environmental Product Declarations, the business-to-business carbon footprint (CF_CDC ) of durum wheat semolina dried pasta ranged from 0.57 to 1.72 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (CO_2e ) kg^-1 . In this work, the business-to-consumer carbon footprint (CF_CG ) of 1 kg of dry decorticated organic durum wheat semolina pasta, as packed in 0.5 kg polypropylene bags by a South Italian medium-sized pasta factory in the years 2016 and 2017, was assessed in compliance with the Publicly Available Specification 2050 standard method.

RESULTS

Whereas CF_CDC was mostly conditioned by the greenhouse gases emitted throughout durum wheat cultivation (0.67 vs 1.12 kg CO_2e kg^-1 ), CF_CG was mainly dependent on the use and post-consume phases (0.68 vs 1.81 kg CO_2e kg^-1 ). CF_CG was more or less affected by the pasta types and packing formats used, since it varied from +0.3 to +14.8% with respect to the minimum score estimated (1.74 kg CO_2e kg^-1 ), which corresponded to long goods packed in 3 kg bags for catering service. Once the main hotspots had been identified, CF_CG was stepwise reduced by resorting to a series of mitigation actions.

CONCLUSION

Use of more eco-sustainable cooking practices, organic durum wheat kernels resulting from less impacting cultivation techniques, and renewable resources to generate the thermal and electric energy needs reduced CF_CG by about 58% with respect to the above reference case. Finally, by shifting from road to rail freight transport and shortening the supply logistics of dry pasta and grains, a further 5% reduction in CF_CG was achieved. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

NMR-based differentiation of conventionally from organically produced chicken eggs in Germany

Both the German and European organic food markets are growing fast, and there is also a rising demand for organic chicken eggs. Consumers are willing to pay higher prices for organic eggs produced in an animal-appropriate environment considering animal welfare. Strict labelling requirements do not prevent chicken eggs from being a subject of food fraud. Conventionally produced (barn/free-range) eggs can easily be mislabeled as organic eggs. Especially because the demand for organically produced chicken eggs is likely to exceed supply in the future, mislabeling appears to be a realistic scenario. Therefore, there is a need for analytical methods that are suitable to classify eggs as being either conventionally or organically produced. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in combination with multivariate data analysis is a suitable tool to screen eggs according to the different systems of husbandry. Sample preparation is based on a fat extraction method, which was optimised for application to freeze-dried egg yolk. Samples were analysed using typical q-NMR parameters. A nontargeted approach was used for the analysis of the ¹ H NMR data. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied followed by a linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) and Monte Carlo cross-validation. In total, 344 chicken eggs (214 barn/free-range eggs and 130 eggs from organic farms), most of them originating from Germany, were used to build and validate the prediction model. The results showed that the prediction model allowed for the correct classification of about 93% of the organic eggs.

Phenolic acids variability and grain quality of organically and conventionally fertilised old wheats under a warm climate

BACKGROUND

We investigated three old wheats (Triticum dicoccum, Triticum durum, Triticum spelta) for effects of organic and conventional cultivation under equivalent nitrogen fertilisation (100 kg ha^-1 ) on antioxidant content and composition, and on quality traits.

RESULTS

Compared to conventional cultivation, organic cultivation had positive effects on test weight, while grain quality traits of protein content, gluten content and sodium dodecyl sulphate microsedimentation volume were 19.2%, 9.3% and 22.7% lower, respectively. Despite lower protein content with organic cultivation, this was still high (147 g kg^-1 ); thus with adequate organic nitrogen fertilisation, the quality traits related to the technological properties of flour were maintained. Total phenolic content (TPC) was significantly higher for organic versus conventional cultivation, although free and bound phenolic acids were not significantly different. With discriminant analysis, only durum wheat differentiated the qualitative and compositional traits according to cultivation system. Separation of organic versus conventional cultivation in durum wheat and emmer was strongly affected by antioxidants (antioxidant capacity, TPC, yellow pigment content), dietary fibre, protein content and test weight.

CONCLUSIONS

With adequate organic nitrogen fertilisation, protein and gluten contents remain high enough for good quality pasta. However, except for TPC, organic cultivation did not affect phenolic acids profile and antioxidant activity. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effects of Organic and Conventional Growing Systems on the Phenolic Profile of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil

Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) is largely appreciated for its proven nutritional properties. Additionally, organic foods are perceived as healthier by consumers. In this context, the aim of the present study was to compare the phenolic profiles of EVOO from olives of the Hojiblanca variety, cultivated under organic and conventional systems. The quantification and identification of individual polyphenols was carried out by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in tandem mode (LC-MS/MS). Significantly higher levels (p < 0.05) of phenolic compounds were found in organic EVOOs. The methodology used was able to detect previously unreported differences in bioactive components between organic and conventional EVOOs.

Characterization of physicochemical properties of casein mixture preparation extracted from organic milk for use as an emulsifier in organic processed foods

BACKGROUND

Sodium caseinate (SC) is not considered suitable for use as an emulsifier in organic processed food in the food industry because of the use of prohibited synthetic chemical substances during its production. Casein mixture preparation (CMP), one of the permissible substances specified in the regulations, was isolated from organic milk using citric acid and dibasic potassium phosphate for organic processed foods.

