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Masbou J, Höhener P, Payraudeau S, Martin-Laurent F, Imfeld G. Stable isotope composition of pesticides in commercial formulations: The ISOTOPEST database. Chemosphere 2024; 352:141488. [PMID: 38368960 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
By assessing the changes in stable isotope compositions within individual pesticide molecules, Compound Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) holds the potential to identify and differentiate sources and quantify pesticide degradation in the environment. However, the environmental application of pesticide CSIA is limited by the general lack of knowledge regarding the initial isotopic composition of active substances in commercially available formulations used by farmers. To address this limitation, we established a database aimed at cataloguing and disseminating isotopic signatures in commercial formulations to expand the use of pesticide CSIA. Our study involved the collection of 25 analytical standards and 120 commercial pesticide formulations from 23 manufacturers. Subsequently, 59 commercial formulations and 25 standards were extracted, and each of their active substance was analyzed for both δ13C (n = 84) and δ15N CSIA (n = 43). The extraction of pesticides did not cause significant isotope fractionation (Δ13C and Δ15N < 1‰). Incorporating existing literature data, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures varied in a relatively narrow range among pesticide formulations for different pesticides (Δ13C and Δ15N < 10‰) and within different formulations for a single substance (Δ13C and Δ15N < 2‰). Overall, this suggests that pesticide CSIA is more suited for identifying pesticide transformation processes rather than differentiating pesticide sources. Moreover, an inter-laboratory comparison showed similar δ13C (Δ13C ≤ 1.2 ‰) for the targeted substances albeit varying GC-IRMS instruments. Insignificant carbon isotopic fractionation (Δ13C < 0.5‰) was observed after 4 years of storing the same pesticide formulations, confirming their viability for long-term storage at 4 °C and future inter-laboratory comparison exercises. Altogether, the ISOTOPEST database, in open access for public use and additional contributions, marks a significant advancement in establishing an environmentally relevant pesticide CSIA approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Masbou
- CNRS, ENGEES, Institut Terre Et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES, UMR 7063), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick Höhener
- CNRS, UMR 7376, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvain Payraudeau
- CNRS, ENGEES, Institut Terre Et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES, UMR 7063), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Martin-Laurent
- Institut Agro Dijon, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- CNRS, ENGEES, Institut Terre Et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES, UMR 7063), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhou A, Xu J, Ouyang Z, Han L, Liu Y. Using compound-specific isotope analysis to identify the mechanism of acetochlor degradation during oxygenation of hyporheic zone sediment. Environ Pollut 2024; 340:122855. [PMID: 37923051 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation is recognized as the main pathway for acetochlor attenuation in aquatic environments. However, the potential abiotic degradation of acetochlor by hydroxyl radicals (•OH) generated during oxygenation of hyporheic zone sediments has not been investigated. This study aims to examine the production of •OH during oxygenation of hyporheic zone sediments and its effects on acetochlor attenuation. A significant decrease of acetochlor, ranging from 77.9% to 100%, was observed in the water-sediment systems with extensive •OH production. The primary sources of •OH production were found to be the oxidation of Fe(II) and reduced humic acids. Furthermore, a •OH quenching experiment suggests that •OH driven oxidation is the dominant pathway for acetochlor attenuation. Carbon isotope fractionation of acetochlor degradation during oxygenation of sediments (εbulk,C ranged from -1.5‰ to -0.5 ± 0.3‰) was close to that during acetochlor degradation by •OH in a H2O2-Fe3O4 Fenton system (εbulk,C = -0.5 ± 0.1‰), but significantly smaller than that during acetochlor biodegradation (εbulk,C = -5.8 ± 0.9‰). Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) further suggests that •OH produced by sediment oxygenation plays a critical role in acetochlor attenuation in aquatic environments. Results of calculated apparent kinetic isotope effect of carbon (AKIEC) and transformation products indicate that SN1 and SN2-type nucleophilic substitution are the first steps in acetochlor attenuation through •OH driven oxidation (AKIEC = 1.007 ± 0.001) and aerobic biodegradation (AKIEC = 1.088 ± 0.013), respectively. Our findings highlight the potential of CSIA to assess the acetochlor degradation in water-sediment system, which can help to elucidate the fate of herbicide in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzheng Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Basin Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, 210042, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Aiguo Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Basin Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, 210042, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Ziyu Ouyang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Basin Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Li Han
- Hubei Institute of Food Quality and Safety Supervision and Inspection, 430074, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yunde Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Basin Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, PR China.
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Suchana S, Edwards E, Mack EE, Lomheim L, Melo N, Gavazza S, Passeport E. Compatibility of polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) with compound specific isotope analysis ( CSIA) of substituted chlorobenzenes. Sci Total Environ 2024; 906:167628. [PMID: 37804973 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is a powerful technique to demonstrate in situ degradation of traditional groundwater contaminants when concentrations are typically in the mg/L range. Currently, an efficient preconcentration method is lacking to expand CSIA to low aqueous concentration environmental samples. Specially for the H- and N-CSIA of heteroatom-bearing non-traditional compounds, the CSIA analytical detection limits are significantly higher than that of the C-CSIA. This work demonstrates the compatibility of polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) with C-, H-, and N-CSIA using four nitro- and amino-substituted chlorobenzenes that are common industrial feedstocks for numerous applications and are commonly detected in the environment at mg/L to μg/L range. Using lab experiments, we showed isotopic equilibrium in POCIS was achieved after 30 days with either a negligible (<0.5 ‰) or a constant shift for C (<1 ‰) and N (<2 ‰). Similar negligible (<5 ‰) or constant shift (<20 ‰) was evident for H isotope except for 3,4-dichloroaniline. The method quantification limits for the combined sorbent and membrane of one POCIS were comparable to that of the solid phase extraction (SPE) using 10 L water. Next, we demonstrated the field applicability of POCIS for C- and N-CSIA after a 60-day deployment in a pilot constructed wetland by showing <1 ‰ difference between the δ13C and δ15N obtained from POCIS and SPE. Finally, we evaluated whether the biofilm development on POCIS membrane could affect the isotope signature of the sampled compounds during field deployment. Although a diverse microbial community was identified on the membrane after a 60-day deployment, we did not observe significant isotope fractionation. This was likely due to either slower diffusion in the biofilm or microbial degradation of the sampled compounds. This work demonstrates the potential of using POCIS-CSIA as a simple, fast, and sensitive method for low-concentration contaminants, such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and flame-retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsunnahar Suchana
- Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Edwards
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - E Erin Mack
- Corteva Environmental Remediation, Corteva Agriscience, Wilmington, DE 19805, USA
| | - Line Lomheim
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Natanna Melo
- Laboratório de Saneamento Ambiental, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE 50740-530, Brazil
| | - Sávia Gavazza
- Laboratório de Saneamento Ambiental, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE 50740-530, Brazil
| | - Elodie Passeport
- Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.
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Abstract
The measurement of naturally occurring stable isotope ratios of the light elements (C, N, H, O, S) in animal tissues and associated organic and inorganic fractions of associated environments holds immense potential as a means of addressing effects of global change on animals. This paper provides a brief review of studies that have used the isotope approach to evaluate changes in diet, isotopic niche, contaminant burden, reproductive and nutritional investment, invasive species and shifts in migration origin or destination with clear links to evaluating effects of global change. This field has now reached a level of maturity that is impressive but generally underappreciated and involves technical as well as statistical advances and access to freely available R-based packages. There is a need for animal ecologists and conservationists to design tissue collection networks that will best answer current and anticipated questions related to the global change and the biodiversity crisis. These developments will move the field of stable isotope ecology toward a more hypothesis driven discipline related to rapidly changing global events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Hobson
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X4, Canada.