RESULTS

To compare CMP and SC, model emulsions stabilized with each substance were prepared at various concentrations and their physicochemical properties were analyzed. The emulsions' stability was determined using Turbiscan under various environmental stresses. The zeta potential of SC and CPM showed a high surface charge (≤ 30 mV) at all protein concentrations. Because the concentration of the protein preparation increased to 0.75% (w/v), the particle size of the CMP emulsion decreased with the surface load increased as much as that of SC. The CMP and SC emulsions were stable at neutral pH and room temperature. However, at acidic pH and high temperature, both emulsions were destabilized by creaming and flocculation and increased the creaming migration rates.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our data suggest the use of CMP as an emulsifier substitute for SC in organic processed foods. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxins and Deoxynivalenol in Cereal-Based Baby Foods for Infants

Aflatoxins are carcinogenic to humans and deoxynivalenol causes digestive disorders, and both mycotoxins occur frequently in cereal-based foods. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence and levels of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in cereal-based baby foods as well as to calculate the estimated daily intakes (EDI) in different stages of infancy. Sixty samples of infant cereals (wheat-, corn-, rice-, oat-, and mixed grain-based) were collected during a 2-year period and analyzed by validated methods. Aflatoxins were detected in 12 samples (20%), six of which exceeded the EU maximum level for aflatoxin B1 set at 0.10 µg/kg. Deoxynivalenol appeared in 20% of baby food samples, with one sample exceeding the EU maximum level established at 200 µg/kg. There were no significant differences between gluten-free products for babies aged 4⁻6 months and multi-cereal products for infants aged 7⁻12 months, nor between whole-grain-based and refined ingredients. However, baby food products of organic origin showed significantly higher levels of deoxynivalenol than conventional ones (p < 0.05). It is proposed for the health protection of infants and young children, a vulnerable group, to establish the lowest maximum level for the sum of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) in baby food.

Fatty Acid- and Amino Acid-Specific Isotope Analysis for Accurate Authentication and Traceability in Organic Milk

The present study describes compound-specific δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N analyses of fatty acids and amino acids for improving the accurate authentication of organic milk (OM) against conventional milk (CM) collected in Korea. Most δ¹³C_fatty-acid and δ¹³C_amino-acid values were lower in OM than in CM ( P < 0.05); however, most δ¹⁵N_amino-acid values displayed weak discriminative power for OM authentication. Higher isotopic fractionation was observed in δ¹³C_fatty-acid than in δ¹³C_amino-acid and δ¹⁵N_amino-acid, with fractionation trends differing with individual amino acids. In particular, δ¹³C_{linoleic-acid} of -33.5‰ and δ¹³C_{myristic-acid} of -28‰ were determined to be promising year-round threshold values for Korean OM authentication. The δ¹³C_bulk was highly correlated with δ¹³C_Ala ( r = 0.92) and δ¹³C_{oleic-acid, trans} ( r = 0.77), and strong positive correlations were observed between δ¹³C_Val and δ¹³C_Ile ( r = 0.98) and between δ¹⁵N_Thr and δ¹⁵N_Ser ( r = 0.90). Chemometric modeling for OM authentication produced a high quality model ( R² X = 0.547, R² Y = 0.865, and Q² = 0.689) with reliable chemical markers, notably δ¹³C_{myristic-acid}, δ¹³C_{linoleic-acid}, and δ¹³C_stearic-acid. Furthermore, the models developed for seasonal separation in OM ( Q² = 0.954) and CM ( Q² = 0.791) were of good quality. Our findings, based on compound-specific isotope data, improve the reliability of OM authentication in cases where bulk stable isotope ratio analysis alone is insufficient. They also provide valuable insight into the control of fraudulent OM labeling in Korea, with potential application in other countries.

Determination of selected endocrine disruptors in organic, free-range, and battery-produced hen eggs and risk assessment

An increasing amount of evidence suggests that phthalic acid esters (PAE), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), and organochlorine pesticides (OCP) are related to mutagenic, carcinogenic, and endocrine disruptor effects (EDCs). These lipophilic compounds are highly resistant to breakdown processes, and consequently remain in the environment, followed by uptake into the food chain. Human exposure to lipophilic compounds results from the consumption of food containing EDCs, mainly foodstuffs of animal origin with a high fat content, since these contaminants accumulate in fatty tissues. Foodstuffs in which EDCs can accumulate include meat, fish, eggs, and milk. We investigated the contamination in edible eggs to determine whether relative differences in the contaminants' residue levels appeared in three types of egg production (i.e., battery, free-range, and organic). The results showed that PAEs, especially dimethyl phthalate contamination, was the most abundant in the battery eggs, and the PCBs, PBDEs, and OCPs were the most abundant in the free-range eggs. The eggs were contaminated by more than one chemical, and as many as five contaminants (PCB180, PBDE47, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, and di-n-butyl phthalate in battery eggs, and PCB138, PCB153, PCB180, diethyl phthalate, and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in organic eggs) were detected in the same egg. However, none of the chemicals detected were at the maximum limit of acceptable risk.