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Pilecky M, Wassenaar LI, Taipale S, Kainz MJ. Protocols for sample preparation and compound-specific stable-isotope analyses (δ 2H, δ 13C) of fatty acids in biological and environmental samples. MethodsX 2023; 11:102283. [PMID: 38098777 PMCID: PMC10719507 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Compound-specific stable-isotope analysis (CSIA) of fatty acids is a powerful tool to better understand the trophic transfer of fatty acids and their biochemical fate in and across ecosystems, including tracing animal migration and understanding physiological processes. The non-exchangeable nature of C-H bonds in acyl chains, hydrogen (δ2H) and carbon (δ13C) stable-isotope values of fatty acids (FA) provide independent information about the origins of fatty acids. Several technical obstacles must be overcome to ensure accurate and reproducible measurements of FA-CSIA can be made. This protocol describes the sample preparation process for successful stable-isotope analyses of fatty acids obtained from environmental and biological samples. Numerous techniques for the preanalytical processing of fatty acid samples are available, and these often have minimal impact on δ values. Here, we provide an in-depth guide detailing our well-established laboratory protocols, ranging from the initial sample preparation, lipid extraction, and transmethylation to the instrumental arrangement, data collection, and analysis.•Protocol from obtaining a sample to standardized fatty acid specific δ2H and δ13C values.•Separate GC analysis procedures for C and H are recommended for optimal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pilecky
- WasserCluster Biologische Station Lunz, Inter-University Center for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Dr. Carl-Kupelwieser Promenade 5, 3293 Lunz/See, Austria
- Research lab of Aquatic Ecosystem Research and -Health, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Leonard I. Wassenaar
- WasserCluster Biologische Station Lunz, Inter-University Center for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Dr. Carl-Kupelwieser Promenade 5, 3293 Lunz/See, Austria
- Research lab of Aquatic Ecosystem Research and -Health, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Sami Taipale
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Survontie 9C, Finland
| | - Martin J. Kainz
- WasserCluster Biologische Station Lunz, Inter-University Center for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Dr. Carl-Kupelwieser Promenade 5, 3293 Lunz/See, Austria
- Research lab of Aquatic Ecosystem Research and -Health, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
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Badea SL, Niculescu VC, Popescu Stegarus DI, Geana EI, Ciucure CT, Botoran OR, Ionete RE. Recent progresses in compound specific isotope analysis of halogenated persistent organic pollutants. Assessing the transformation of halogenated persistent organic pollutants at contaminated sites. Sci Total Environ 2023; 899:165344. [PMID: 37414185 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Compound specific isotope analysis was extensively used to characterise the environmental processes associated with the abiotic and biotic transformation of persistent halogenated organic pollutants including those of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). In the last years, the compound specific isotope analysis was applied as tool to evaluate the environmental fate and was expanded to larger molecules like brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls. Multi-element (C, H, Cl, Br) CSIA methods have been also employed both in laboratory and field experiments. Nevertheless, despite the instrumental advances of isotope ratio mass spectrometers systems, the instrumental detection limit for gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometer (GC-C-IRMS) systems is challenging, especially when it is utilized to δ13C analysis. Liquid chromatography-combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry methods are challenging, taking into consideration the chromatographic resolution required when analysing complex mixtures. For chiral contaminants, enantioselective stable isotope analysis (ESIA) has turned up as alternative approach but, up to now, it has been used for a limited number of compounds. Taking into consideration the occurrence of new emerging halogenated organic contaminants, new GC and LC methods for non-target screening using high resolution mass spectrometry are needed to be developed prior to the compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviu-Laurentiu Badea
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania.
| | - Violeta-Carolina Niculescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Diana-Ionela Popescu Stegarus
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Elisabeta-Irina Geana
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Corina-Teodora Ciucure
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Oana-Romina Botoran
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Roxana-Elena Ionete
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
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Vogt C, Song Z, Richnow HH, Musat F. Carbon and hydrogen stable isotope fractionation due to monooxygenation of short-chain alkanes by butane monooxygenase of Thauera butanivorans Bu-B1211. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1250308. [PMID: 37817750 PMCID: PMC10560718 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1250308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi element compound-specific stable isotope analysis (ME-CSIA) is a tool to assess (bio)chemical reactions of molecules in the environment based on their isotopic fingerprints. To that effect, ME-CSIA concepts are initially developed with laboratory model experiments to determine the isotope fractionation factors specific for distinct (bio)chemical reactions. Here, we determined for the first time the carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionation factors for the monooxygenation of the short-chain alkanes ethane, propane, and butane. As model organism we used Thauera butanivorans strain Bu-B1211 which employs a non-haem iron monooxygenase (butane monooxygenase) to activate alkanes. Monooxygenation of alkanes was associated with strong carbon and hydrogen isotope effects: εbulkC = -2.95 ± 0.5 ‰ for ethane, -2.68 ± 0.1 ‰ for propane, -1.19 ± 0.18 ‰ for butane; εbulkH = -56.3 ± 15 ‰ for ethane, -40.5 ± 2.3 ‰ for propane, -14.6 ± 3.6 ‰ for butane. This resulted in lambda (Λ ≈ εHbulk/εCbulk) values of 16.2 ± 3.7 for ethane, 13.2 ± 0.7 for propane, and 11.4 ± 2.8 for butane. The results show that ME-CSIA can be used to track the occurrence and impact of monooxygenase-dependent aerobic processes converting short-chain alkanes in natural settings like marine and terrestrial seeps, gas reservoirs, and other geological formations impacted by natural gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Vogt
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Song
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Hermann Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florin Musat
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Liu H, Nie J, Liu Y, Wadood SA, Rogers KM, Yuan Y, Gan RY. A review of recent compound-specific isotope analysis studies applied to food authentication. Food Chem 2023; 415:135791. [PMID: 36868070 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of food products is a relatively new and novel technique used to authenticate food and detect adulteration. This paper provides a review of recent on-line and off-line CSIA applications of plant and animal origin foods, essential oils and plant extracts. Different food discrimination techniques, applications, scope, and recent studies are discussed. CSIA δ13C values are widely used to verify geographical origin, organic production, and adulteration. The δ15N values of individual amino acids and nitrate fertilizers have proven effective to authenticate organic foods, while δ2H and δ18O values are useful to link food products with local precipitation for geographical origin verification. Most CSIA techniques focus on fatty acids, amino acids, monosaccharides, disaccharides, organic acids, and volatile compounds enabling more selective and detailed origin and authentication information than bulk isotope analyses.. In conclusion, CSIA has a stronger analytical advantage for the authentication of food compared to bulk stable isotope analysis, especially for honey, beverages, essential oils, and processed foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China.