Microencapsulated betacyanin from colored organic quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): optimization, physicochemical characterization and accelerated storage stability

BACKGROUND

Betalains are presently gaining popularity as pigments for use as natural colorants and/or bioactive compounds in functional foods. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has been recognized as an extremely nutritious grain and has recently been found to be a novel and good betalain source. Microencapsulation has been studied as a protected-delivery procedure to stabilize betalains. There are no studies about microencapsulation of betacyanins extracted from quinoa using spray-drying technology.

RESULTS

Optimal microencapsulation was obtained at a drying temperature of 165 °C, a rotameter air flow rate of 47 mm (940 L h^-1 ) and 10% w/w maltodextrin, which produced good encapsulation yield (58.1%) and efficiency (100%). Optimized maltodextrin-betacyanin microcapsules (diameter 4.4 μm) have low moisture (1.64 ± 0.08%) and water activity (0.127 ± 0.006), a betacyanin content of 0.1995 ± 0.0017 g kg^-1 and saponin content <0.080 mg kg^-1 . The oxygen consumption rate by betacyanin was -4.373 × 10^-5 bar min^-1 at 80 °C and -6.67 × 10^-5 bar min^-1 at 90 °C, which was accompanied by fading of the color.

CONCLUSION

Microencapsulated betacyanin was optimized by response surface methodology, and its stability was measured under accelerated conditions by oxygen consumption. Microencapsulations contain betacyanin and low saponin concentration, which might confer unique health-promoting properties. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Quantitative and qualitative assessment of additives present in broiler chicken feed and meat and their implications for human health

OBJECTIVE

To determine the various constituents of commercial, broiler chicken feed and the presence of these constituents in their meat.

METHODS

The experimental study was conducted at the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research laboratory, Karachi. Samples of commercial broiler chicken feed and meat were collected in 2015 from a large poultry farm that supplies chicken meat to various suburban areas of the city. Another set of organic chickens were bred in an animal house. The samples of feed, meat and droppings were then analysed for the estimation of basic constituents and additives in the laboratory. Data was analysed using SPSS 20.0.

RESULTS

The constituents were measured in 26 samples of chicken meat from each group. Calories (p<0.01), amount of protein (p<0.01), total fats (p<0.05), cholesterol (p<0.01), saturated fats (p<0.01), monounsaturated (p<0.05) and polyunsaturated fats (p<0.01) were significantly increased in commercial broiler chicken compared to that of organic chicken meat. The commercial chicken feed was found to contain crude carbohydrate, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, vitamins, amino acids, premixes of vitamins and toxicities of roxarsone, melamine and pesticides. Additive constituents were also present in the commercial chicken meat. These components were absent in organic chicken meat and droppings which suggests that they were absent in their feeding contents.

CONCLUSIONS

Organic chickens were found to be safer for consumption than commercial chickens.

Differentiation of Apple Varieties and Investigation of Organic Status Using Portable Visible Range Reflectance Spectroscopy

Food fraud, the sale of goods that have in some way been mislabelled or tampered with, is an increasing concern, with a number of high profile documented incidents in recent years. These recent incidents and their scope show that there are gaps in the food chain where food authentication methods are not applied or otherwise not sufficient and more accessible detection methods would be beneficial. This paper investigates the utility of affordable and portable visible range spectroscopy hardware with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) when applied to the differentiation of apple types and organic status. This method has the advantage that it is accessible throughout the supply chain, including at the consumer level. Scans were acquired of 132 apples of three types, half of which are organic and the remaining non-organic. The scans were preprocessed with zero correction, normalisation and smoothing. Two tests were used to determine accuracy, the first using 10-fold cross-validation and the second using a test set collected in different ambient conditions. Overall, the system achieved an accuracy of 94% when predicting the type of apple and 66% when predicting the organic status. Additionally, the resulting models were analysed to find the regions of the spectrum that had the most significance. Then, the accuracy when using three-channel information (RGB) is presented and shows the improvement provided by spectroscopic data.

Isotopic and multielemental fingerprinting of organically and conventionally grown potatoes

Two marker combinations were used for the differentiation of organically produced from conventionally produced potatoes and also for the geographical origin identification. Fifty-seven samples (from Romanian local producers or imported) were analysed from the stable isotopic (isotope ratio mass spectrometry) and elemental profile (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) point of view. In order to assess the best marker combination, both isotopic and elemental experimental results were subject to chemometric analysis. The statistical tests performed were ANOVA test, Pearson correlation, principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). For a more comprehensive differentiation between organic vs. conventional potato samples, LDA was applied, and 94.7 % of original cases were correctly classified and the percentage obtained in cross-validation procedure was 91.2 %. Regarding the geographic origin classification, LDA provided an initial classification of 96.5 %, while for cross-validation the percentage was 87.7. LDA found δ¹⁵N, Cd, Ca, Cu and Zn as best discrimination markers between organically and conventionally grown potatoes. The strongest predictors for Romania vs. foreign geographical areas along LDA were seen to be Ca, P, Co, Ni and δ¹³C.