| | - Jing Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Syed Abdul Wadood
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Karyne M Rogers
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Yuwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
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Liang E, Huang T, Li J, Wang T. Degradation pathways of atrazine by electrochemical oxidation at different current densities: Identifications from compound-specific isotope analysis and DFT calculation. Environ Pollut 2023:121987. [PMID: 37301451 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Current density was the key factor that impacted pollutant degradation by electrochemical oxidation, and reaction contributions at various current densities were non-negligible for the cost-effective treatments of organic pollutants. This research introduced compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) into atrazine (ATZ) degradation by boron doped diamond (BDD) with current density of 2.5-20 mA/cm2, in order to provide "in-situ" and "fingerprint" analysis of reaction contributions with changed current densities. As results, the increased current density displayed a positive impact on ATZ removal. The ɅC/H values (correlations of Δδ13C and Δδ2H) were 24.58, 9.18 and 8.74 when current densities were 20, 4, and 2.5 mA/cm2, with ·OH contribution of 93.5%, 77.2% and 80.35%, respectively. While DET process favored lower current density with contribution rates up to ∼20%. What's more interesting, though the carbon and hydrogen isotope enrichment factors (εC and εH) were fluctuate, the ɅC/H linearly increased accompanied with applied current densities. Therefore, increasing current density was effective due to the larger ·OH contribution even though side reactions may occur. DFT calculations proved the increase of C-Cl bond length and the delocalization of Cl atom, confirming dechlorination reaction mainly occurred in the direct electron transfer process. While ·OH radical mainly attack the C-N bond on the side chain, which was more benefit to the fast decomposition of ATZ molecule and intermediates. It was forceful to discuss pollutant degradation mechanism by combining CSIA and DFT calculations. Target bond cleavage (i.e., dehalogenation reaction) can be conducted by changing reaction conditions like current density due to the significantly different isotope fractionation and bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enhang Liang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Taobo Huang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Arar M, Bakkour R, Elsner M, Bernstein A. Microbial hydrolysis of atrazine in contaminated groundwater. Chemosphere 2023; 322:138226. [PMID: 36828114 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of the widespread herbicide atrazine has been intensively studied in soils, while its degradation in groundwater has received less attention. This work studied atrazine degradation in contaminated groundwater adjacent to its production plant. The degradation potential was first explored in groundwater enrichment cultures. A broad potential for microbial atrazine degradation was observed when atrazine served as the sole nitrogen source, even when incubated with nitrate. Hydroxyatrazine was formed by the cultures, while desethylatrazine and desisopropylatrazine were not detected. Both the atzA and the trzN genes were identified by quantitative PCR analysis, with a clear dominance of atzA. Carbon isotope enrichments throughout the degradation process varied between the different cultures, with ε values ranging from -0.6 to -5.5‰. This implies corresponding uncertainties when using compound-specific isotope analysis to estimate degradation extents. In the field samples, in-situ degradation was reflected by a high percentage of metabolites, with hydroxyatrazine accounting for >95% of the metabolites in most wells. Both atzA and trzN were detected in the groundwater at quantities of ≈102 to 106 copies mL-1, with a dominance of atzA over trzN. These results provide evidence of the high potential for atrazine hydrolysis in the contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arar
- The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus, 8490000, Israel
| | - Rani Bakkour
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Anat Bernstein
- The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus, 8490000, Israel.
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Ji L, Zhang H, Ding W, Song R, Han Y, Yu H, Paneth P. Theoretical Kinetic Isotope Effects in Establishing the Precise Biodegradation Mechanisms of Organic Pollutants. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:4915-4929. [PMID: 36926881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) for natural isotope ratios has been recognized as a promising tool to elucidate biodegradation pathways of organic pollutants by microbial enzymes by relating reported kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) to apparent KIEs (AKIEs) derived from bulk isotope fractionations (εbulk). However, for many environmental reactions, neither are the reference KIE ranges sufficiently narrow nor are the mechanisms elucidated to the point that rate-determining steps have been identified unequivocally. In this work, besides providing reference KIEs and rationalizing AKIEs, good relationships have been explained by DFT computations for diverse biodegradation pathways with known enzymatic models between the theoretical isotope fractionations (εbulk') from intrinsic KIEs on the rate-determining steps and the observed εbulk. (1) To confirm the mechanistic details of previously reported pathway-dependent CSIA, it includes isotope changes in MTBE biodegradation between hydroxylation by CYP450 and SN2 reaction by cobalamin-dependent methyltransferase, the regioselectivity of toluene biodegradation by CYP450, and the rate-determining step in toluene biodegradation by benzylsuccinate synthase. (2) To yield new fundamental insights into some unclear biodegradation pathways, it consists of the oxidative function of toluene dioxygenase in biodegradation of TCE, the epoxidation mode in biodegradation of TCE by toluene 4-monooxygenase, and the weighted average mechanism in biodegradation of cDCE by CYP450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ji
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Huanni Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen Ding
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Runqian Song
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ye Han
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Piotr Paneth
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, Lodz 90-924, Poland
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Shi J, Zhang Q, Yang R, Li C, Fan S, Cai M, Zhou X, Zhang Z. Quantitative assessment of selective degradation behavior of etoxazole in different classes of organisms by compound-specific isotope analysis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023; 252:114632. [PMID: 36773436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the stereoselective degradation and quantitative identification of chiral pesticide etoxazole in organisms with different classes of organisms (soil, chlorella algal fluid and mice) were carried out by compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA). The degradation behavior and stable isotope fractionation effect of etoxazole in soil, chlorella and mice were investigated. The R-etoxazole degraded faster than S-etoxazole in different classes of organisms. The metabolites M1, M2 and M3 were detected in all three substrates. Biodegradation is the main factor for the change of stable isotope ratio of chiral pesticide etoxazole. Furthermore, the relationship between fractionation value of carbon isotope and residual concentration of etoxazole is established by Rayleigh equation, and the biodegradation rate of etoxazole could be calculated by using CSIA without measuring the concentration of etoxazole. Therefore, the use of CSIA can accurately assess the degradation behavior of pesticide pollution in the environment and provide a certain scientific evidence and technical support in the process of environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shi
- Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruilu Yang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunjian Li
- Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Susu Fan
- Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Cai
- Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Zhou
- Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
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13
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Masbou J, Payraudeau S, Guyot B, Imfeld G. Dimethomorph degradation in vineyards examined by isomeric and isotopic fractionation. Chemosphere 2023; 313:137341. [PMID: 36423721 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the degradation extent and pathways of fungicides in the environment is scarce. Fungicides may have isomers with distinct fungal-control efficiency, toxicity and fate in the environment, requiring specific approaches to follow up the degradation of individual isomers. Here we examined the degradation of the widely used fungicide dimethomorph (DIM) in a vineyard catchment using ratios of carbon stable isotopes (δ13C) and E/Z isomer fractionation (IF(Z)). In a microcosm laboratory experiment, DIM degradation half-life in soil was 20 ± 3 days, and was associated with significant isomeric (ΔIF(Z) = +30%) and isotopic (Δδ13C up to 7‰) fractionation. This corresponds to an isomer enrichment factor of εIR = -54 ± 6%, suggesting isomer selectivity and similar carbon stable isotopic fractionation values of εDIM-(Z) = -1.6 ± 0.2‰ and εDIM-(E) = -1.5 ± 0.2‰. Isomeric and isotopic fractionation values were used to estimate DIM degradation in topsoil and transport in a vineyard catchment over two wine-growing seasons. DIM concentrations following DIM application were up to 3 μg g-1 in topsoil and 29 μg L-1 in runoff water at the catchment outlet. Accordingly, the IF(Z) and δ13C values of DIM in soil were similar to those observed in DIM commercial formulations. The gradual enrichments in DIM-(Z) and 13C of the residual DIM in soil indicated DIM biodegradation over time. DIM biodegradation estimated based on E/Z isomer and carbon stable isotope ratios in topsoil and runoff water ranged from 0% after DIM application up to 100% at the end of the wine-growing season. DIM biodegradation was overestimated compared to conventional approaches relying on DIM mass balance, field concentrations and half-lives. Altogether, our study highlights the usefulness of combining carbon stable isotopes, E/Z isomers and classical approaches to estimate fungicide degradation at the catchment scale, and uncovers difficulties in using laboratory-derived values in field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Masbou
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ENGEES, ITES UMR7063, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvain Payraudeau
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ENGEES, ITES UMR7063, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoit Guyot
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ENGEES, ITES UMR7063, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ENGEES, ITES UMR7063, F-67084, Strasbourg, France.