Evaluation of phenolic antioxidant content in organically and conventionally grown buckwheat herb crop and its regrowth

BACKGROUND

Buckwheat herb is known in the pharmaceutical industry as a material rich in phenolics. Buckwheat is also capable of regrowing and producing an additional harvest in the same year. Although buckwheat herb is a popular material, it is not known whether the regrowth has features of the same quality as the first harvest. Therefore, using the herb of 15 varieties of buckwheat cultivated in Lithuania, the present study aimed to examine biometric properties, phenolic content and antioxidant activity as material quality indicators for buckwheat herb and its regrowth under organic and conventional farming conditions.

RESULTS

The highest amount of rutin was indicated in the organically cultivated regrowth of 2015. Buckwheat material accumulated significantly (P < 0.05) lower amounts of other phenolics. A significant correlation between phenolic content and antioxidant activity was observed in the herb and its regrowth in both farming systems.

CONCLUSION

Regrowth was of similar quality to the first harvest in terms of phenolic content and antioxidant activity, although a downward trend in several biometric features was observed: the height of the regrowth plants was up to two-fold smaller and biomass was five- to nine-fold lower compared to that of the first harvest plants. Organic and industrial farming systems were determined to produce plants of similar quality. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Evaluation of polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity in two onion varieties grown under organic and conventional production systems

BACKGROUND

Onions contain a number of bioactive compounds, in particular polyphenols. They are rich sources of such compounds in the human diet and offer significant health benefits to the consumer. Demand for organic crops is steadily increasing partly based on the expected health benefits of organic food consumption. The current study examines the influence of organic and conventional crop management practices on bioactive polyphenolic content of onion.

RESULTS

We examined the effect of conventional, organic, and mixed cultivation practices on the content of total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity in two varieties of onion grown over 4 years in a split-plot factorial systems comparison trial. Levels of total phenolics and total flavonoids showed a significant year-on-year variation and were significantly different between organic and conventional production systems. The levels of total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity in general were significantly higher (P < 0.05) under fully organic compared to fully conventional management.

CONCLUSION

Organic cultivation practices resulted in significantly higher levels of potential bioactive compounds in onion. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Determination of Fluoride in Organic and Non-organic Wines

Fluorine is an element of great importance to human health, as it is considered to be an essential element. However, both a deficiency and an excess, it can cause various problems. It is for this reason that values have been established regarding the recommended daily intake (RDI) and acceptable daily intake (ADI). The largest source of incorporation of fluoride is water, but it can be found in other foods and beverages, such as vegetables, tea, and wine. The aim of the study was to establish the fluoride concentration in organic and non-organic wines from different appellations of origin of the Canary Islands and mainland Spain, in order to assess the contribution of fluoride and toxic risk. A total of 53 samples of red, white, and rosé wines, both organic and non-organic, from different appellations of origin were analyzed. They were analyzed by potentiometric determination with ion-selective electrode for fluoride using the method of standard addition. The wines analyzed are within the recommended limits set by the International Organisation of Vine and Wine. RDI is not exceeded for adults, taking into account the data provided by the Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition on the average consumption of "table wines" in Spain. Fluoride intake from wine poses no risk to the health of adults. The fluoride concentration of organic and non-organic wines is within the range of 0.03 to 0.70 mg/L.

Multidimensional comparative analysis of phenolic compounds in organic juices with high antioxidant capacity

BACKGROUND

A diet rich in fruit, vegetables and juices is associated with health benefit and reduced risk of certain civilization diseases. Antioxidant properties depend mainly on the total content of polyphenols and their composition. The aim of this study was to perform a multidimensional comparative analysis of phenolic compounds of organic juices with high antioxidant capacity (chokeberry, elderberry, cranberry, pomegranate).

RESULTS

All the analyzed juices were a rich source of phenolic compounds. Chokeberry juices had the highest total polyphenol content (up to 7900 mg GAE L^-1 ). These juices as well as pomegranate juice were characterized by the highest antioxidant capacity (∼5000 mg Trolox equivalents L^-1 ). Other samples had lower total polyphenols content and total antioxidant capacity. Multidimensional analysis of the profiles of phenolic compounds showed that chokeberry juices differ from the other juices. Cranberry and pomegranate juices were similar to each other, and elderberry juice was closer to these samples than to chokeberry. The predominant polyphenols of chokeberry juices were anthocyanins (especially cyanidin-3-galactoside and cyanidin-3-arabinoside) and phenolic acids (chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acid). Elderberry juice was an exception by having flavonols (quercetin derivatives) as the principal compounds.