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Prieto-Espinoza M, Di Chiara Roupert R, Belfort B, Weill S, Imfeld G. Reactive transport of micropollutants in laboratory aquifers undergoing transient exposure periods. Sci Total Environ 2023; 856:159170. [PMID: 36198349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater quality is of increasing concern due to the ubiquitous occurrence of micropollutant mixtures. Stream-groundwater interactions near agricultural and urban areas represent an important entry pathway of micropollutants into shallow aquifers. Here, we evaluated the biotransformation of a micropollutant mixture (i.e., caffeine, metformin, atrazine, terbutryn, S-metolachlor and metalaxyl) during lateral stream water flow to adjacent groundwater. We used an integrative approach combining concentrations and transformation products (TPs) of the micropollutants, compound-specific isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N), sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and reactive transport modeling. Duplicate laboratory aquifers (160 cm × 80 cm × 7 cm) were fed with stream water and subjected over 140 d to three successive periods of micropollutant exposures as pulse-like (6000 μg L-1) and constant (600 μg L-1) injections under steady-state conditions. Atrazine, terbutryn, S-metolachlor and metalaxyl persisted in both aquifers during all periods (<10 % attenuation). Metformin attenuation (up to 14 %) was only observed from 90 d onwards, suggesting enhanced degradation over time. In contrast, caffeine dissipated during all injection periods (>90 %), agreeing with fast degradation rates (t1/2 < 3 d) in parallel microcosm experiments and detection of TPs (theobromine and xanthine). Significant stable carbon isotope fractionation (Δδ13C ≥ 6.6 ‰) was observed for caffeine in both aquifers, whereas no enrichment in 15N occurred. A concentration dependence of caffeine biotransformation in the aquifers was further suggested by model simulations following Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Changes in bacterial community composition reflected long-term bacterial adaptation to micropollutant exposures. Altogether, the use of an integrative approach can help to understand the interplay of subsurface hydrochemistry, bacterial adaptations and micropollutants biotransformation during stream-groundwater interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prieto-Espinoza
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/EOST, ITES UMR 7063, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Raphaël Di Chiara Roupert
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/EOST, ITES UMR 7063, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benjamin Belfort
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/EOST, ITES UMR 7063, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvain Weill
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/EOST, ITES UMR 7063, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/EOST, ITES UMR 7063, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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15
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Liu J, Wei L, Zhang D, Tang L, Liu Y, Jing L, Liu J, Yang S. The effects of inorganic anions on degradation kinetics and isotope fractionation during the transformation of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) by UV/persulfate. Sci Total Environ 2022; 846:157462. [PMID: 35868383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), as a typical chlorinated flame retardant, is attracting more attention as a carcinogen. Although persulfate-based oxidation exhibits good performance in removing refractory organic pollutants, the kinetics of persulfate-based remediation are affected by inorganic anions, which causes inaccurate remediation efficiency. This study combines steady-state radical concentration modelling with isotope fractionation to investigate the effects of inorganic anions on TCEP degradation by UV/persulfate (UV/PS). In the absence of anions during UV/PS system, the observed degradation rate was (9.7 ± 0.1) × 10-5 s-1, which was approximately 93 % attributed to sulfate radical (SO4-•) oxidation based on radical modelling. Carbon isotope fractionation, coupled with the identification of transformation products by mass spectrometry, suggests a carbon bond split during TCEP degradation with a carbon isotopic fractionation value (ε) of -1.6 ± 0.2 ‰ (± 95 % confidence intervals). With respect to co-existing anions in UV/PS system, the addition of chloride (Cl-) had a negligible effect on degradation rates, while the addition of hydrogencarbonate (HCO3-) caused them to decrease, and the addition of hydrogenphosphate (HPO42-) caused them to increase. Radical modelling suggested that SO4-• was transformed to chlorine radicals (Cl•/Cl2-•), phosphate radicals (HPO4-•), and carbonate radicals (CO3-•). Furthermore, the overlapping 95 % confidence intervals (C.I.) and the statistical tests (p > 0.05) both agree that Cl- and HPO42- gain identical ε values. Nevertheless, when HCO3- coexisted in the UV/PS system, the ε values were distinct. The addition of HCO3- would result in ε variation of TCEP in the UV activated PS process, which should receive more attention when applying remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Liuqing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Energy & Environment, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Liang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yaqing Liu
- College of light industry and food engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Liandong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junfei Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shengtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
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16
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Gilevska T, Wiegert C, Droz B, Junginger T, Prieto-Espinoza M, Borreca A, Imfeld G. Simple extraction methods for pesticide compound-specific isotope analysis from environmental samples. MethodsX 2022; 9:101880. [PMID: 36311268 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extractions from soil, plants, and water were tested for pesticide C and N CSIA. Pesticide recoveries strongly varied among compounds and matrices properties. Tested extraction methods caused no effect on δ13C and δ15N of pesticides. C and N pesticide CSIA can be applied in situ to agricultural water samples. Pesticide CSIA for soil and sediment samples are limited to source areas.
Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is a powerful approach to evaluate the transformation of organic pollutants in the environment. However, the application of CSIA to micropollutants, such as pesticides, remains limited because appropriate extraction methods are currently lacking. Such methods should address a wide range of pesticides and environmental matrices, while recovering sufficient mass for reliable CSIA without inducing stable isotope fractionation. Here, we present simple extraction methods for carbon and nitrogen CSIA for different environmental matrices and six commonly used herbicides, i.e., atrazine, terbutryn, acetochlor, alachlor, butachlor, and S-metolachlor, and three fungicides, i.e., dimethomorph, tebuconazole, and metalaxyl. We examined the potential of several extraction methods for four types of soils or sediments, three types of environmental waters and aerial and root plant samples for multielement (ME)-CSIA.Pesticide extraction recoveries varied depending on the physical characteristics of the pesticides and matrix properties for environmental water (77 to 87%), soil and sediment (35 to 82%), and plant (40 to 59%) extraction. The tested extraction methods did not significantly affect the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope signatures of pesticides (Δ(13C) <0.9‰ for Δ(15N) <1.0‰).