CONCLUSION

Chokeberry juices were characterized by the highest antioxidant properties, which predispose them to further clinical research concerning the supporting cardiovascular disease prophylaxis. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Vermicompost and farmyard manure improves food quality, antioxidant and antibacterial potential of Cajanus cajan (L. Mill sp.) leaves

BACKGROUND

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) leaves are a good source of nutrition and health benefitting phenolic compounds. However, its importance has not yet been effectively addressed. Recently, a 2-year field experiment was attempted in an alluvial soil to understand the role of various organic and inorganic fertilisers and their combinations not only on soil quality, but also on production of foremost phenolic compounds and imparting antioxidant and antibacterial properties in C. cajan under vermicompost treatments.

RESULTS

Notable enhancements in crude protein, soluble carbohydrate, ash content and total flavonoid content were recorded in Cajanus leaves under vermicompost treatments. We detected a significant rise in carlinoside content in C. cajan leaves, which is known to reduce bilirubin concentration in hepatitis affected human blood. Farmyard manure treatments resulted in a high crude fibre content coupled with a substantially high concentration of total phenols, and chlorophyll. In addition, incorporation of vermicompost with or without inorganic fertiliser in the soil had a significant impact on antioxidant and antibacterial properties of C. cajan leaves. Above and beyond, farmyard manure and vermicompost positively influenced the physico-chemical health of the soil.

CONCLUSION

The present nutrient management scheme based on organic input not only induced a higher yield of C. cajan endowed with improved antioxidant and antibacterial properties, but also enhanced the production of various phenolic compounds. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Environment and genotype effects on antioxidant properties of organically grown wheat varieties: a 3-year study

BACKGROUND

Wheat grain (Triticum aestivum L.) possesses significant amounts of antioxidants that contribute to the dietary antiradical protection against a number of chronic diseases. Despite the increasing interest in organic food among both consumers and scientists, the availability of literature studies concerning the environment effect under organic management is still scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of wheat varieties by considering the genotype response to different environmental factors under biodynamic management.

RESULTS

The soluble fraction of phenolic compounds was mainly determined by the environment, whereas a major genotypic effect was observed for the bound forms, which were present at higher amounts in red grain varieties. Moreover, a predominant effect of genotype was observed for yellow pigment content and antioxidant activity determined by the FRAP method. Despite some changes induced by environment, most genotypes had stable antioxidant properties and different phenolic profiles as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, except for the old variety Inallettabile, which was the most sensitive to environmental fluctuations.

CONCLUSION

The red grain varieties Andriolo, Gentil rosso and Verna were identified as the most promising breeding material for the development of varieties with high nutraceutical value under low-input management. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Phytochemicals, Monosaccharides and Elemental Composition of the Non-Pomace Constituent of Organic and Conventional Grape Juices (Vitis labrusca L.): Effect of Drying on the Bioactive Content

Grape and grape derivatives contain a variety of antioxidants that have gain increasing interest for functional foods applications. The chemical composition of grapes is mainly related to grape variety and cultivation factors, and each grape constituent exhib its unique characteristics regarding its bioactive properties. This study investigated the chemical composition and the effect of drying on the bioactive content of the non-pomace constituent obtained in the processing of organic and conventional grape juices from V. labrusca L. The non-pomace samples were analyzed for polyphenols, monosaccharides, antioxidant activity and elemental composition and the effect of drying on the bioactive composition was evaluated in samples subjected to lyophilization and drying with air circulation. The analyses revealed high concentrations of proanthocyanidins, flavanols and anthocyanins, and high antioxidant capacity of the organic and conventional samples. The drying processes reduced significantly (P < 0.05) the total phenolic content that ranged from 13.23 to 36.36 g/kg. Glucose, xylose, and mannose were the predominant monosaccharides, whereas K, Ca and Mg were the most abundant minerals. Variations in the chemical composition of organic and conventional samples were associated with cultivation factors. Nevertheless, this non-pomace constituent is a promising source of nutrients and polyphenols with bioactive potential.

Multi-isotopic signatures of organic and conventional Italian pasta along the production chain

The variability of stable isotope ratios (δ(2) H, δ(13) C, δ(15) N, δ(18) O and δ(34) S) along the production chain of pasta (durum wheat, flour and pasta) produced by using both conventional and organic farming systems in four Italian regions in 2 years was investigated. The aim was to evaluate if and how the farming system and geographical origin affect stable isotope ratios determined along the production chain. Irrespective of the processing technology, 65% of the samples were correctly classified according to the farming system and 98% were correctly classified regarding the geographical region. When considering both farming system and geographical region simultaneously, 80% of the samples were correctly classified. The measured isotope parameters were thus primarily affected by the geographical origin. In conclusion, it is expected that the use of these parameters will allow the development of analytical control procedures that can be used to check the geographical origin of Italian organic and conventional pasta and its raw materials. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes as a potential tool to differentiate pork from organic and conventional systems

BACKGROUND

Isotopic discrimination, dietary composition and feeding regime determine the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of animals. Accordingly, measurement of the stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen can be a potential method to identify patterns of pork production.