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De Vera J, Chen W, Phillips E, Gilevska T, Morgan SA, Norcross S, West K, Mack EE, Lollar BS. Compound-specific isotope analysis ( CSIA) evaluation of degradation of chlorinated benzenes (CBs) and benzene in a contaminated aquifer. J Contam Hydrol 2022; 250:104051. [PMID: 35901656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.104051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) has become a valuable tool in understanding the fate of organic contaminants at field sites. However, its application to chlorinated benzenes (CBs), a group of toxic and persistent groundwater contaminants, has received less attention. This study employed CSIA to investigate the occurrence of natural degradation of various CBs and benzene in a contaminated aquifer. Despite the complexity of the study area (e.g., installation of a sheet pile barrier and the presence of a complex set of contaminants), the substantial enrichments in δ13C values (i.e., >2‰) for all CBs and benzene across the sampling wells indicate in situ degradation of these compounds. In particular, the 13C enrichments for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB) display good correlations with decreasing groundwater concentrations, consistent with the effects of in situ biodegradation. Using the Rayleigh model, the extent of degradation (EoD) is estimated to be 47-99% for 1,2-DCB, and 21-73% for 1,2,4-TCB. The enrichments observed for the other CBs (1,4-DCB and chlorobenzene (MCB)) and benzene at the site are also suggestive of in situ biodegradation. Due to simultaneous degradation and production of 1,4-DCB (a major 1,2,4-TCB degradation product), MCB (from DCB degradation), and benzene (from MCB degradation), the estimation of EoD for these intermediate compounds is more complex but a modelling simulation supports in situ biodegradation of these daughter products. In particular, the fact that the δ13C values of MCB and benzene (i.e., daughter products of 1,2,4-TCB) are more enriched than the original δ13C value of their parent 1,2,4-TCB provides definitive evidence for the occurrence of in situ biodegradation of the MCB and benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan De Vera
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Ursula Franklin Street, M5S 3B1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Weibin Chen
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Ursula Franklin Street, M5S 3B1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Phillips
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Ursula Franklin Street, M5S 3B1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tetyana Gilevska
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Ursula Franklin Street, M5S 3B1, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Kathryn West
- AECOM, 1 Canal Rd, Pennsville, NJ 08023, United States
| | - E Erin Mack
- Corteva Agriscience, 974 Centre Road, Wilmington, DE 19805, United States
| | - Barbara Sherwood Lollar
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Ursula Franklin Street, M5S 3B1, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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Junginger T, Payraudeau S, Imfeld G. Transformation and stable isotope fractionation of the urban biocide terbutryn during biodegradation, photodegradation and abiotic hydrolysis. Chemosphere 2022; 305:135329. [PMID: 35709839 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Terbutryn is a widely used biocide in construction materials like paint and render to prevent the growth of microorganisms, algae and fungi. Terbutryn is released from the facades into the environment during rainfall, contaminating surface waters, soil and groundwater. Knowledge of terbutryn dissipation from the facades to aquatic ecosystems is scarce. Here, we examined in laboratory microcosms degradation half-lives, formation of transformation products and carbon and nitrogen isotope fractionation during terbutryn direct (UV light with λ = 254 nm and simulated sunlight) and indirect (simulated sunlight with nitrate) photodegradation, abiotic hydrolysis (pH = 1, 7 and 13), and aerobic biodegradation (stormwater pond sediment, soil and activated sludge). Biodegradation half-lives of terbutryn were high (>80 d). Photodegradation under simulated sunlight and hydrolysis at extreme pH values indicated slow degradability and accumulation in the environment. Photodegradation resulted in a variety of transformation products, whereas abiotic hydrolysis lead solely to terbutryn-2-hydroxy in acidic and basic conditions. Biodegradation indicates degradation to terbutryn-2-hydroxy through terbutryn-sulfoxide. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of terbutryn holds potential to differentiate degradation pathways. Carbon isotope fractionation values (εC) ranged from -3.4 ± 0.3‰ (hydrolysis pH 1) to +0.8 ± 0.1‰ (photodegradation under UV light), while nitrogen isotope fractionation values ranged from -1.0 ± 0.4‰ (simulated sunlight photodegradation with nitrate) to +3.4 ± 0.2‰ (hydrolysis at pH 1). In contrast, isotope fractionation during biodegradation was insignificant. ΛN/C values ranged from -1.0 ± 0.1 (hydrolysis at pH 1) to 2.8 ± 0.3 (photodegradation under UV light), allowing to differentiate degradation pathways. Combining the formation of transformation products and stable isotope fractionation enabled identifying distinct degradation pathways. Altogether, this study highlights the potential of CSIA to follow terbutryn degradation in situ and differentiate prevailing degradation pathways, which may help to monitor urban biocide remediation and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Junginger
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/ EOST/ ENGEES, CNRS, UMR 7063, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvain Payraudeau
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/ EOST/ ENGEES, CNRS, UMR 7063, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/ EOST/ ENGEES, CNRS, UMR 7063, F-67084, Strasbourg, France.
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19
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Khan AM, Gharasoo M, Wick LY, Thullner M. Phase-specific stable isotope fractionation effects during combined gas-liquid phase exchange and biodegradation. Environ Pollut 2022; 309:119737. [PMID: 35817302 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope fractionation of toluene under dynamic phase exchange was studied aiming at ascertaining the effects of gas-liquid partitioning and biodegradation of toluene stable isotope composition in liquid-air phase exchange reactors (Laper). The liquid phase consisted of a mixture of aqueous minimal media, a known amount of a mixture of deuterated (toluene-d) and non-deuterated toluene (toluene-h), and bacteria of toluene degrading strain Pseudomonas putida KT2442. During biodegradation experiments, the liquid and air-phase concentrations of both toluene isotopologues were monitored to determine the observable stable isotope fractionation in each phase. The results show a strong fractionation in both phases with apparent enrichment factors beyond -800‰. An offset was observed between enrichment factors in the liquid and the gas phase with gas-phase values showing a stronger fractionation in the gas than in the liquid phase. Numerical simulation and parameter fitting routine was used to challenge hypotheses to explain the unexpected experimental data. The numerical results showed that either a very strong, yet unlikely, fractionation of the phase exchange process or a - so far unreported - direct consumption of gas phase compounds by aqueous phase microorganisms could explain the observed fractionation effects. The observed effect can be of relevance for the analysis of volatile contaminant biodegradation using stable isotope analysis in unsaturated subsurface compartments or other environmental compartment containing a gas and a liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Khan
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mehdi Gharasoo
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lukas Y Wick
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Thullner
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
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20
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Liu X, Wu L, Kümmel S, Richnow HH. Stable isotope fractionation associated with the synthesis of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers for characterizing sources. Chemosphere 2022; 296:133938. [PMID: 35149010 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The stable isotope fingerprints of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers have potential for identifying sources as they are related to the synthesis processes and isotopic compositions of raw materials. However, the isotopic fractionation associated with the synthesis processes has not been investigated. Therefore, photochemical synthesis experiments using benzene and chlorine gas were conducted to characterize the associated isotopic fractionation under different conditions. Different patterns of isotopic fractionation factors (αC, αCl, and αH) were observed in each experiment. The large variability of αH is related to the accumulating secondary hydrogen isotope effects or the rearrangement of C-H bonds at the cyclohexane ring. An increase of δ13C and δ37Cl values of HCH isomers was observed during synthesis, which is related to the C-Cl bond formation in the radical dichlorination forming HCH and the subsequent chlorine substitution forming heptachlorocyclohexanes. The large variability of δ2H values is related to the secondary and primary hydrogen isotope effects. Different δ13C, δ37Cl and δ2H values among HCH isomers were observed, indicating that conformational complexity of HCH caused by arrangement of C-Cl bonds in planar and axial positions also influence the isotope values. The understanding of isotopic fractionation during HCH synthesis can be indicative for source identification in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Langping Wu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada.