RESULTS

In the current study, we investigated the carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratio in pork from organic and conventional systems. The average carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios for various organic tissues, including hair, blood and defatted meat, were higher than those of conventionally raised ones. The discriminant analysis results based on the combination of carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios in defatted meat reached a 100% correct classification. Furthermore, the variation in carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of retail organic and conventional pork has been studied over 1 year. The results suggested that organic pork had a higher δ(13) C value than that of the conventional pork in all but three fortnights. Grouping of the δ(15) N data showed that the δ(15) N value in organic pork was higher than that of the conventional one throughout the whole year.

CONCLUSION

The method established in the present study provides a potential detection that can be highly valuable to prevent fraudulent labelling of organic pork. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

Improved Discrimination for Brassica Vegetables Treated with Agricultural Fertilizers Using a Combined Chemometric Approach

Multielement and stable isotope (δ(13)C, δ(15)N, δ(2)H, δ(18)O, (207)Pb/(206)Pb, and (208)Pb/(206)Pb) analyses were combined to provide a new chemometric approach to improve the discrimination between organic and conventional Brassica vegetable production. Different combinations of organic and conventional fertilizer treatments were used to demonstrate this authentication approach using Brassica chinensis planted in experimental test pots. Stable isotope analyses (δ(15)N and δ(13)C) of B. chinensis using elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry easily distinguished organic and chemical fertilizer treatments. However, for low-level application fertilizer treatments, this dual isotope approach became indistinguishable over time. Using a chemometric approach (combined isotope and elemental approach), organic and chemical fertilizer mixes and low-level applications of synthetic and organic fertilizers were detectable in B. chinensis and their associated soils, improving the detection limit beyond the capacity of individual isotopes or elemental characterization. LDA shows strong promise as an improved method to discriminate genuine organic Brassica vegetables from produce treated with chemical fertilizers and could be used as a robust test for organic produce authentication.

Free Maillard Reaction Products in Milk Reflect Nutritional Intake of Glycated Proteins and Can Be Used to Distinguish "Organic" and "Conventionally" Produced Milk

Using LC-MS/MS and isotopically labeled standard substances, quantitation of free Maillard reaction products (MRPs), namely, N(ε)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (pyrraline, PYR), N(δ)-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)-ornithine (MG-H), and N(ε)-fructosyllysine (FL), in bovine milk was achieved. Considerable variations in the amounts of the individual MRPs were found, most likely as a consequence of the nutritional uptake of glycated proteins. When comparing commercial milk samples labeled as originating from "organic" or "conventional" farming, respectively, significant differences in the content of free PYR (organic milk, 20-300 pmol/mL; conventional milk, 400-1000 pmol/mL) were observed. An analysis of feed samples indicated that rapeseed and sugar beet are the main sources for MRPs in conventional farming. Furthermore, milk of different dairy animals (cow, buffalo, donkey, goat, ewe, mare, camel) as well as for the first time human milk was analyzed for free MRPs. The distribution of their concentrations, with FL and PYR as the most abundant in human milk and with a high individual variability, also points to a nutritional influence. As the components of concentrated feed do not belong to the natural food sources of ruminants and equidae, free MRPs in milk might serve as indicators for an adequate animal feeding in near-natural farming and can be suitable parameters to distinguish between an "organic" and "conventional" production method of milk.

Higher PUFA and n-3 PUFA, conjugated linoleic acid, α-tocopherol and iron, but lower iodine and selenium concentrations in organic milk: a systematic literature review and meta- and redundancy analyses

Demand for organic milk is partially driven by consumer perceptions that it is more nutritious. However, there is still considerable uncertainty over whether the use of organic production standards affects milk quality. Here we report results of meta-analyses based on 170 published studies comparing the nutrient content of organic and conventional bovine milk. There were no significant differences in total SFA and MUFA concentrations between organic and conventional milk. However, concentrations of total PUFA and n-3 PUFA were significantly higher in organic milk, by an estimated 7 (95 % CI -1, 15) % and 56 (95 % CI 38, 74) %, respectively. Concentrations of α-linolenic acid (ALA), very long-chain n-3 fatty acids (EPA+DPA+DHA) and conjugated linoleic acid were also significantly higher in organic milk, by an 69 (95 % CI 53, 84) %, 57 (95 % CI 27, 87) % and 41 (95 % CI 14, 68) %, respectively. As there were no significant differences in total n-6 PUFA and linoleic acid (LA) concentrations, the n-6:n-3 and LA:ALA ratios were lower in organic milk, by an estimated 71 (95 % CI -122, -20) % and 93 (95 % CI -116, -70) %. It is concluded that organic bovine milk has a more desirable fatty acid composition than conventional milk. Meta-analyses also showed that organic milk has significantly higher α-tocopherol and Fe, but lower I and Se concentrations. Redundancy analysis of data from a large cross-European milk quality survey indicates that the higher grazing/conserved forage intakes in organic systems were the main reason for milk composition differences.