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hans H Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
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21
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Garza-Rubalcava U, Hatzinger PB, Schanzle D, Lavorgna G, Hedman P, Jackson WA. Improved assessment and performance monitoring of a biowall at a chlorinated solvent site using high-resolution passive sampling. J Contam Hydrol 2022; 246:103962. [PMID: 35123108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.103962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study contrasts the use of high-resolution passive sampling and traditional groundwater monitoring wells (GWMW) to characterize a chlorinated solvent site and assess the effectiveness of a biowall (mulch, compost and sand) that was installed to remediate trichloroethene (TCE), the primary contaminant of concern. High-resolution passive profilers (HRPPs) were direct driven hydraulically upgradient, within, and hydraulically downgradient of the biowall and in close proximity to existing GWMWs. Compared with hydraulically upgradient locations, the biowall was highly reducing, there were higher densities of bacteria/genes capable of reductive dechlorination, and TCE was being reductively transformed, but not completely, as cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) was detected within and hydraulically downgradient of the biowall. However, based on the high-resolution data, there were a number of important findings which were not discoverable using data from GWMWs alone. Data from the HRPPs indicate that the biowall was completely transforming TCE to ethene (C2H4) except within a high velocity interval, where the concentrations were reduced, but breakthrough of cis-DCE was apparent. Hydraulically upgradient of the biowall, concentrations of TCE increased with depth where a very low permeability zone exists that will likely remain as a long-term source. In addition, although low concentrations of cis-DCE were present downgradient of the biowall, surfacing into a downgradient stream was not detected. This study demonstrates the advantages of high-resolution passive sampling of aquifers to assess the performance of remediation techniques compared to traditional methods such as GWMWs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Graig Lavorgna
- Aptim Federal Services, LLC., Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Paul Hedman
- Aptim Federal Services, LLC., Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - W Andrew Jackson
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, 911 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America.
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22
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Badea SL, Stegarus DI, Niculescu VC, Enache S, Soare A, Ionete RE, Gori D, Höhener P. Dehalogenation of α-hexachlorocyclohexane by iron sulfide nanoparticles: Study of reaction mechanism with stable carbon isotopes and pH variations. Sci Total Environ 2021; 801:149672. [PMID: 34438148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) is known to be accompanied by isotope fractionation of carbon (13C/12C), but no systematic studies were performed on abiotic degradation of HCH isomers by iron (II) minerals. In this study, we explored the carbon isotope fractionation of α-HCH during dechlorination by FeS nanoparticles at different pH values. The results of three different experiments showed that the apparent rate constants during dehalogenation of α-HCH by FeS increased with pH. The lowest apparent rate constant value α-HCH during dehalogenation by FeS was 0.009 d-1 at pH value of 2.4, while the highest was 1.098 d-1 at pH 11.8. α-HCH was completely dechlorinated by FeS only at pH values 9.9 and 11.8, while the corresponding apparent rate constants were 0.253 d-1 and 1.098 d-1, respectively. Regardless of the pH used, the 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB), 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB), and benzene were the dominant degradation products of α-HCH. An enrichment factor (εC) of -4.7 ± 1.3‰ was obtained for α-HCH using Rayleigh model, which is equivalent to an apparent kinetic isotope effect (AKIEC) value of 1.029 ± 0.008 for dehydrohalogenation, and of 1.014 ± 0.004 for dihaloelimination, respectively. The magnitude of isotope fractionation from this study suggests that abiotic isotope fractionation by FeS must be taken into account in anoxic sediments and aquifers contaminated with HCH isomers, when high concentrations of FeS are present in the above-mentioned anoxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviu-Laurentiu Badea
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Vâlcea, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Ramnicu Vâlcea, Romania.
| | - Diana-Ionela Stegarus
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Vâlcea, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Ramnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Violeta-Carolina Niculescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Vâlcea, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Ramnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Stanica Enache
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Vâlcea, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Ramnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Amalia Soare
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory (LCE), Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS UMR 7376, 3 place Victor Hugo - Case 29, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France
| | - Roxana-Elena Ionete
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Vâlcea, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Ramnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Didier Gori
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory (LCE), Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS UMR 7376, 3 place Victor Hugo - Case 29, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France
| | - Patrick Höhener
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory (LCE), Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS UMR 7376, 3 place Victor Hugo - Case 29, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France
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23
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Gilevska T, Sullivan Ojeda A, Kümmel S, Gehre M, Seger E, West K, Morgan SA, Mack EE, Sherwood Lollar B. Multi-element isotopic evidence for monochlorobenzene and benzene degradation under anaerobic conditions in contaminated sediments. Water Res 2021; 207:117809. [PMID: 34741903 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Industrial chemicals are frequently detected in sediments due to a legacy of chemical spills. Globally, site remedies for groundwater and sediment decontamination include natural attenuation by in situ abiotic and biotic processes. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is a diagnostic tool to identify, quantify, and characterize degradation processes in situ, and in some cases can differentiate between abiotic degradation and biodegradation. This study reports high-resolution carbon, chlorine, and hydrogen stable isotope profiles for monochlorobenzene (MCB), and carbon and hydrogen stable isotope profiles for benzene, coupled with measurements of pore water concentrations in contaminated sediments. Multi-element isotopic analysis of δ13C and δ37Cl for MCB were used to generate dual-isotope plots, which for 2 locations at the study site resulted in ΛC/Cl(130) values of 1.42 ± 0.19 and ΛC/Cl(131) values of 1.70 ± 0.15, consistent with theoretical calculations for carbon-chlorine bond cleavage (ΛT = 1.80 ± 0.31) via microbial reductive dechlorination. For benzene, significant δ2H (122‰) and δ13C (6‰) depletion trends, followed by enrichment trends in δ13C (1.6‰) in the upper part of the sediment, were observed at the same location, indicating not only production of benzene due to biodegradation of MCB, but subsequent biotransformation of benzene itself to nontoxic end-products. Degradation rate constants calculated independently using chlorine isotopic data and carbon isotopic data, respectively, agreed within uncertainty thus providing multiple lines of evidence for in situ contaminant degradation via reductive dechlorination and providing the foundation for a novel approach to determine site-specific in situ rate estimates essential for the prediction of remediation outcomes and timelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Gilevska
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada; CNRS/EOST, ITES UMR 7063, Earth and Environment Institute of Strasbourg (ITES), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67084, France
| | - Ann Sullivan Ojeda
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada; Department of Geosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehre
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Edward Seger
- The Chemours Company, Wilmington, DE 19810, United States
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24
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Enumah ZO, Boateng P, Bolman RM, Beyersdorf F, Zühlke L, Musoni M, Tivane A, Zilla P. Societies of Futures Past: Examining the History and Potential of International Society Collaborations in Addressing the Burden of Rheumatic Heart Disease in the Developing World. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:740745. [PMID: 34796211 PMCID: PMC8592898 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.740745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper explores the role and place of national, regional, and international society collaborations in addressing the major global burden of rheumatic heart disease (RHD). On the same order of HIV, RHD affects over 40 million people worldwide. In this article, we will outline the background and current therapeutic landscape for cardiac surgery in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) including the resource-constrained settings within which RHD surgery often occurs. This creates numerous challenges to delivering adequate surgical care and post-operative management for RHD patients, and thus provides some context for a growing movement for and applicability of structural heart approaches, innovative valve replacement technologies, and minimally invasive techniques in this setting. Intertwined and building from this context will be the remainder of the paper which elaborates how national, regional, and international societies have collaborated to address rheumatic heart disease in the past (e.g., Drakensberg Declaration, World Heart Federation Working Group on RHD) with a focus on primary and secondary prevention. We then provide the recent history and context of the growing movement for how surgery has become front and center in the discussion of addressing RHD through the passing of the Cape Town Declaration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Percy Boateng
- Cardiac Surgery Intersociety Alliance, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Friedhelm Beyersdorf
- Cardiac Surgery Intersociety Alliance, Cape Town, South Africa
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Liesl Zühlke
- Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute (CHI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maurice Musoni
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Peter Zilla
- Cardiac Surgery Intersociety Alliance, Cape Town, South Africa
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25
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Halloran LJS, Vakili F, Wanner P, Shouakar-Stash O, Hunkeler D. Sorption- and diffusion-induced isotopic fractionation in chloroethenes. Sci Total Environ 2021; 788:147826. [PMID: 34134359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Isotopic fractionation of groundwater contaminants can occur due to degradation, diffusion and sorption. Of these, only degradation has been extensively explored, yet diffusive isotopic fractionation (DIF) and sorptive isotopic fractionation (SIF) can have significant effects on the isotopic enrichment of groundwater contaminants. Understanding how to mathematically describe and model these processes is vital to the correct interpretation of compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) data in the field. Here, models for these physical fractionation processes are developed and described, including the definition of a sorption enrichment factor. These models are then implemented numerically using inverse and finite-element methods to investigate two scenarios, diffusion-sorption and diffusion-sorption-advection, that have been measured in the laboratory. Concentration, δ37Cl, and δ2H data from cis-dichloroethene (cDCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) are used as inputs to the models. Unknown transport parameters including diffusive fractionation exponents are determined from an inverse modelling approach. DIF is shown to have a stronger influence on chlorine isotopologues than on hydrogen isotopologues. For both cDCE and TCE, the sorption enrichment factor of chlorine is found to be negative while that of hydrogen is positive. The presented approach and results provide novel tools and insight into DIF and SIF and underline that these processes should be taken into account when using CSIA to assess contaminant fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon J S Halloran
- Centre d'hydrogéologie et de géothermie (CHYN), Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Fatemeh Vakili
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philipp Wanner
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Orfan Shouakar-Stash
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Isotope Tracer Technologies Inc., Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Hunkeler
- Centre d'hydrogéologie et de géothermie (CHYN), Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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26
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Hernández-Guzmán FA, Macías-Zamora JV, Ramírez-Álvarez N, Quezada-Hernández C, Ortiz-López R. Source identification of n-alkanes and isoprenoids using diagnostic ratios and carbon isotopic composition on crude oils and surface waters from the Gulf of Mexico. Environ Monit Assess 2021; 193:633. [PMID: 34490544 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic ratios and compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) are two tools that can help identify and differentiate the petrogenic and biogenic sources of hydrocarbons found in environmental samples. The present study aims to evaluate the concentration and type of n-alkanes and isoprenoids found in the oligotrophic waters of the Gulf of Mexico (n = 14), and through the typical diagnostic ratios reported for n-alkanes and its carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) to establish and differentiate the possible source of the hydrocarbons. Additionally, crude oil samples (n = 10) extracted in the Gulf of Mexico were evaluated by CSIA as a possible source of hydrocarbons to the study area. We found that the CSIA of δ13C for n-alkanes (n-C11 to n-C30) and isoprenoids (pristane and phytane) found in the surface water samples varied from - 25.55 to - 37.59‰ and from - 23.78 to - 33.97‰ in the crude oil samples, values which are more related to petrogenic sources. An analysis of the δ13C for pristane vs. phytane suggests that only three surface water samples show an origin in common that those observed in crude oils of the Gulf of Mexico. A low incidence of odd- and even-numbered n-alkanes higher than n-C25 in the water samples indicate low to negligible presence of terrigenous sources into the area, which was supported by the carbon isotopic composition of the individual n-alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Vinicio Macías-Zamora
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - Nancy Ramírez-Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Cristina Quezada-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Roxana Ortiz-López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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27
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Sun F, Mellage A, Gharasoo M, Melsbach A, Cao X, Zimmermann R, Griebler C, Thullner M, Cirpka OA, Elsner M. Mass-Transfer-Limited Biodegradation at Low Concentrations-Evidence from Reactive Transport Modeling of Isotope Profiles in a Bench-Scale Aquifer. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:7386-7397. [PMID: 33970610 PMCID: PMC8173607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic contaminant degradation by suspended bacteria in chemostats has shown that isotope fractionation decreases dramatically when pollutant concentrations fall below the (half-saturation) Monod constant. This masked isotope fractionation implies that membrane transfer is slow relative to the enzyme turnover at μg L-1 substrate levels. Analogous evidence of mass transfer as a bottleneck for biodegradation in aquifer settings, where microbes are attached to the sediment, is lacking. A quasi-two-dimensional flow-through sediment microcosm/tank system enabled us to study the aerobic degradation of 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM), while collecting sufficient samples at the outlet for compound-specific isotope analysis. By feeding an anoxic BAM solution through the center inlet port and dissolved oxygen (DO) above and below, strong transverse concentration cross-gradients of BAM and DO yielded zones of low (μg L-1) steady-state concentrations. We were able to simulate the profiles of concentrations and isotope ratios of the contaminant plume using a reactive transport model that accounted for a mass-transfer limitation into bacterial cells, where apparent isotope enrichment factors *ε decreased strongly below concentrations around 600 μg/L BAM. For the biodegradation of organic micropollutants, mass transfer into the cell emerges as a bottleneck, specifically at low (μg L-1) concentrations. Neglecting this effect when interpreting isotope ratios at field sites may lead to a significant underestimation of biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchao Sun
- Institute
of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, Ingolstädter
Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Chair
of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 17, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Adrian Mellage
- Center
for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstrasse 94−96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Mehdi Gharasoo
- Institute
of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, Ingolstädter
Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ecohydrology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aileen Melsbach
- Institute
of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, Ingolstädter
Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Chair
of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 17, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Xin Cao
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics (CMA) Cooperation Group Helmholtz Zentrum, Gmunderstrasse 37, Munich 81379, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics (CMA) Cooperation Group Helmholtz Zentrum, Gmunderstrasse 37, Munich 81379, Germany
| | - Christian Griebler
- Department
of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Martin Thullner
- Department
of Environmental Microbiology, UFZ—Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 30418, Germany
| | - Olaf A. Cirpka
- Center