Carotenoid Content in Organically Produced Wheat: Relevance for Human Nutritional Health on Consumption

In this study, 33 spring and winter wheat genotypes were analyzed for carotenoid content and composition. Investigated genotypes were divided into four genotype groups i.e., spelt, landraces, old cultivars and primitive wheat. The results showed a high level of variation among the genotypes in amount of carotenoids in the grain with high values (around 4 mg/Kg) especially in one of the genotypes—Öland 8. Lutein was the most common carotenoid in all the investigated genotypes, contributing 70%–90% of the carotenoids in the grain. Variation in carotenoid content and composition was found not only among genotypes, but also between genotype groups and wheat type, although there is a need to analyze more genotypes to confirm the differences found between groups and types. This study showed that 40% of the daily requirements of lutein can be achieved from the genotypes with the highest lutein content (Öland 8) produced using organic farming through the average human consumption of 200 grams of wheat per day. Furthermore, this study showed, by the use of principal component analyses, an opportunity to select genotypes combining high values of certain nutritional compounds. By a further breeding and commercial production of such genotypes, the nutritional value of wheat flour for human consumption can be improved.

High levels of dioxin-like PCBs found in organic-farmed eggs caused by coating materials of asbestos-cement fiber plates: A case study

During a regional monitoring project of organic-farmed, free-range and cage-free eggs, high levels of dioxin-like compounds were detected in organic-farmed eggs, using the dioxin responsive chemical-activated luciferase gene expression (DR-CALUX®) bioassay. Further evaluations performed with GC-HRMS (gas chromatography in combination with high resolution mass spectrometry) revealed elevated amounts of non-dioxin-like (non-dl) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) dominated by most lipophilic congeners like PCB 138, 153 and 180 and of dioxin-like (dl) PCBs, with a congener pattern in the descending order of PCB 118, 156, 167, 105, 189, 157, 105, 126 and PCB 77. Contaminations with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) appeared of minor priority, with only hepta- and octa-substituted dioxins above their limits of quantification (LOQs). The pattern of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) was dominated by low amounts of tetra- and penta-chlorinated congeners. To identify the source of contamination, several samples of organic-farmed eggs, soil, laying hens, feedstuff, corrugated asbestos-cement cover plates (ACPs), stable dust and debris collected in the gutter of the stable, were analyzed. Comparing PCB congener-pattern of individual samples, the source was traced back to the coating of ACPs, which covered roof and sidewalls of the stable. Because coating materials probably have been used for roofing and cladding in many countries worldwide, there is a high probability that the presented case report is not a local incident but rather describes a new source of PCB contamination, yet widely unknown or underestimated.

A survey of nitrate and nitrite concentrations in conventional and organic-labeled raw vegetables at retail

A national survey of the nitrate ( NO3(-)) and nitrite ( NO2(-)) concentrations in raw and highly consumed vegetables available at retail in the United States was conducted. A total of 194 samples of fresh broccoli, cabbage, celery, lettuce, and spinach categorized as conventional or organic by label were collected from 5 major cities in different geographic regions of the United States and analyzed to determine NO3(-) and NO2(-) concentrations. There were no differences in the mean NO2(-) values of conventional compared with organic vegetables taken from the 5 metropolitan areas. However, significant differences in mean pairwise comparisons between some conventional and organic vegetables for NO3(-) content were observed. The mean NO2(-) concentration of both conventional and organic vegetables ranged between 0.1 and 1.2 mg/kg of fresh weight (FW) with the exception of conventional spinach that contained 8.0 mg/kg FW. Mean NO3(-) contents of conventional broccoli, cabbage, celery, lettuce, and spinach were 394, 418, 1496, 851, and 2797 mg/kg FW, respectively, while their organic-labeled counterparts averaged 204, 552, 912, 844, and 1318 mg/kg FW. In most cases, organic vegetables were numerically lower in NO3(-) content than their conventional counterparts. Based on survey results, the finding that low NO3(-) levels were observed in some organic vegetables in different cities may warrant further study to determine if true differences exist, due to production practices, seasonal differences, and the magnitudes of those differences. Furthermore, the geographic differences in NO3(-) content of vegetables may flaw estimates of daily NO2(-) and NO3(-) exposure.

Variation in bioactive content in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) grown under conventional and organic production systems

BACKGROUND

Broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables contain a number of bioactive compounds, in particular glucosinolates and polyphenols, which are proposed to confer health benefits to the consumer. Demand for organic crops is at least partly based on a perception that organic crops may contain higher levels of bioactive compounds; however, insufficient research has been carried out to either support or refute such claims.

RESULTS

In this study we examined the effect of conventional, organic, and mixed cultivation practices on the content of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total and individual glucosinolates in two varieties of broccoli grown over 2 years in a split-plot factorial systems comparison trial. Levels of total phenolics and total flavonoids showed a significant year-on-year variation but were not significantly different between organic and conventional production systems. In contrast, levels of the indolyl glucosinolates glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin were significantly higher (P < 0.05) under fully organic compared to fully conventional management.

CONCLUSION

Organic cultivation practices resulted in significantly higher levels of glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin in broccoli florets; however, other investigated compounds were unaffected by production practices.

Distribution of selenoglucosinolates and their metabolites in Brassica treated with sodium selenate

In Brassica species, hydrolysis of (methylthio)glucosinolates produces sulfur-containing aglycons which have demonstrated anticancer benefits. Selenized Brassicaceae contain (methylseleno)glucosinolates and their selenium-containing aglycons. As a prelude to biological testing, broccoli, cauliflower, and forage rape plants were treated with sodium selenate and their tap roots, stems, leaves, and florets analyzed for selenoglucosinolates and their Se aglycons. Two new selenoglucosinolates were identified: glucoselenoraphanin in broccoli florets and glucoselenonasturtiin in forage rape roots. A new aglycon, selenoberteroin nitrile, was identified in forage rape. The major selenoglucosinolates were glucoselenoerucin in broccoli, glucoselenoiberverin in cauliflower, and glucoselenoerucin and glucoselenoberteroin in forage rape roots. In broccoli florets, the concentrations of selenglucosinolates exceeded those of their sulfur analogues. Fertilization with selenium slightly reduced (methylthio)glucosinolates and aglycons in the roots, but increased them in the florets, the leaves, and sometimes the stems. These discoveries provide a new avenue for investigating how consumption of Brassica vegetables and their organoselenides may promote human health.

Fatty acid profiles and antioxidants of organic and conventional milk from low- and high-input systems during outdoor period

BACKGROUND

Intensification of organic dairy production leads to the question of whether the implementation of intensive feeding incorporating maize silage and concentrates is altering milk quality. Therefore the fatty acid (FA) and antioxidant (AO) profiles of milk on 24 farms divided into four system groups in three replications (n = 71) during the outdoor period were analyzed. In this system comparison, a differentiation of the system groups and the effects of the main system factors 'intensification level' (high-input versus low-input) and 'origin' (organic versus conventional) were evaluated in a multivariate statistical approach.

RESULTS

Consistent differentiation of milk from the system groups due to feeding-related impacts was possible in general and on the basis of 15 markers. The prediction of the main system factors was based on four or five markers. The prediction of 'intensification level' was based mainly on CLA c9,t11 and C18:1 t11, whereas that of 'origin' was based on n-3 PUFA.

CONCLUSION

It was possible to demonstrate consistent differences in the FA and AO profiles of organic and standard conventional milk samples. Highest concentrations of nutritionally beneficial compounds were found in the low-input organic system. Adapted grass-based feeding strategies including pasture offer the potential to produce a distinguishable organic milk product quality.

Isotopic characterization as a screening tool in authentication of organic produce commercially available in western North America

The use of nitrogen stable isotopes to discriminate between conventionally and organically grown crops has been further developed in this study. Soil and irrigation water from different regions, as well as nitrogen fertilizers used, have been examined in detail to determine their effects on nitrogen isotope composition of spinach, lettuce, broccoli and tomatoes. Over 1000 samples of various types of organically and conventionally grown produce of known origin, along with the samples of nitrogen fertilizers used for their growth, have been analysed in order to assemble the datasets of crop/fertilizer correlations. The results demonstrate that the developed approach can be used as a valuable component in the verification of agricultural practices for more than 25 different types of commercially grown green produce, either organic or conventional. Over a period of two years, various organic and non-organic greens, from different stores in Seattle (WA, USA) and Victoria (BC, Canada), were collected and analysed using this methodology with the objective of determining any pattern of misrepresentation.

Comparison of chemical profiling and antioxidant activities of fruits, leaves, branches, and flowers of Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa'

Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa' (CGT) is particularly cultivated in China and widely used in health foods. In this study, the chemical profiles of different parts of CGT were comprehensively compared by rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method. A total of 22 compounds were identified and two C-glucosyl flavones were found for the first time in CGT. Four main constituents (rhiofolin, naringin, meranzin hydrate, and isoimperatorin) in different parts of CGT were simultaneously determined. Overall, the contents of the four main compounds decreased with the ripening process. In parallel, the antioxidant activities of their extracts were also evaluated by three assays (2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazolinesulfonic acid) diammonium salt, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant power), and the results indicated a similar tendency: small fruit > flower ∼ medium fruit > large fruit > leaf ∼ branch. The results obtained in the present work may provide useful information for future utilization of CGT.

Identification of phenylpropanoids in fig (Ficus carica L.) leaves

In this study, the phenylpropanoid composition and antioxidant activity of identified components in fig (Ficus carica L.) leaves were examined. Known polyphenols rutin, isoschaftoside, isoquercetin, and chlorogenic acid were identified. Furthermore, caffeoylmalic acid (CMA) was the most abundant polyphenol and was identified for the first time. CMA exhibited antioxidant activity similar to that of vitamin C or catechin. Psoralen and bergapten were identified as known furanocoumarins, with psoralen being the most abundant. Moreover, psoralic acid glucoside (PAG) was identified for the first time. As a precursor of psoralen, PAG content was equivalent to the psoralen content in moles. Notably, the content of these compounds varied between the five fig varieties, and the furanocoumarin and PAG contents varied more than that of the polyphenols. Further investigations concerning the influence of CMA and PAG on human health are necessary to elucidate functionalities of fig leaves.