for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstrasse 94−96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Institute
of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, Ingolstädter
Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Chair
of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 17, Munich 81377, Germany
- Phone: +49 89 2180-78232
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28
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Wang T, Huang T, Jiang H, Ma R. Electrochemical degradation of atrazine by BDD anode: Evidence from compound-specific stable isotope analysis and DFT simulations. Chemosphere 2021; 273:129754. [PMID: 33524760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Direct charge transfer (DCT) and •OH attack played important roles in contaminant degradation by BDD electrochemical oxidation. Their separate contributions and potential bond-cleavage processes were required but lacking. Here, we carried out promising compound-specific isotope fractionation analysis (CSIA) to explore 13C and 2H isotope fractionation of atrazine (ATZ), followed by assessing the reaction pathway by BDD anode. The correlation of 2H and 13C fractionation allows to remarkably differentiate DCT process and •OH attack, with Λ values of 18.99 and 53.60, respectively. Radical quenching identified that •OH accounted for 79.0%-88.5% in the whole reaction. While CSIA methods provided biased results, which suggested that ATZ degradation exhibited two stages with •OH contributions of 24.6% and 84.3% respectively, confirming CSIA was more sensitive and provided more possibilities to estimate degradation processes. Combined with Fukui index and intermediate products identification, we deduced that dechlorination-hydroxylation mainly occurred in the first 30 min by DCT reaction. While lateral chain oxidation with C-N broken was the governing route once •OH was largely generated, with the production of DEA (m/z 188), DIA (m/z 174), DEIA (m/z 146) and DEIHA (m/z 128). Our results demonstrated that isotope fractionation can offer "isotopic footprints" for identifying the rate-limiting steps and bond breakage process, and opens new avenues for degradation pathways of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Taobo Huang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huan Jiang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ruoqi Ma
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
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29
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Ojeda AS, Zheng J, Phillips E, Sherwood Lollar B. Implications of regression bias for multi-element isotope analysis for environmental remediation. Talanta 2021; 226:122113. [PMID: 33676669 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Measuring changes in the stable isotope ratios of multiple elements (e.g. Δδ13C, Δδ37Cl, and Δδ2H) during the (bio)transformation of environmental contaminants has provided new insights into reaction mechanisms and tools to optimize remediation efforts. Dual-isotope analysis, wherein changes in one isotopic system are plotted against another (to derive an interpretational parameter expressed as Λ), is a key tool in multi-element isotopic assessment. To date, most dual-isotope analyses use ordinary linear regression (OLR) for the calculation, which can be subject to regression attenuation and thus an inherent artifact that depresses slope values, expressed as Λ. Here, a series of Monte Carlo simulations were constructed to represent common data conditions and variations within dual-isotope data to test the degree of bias when deriving Λ using OLR compared to an alternative regression technique, the York method. The degree of bias was quantified compared to the modeled or "true" Λ value. For all simulations, the York method provided the least bias in slope estimates (<1%) over all data conditions tested. In contrast, OLR produced unbiased estimates only under a limited set of conditions, which was validated through a mathematical model proof. Both the mathematical model and simulations show that bias of at least 5% in OLR occurs when the extent of enrichment in the x-variable (XM) is equal to or less than ≈15 times the 1σ precision in the isotope measurement (σX), for both Cl/C and C/H plots. The results give practitioners tools to evaluate whether bias is present in data and to estimate the extent to which this negatively impacts the interpretations and predictions of remediation potential for new and previously published datasets. This study demonstrates that integration of such robust statistical tools is essential for dual-isotope interpretations widely used in contaminant hydrogeology but relevant to other disciplines including environmental chemistry and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingyi Zheng
- Auburn University, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Elizabeth Phillips
- University of Toronto, Department of Earth Sciences, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B1, Canada
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30
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Enumah ZO, Bolman RM, Zilla P, Boateng P, Wilson B, Kumar AS, Chotivatanapong T, Beyersdorf F, Pomar J, Sliwa K, Eiselé JL, Dearani J, Higgins R. United in earnest: First pilot sites for increased surgical capacity for rheumatic heart disease announced by Cardiac Surgery Intersociety Alliance. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 161:2108-2113. [PMID: 33840466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.11.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) affects more than 33,000,000 individuals, mostly from low- and middle-income countries. The Cape Town Declaration On Access to Cardiac Surgery in the Developing World was published in August 2018, signaling the commitment of the global cardiac surgery and cardiology communities to improving care for RHD patients. METHODS As the Cape Town Declaration formed the basis for which the Cardiac Surgery Intersociety Alliance (CSIA) was formed, the purpose of this article is to describe the history of the CSIA, its formation, ongoing activities, and future directions, including the announcement of selected pilot sites. RESULTS The CSIA is an international alliance consisting of representatives from major cardiothoracic surgical societies and the World Heart Federation. Activities have included meetings at annual conferences, exhibit hall participation for advertisement and recruitment, and publication of selection criteria for cardiac surgery centers to apply for CSIA support. Criteria focused on local operating capacity, local championing, governmental and facility support, appropriate identification of a specific gap in care, and desire to engage in future research. Eleven applications were received for which three finalist sites were selected and site visits conducted. The two selected sites were Hospital Central Maputo (Mozambique) and King Faisal Hospital Kigali (Rwanda). CONCLUSIONS Substantial progress has been made since the passing of the Cape Town Declaration and the formation of the CSIA, but ongoing efforts with collaboration of all committed parties-cardiac surgery, cardiology, industry, and government-will be necessary to improve access to life-saving cardiac surgery for RHD patients.
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Hellal J, Joulian C, Urien C, Ferreira S, Denonfoux J, Hermon L, Vuilleumier S, Imfeld G. Chlorinated ethene biodegradation and associated bacterial taxa in multi-polluted groundwater: Insights from biomolecular markers and stable isotope analysis. Sci Total Environ 2021; 763:142950. [PMID: 33127155 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated ethenes (CEs) are most problematic pollutants in groundwater. Dehalogenating bacteria, and in particular organohalide-respiring bacteria (OHRB), can transform PCE to ethene under anaerobic conditions, and thus contribute to bioremediation of contaminated sites. Current approaches to characterize in situ biodegradation of CEs include hydrochemical analyses, quantification of the abundance of key species (e.g. Dehalococcoides mccartyi) and dehalogenase genes (pceA, vcrA, bvcA and tceA) involved in different steps of organohalide respiration (OHR) by qPCR, and compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of CEs. Here we combined these approaches with sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons to consider both OHRB and bacterial taxa involved in CE transformation at a multi-contaminated site. Integrated analysis of hydrogeochemical characteristics, gene abundances and bacterial diversity shows that bacterial diversity and OHRB mainly correlated with hydrogeochemical conditions, suggesting that pollutant exposure acts as a central driver of bacterial diversity. CSIA, abundances of four reductive dehalogenase encoding genes and the prevalence of Dehalococcoides highlighted sustained PCE, DCE and VC degradation in several wells of the polluted plume. These results suggest that bacterial taxa associated with OHR play an essential role in natural attenuation of CEs, and that representatives of taxa including Dehalobacterium and Desulfosporosinus co-occur with Dehalococcoides. Overall, our study emphasizes the benefits of combining several approaches to evaluate the interplay between the dynamics of bacterial diversity in CE-polluted plumes and in situ degradation of CEs, and to contribute to a more robust assessment of natural attenuation at multi-polluted sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hellal
- BRGM, Geomicrobiology and Environmental Monitoring Unit, FR-45060 Orléans, France.
| | - Catherine Joulian
- BRGM, Geomicrobiology and Environmental Monitoring Unit, FR-45060 Orléans, France
| | - Charlotte Urien
- Service Recherche, Développement et Innovation-Communautés Microbiennes, GenoScreen, Lille, France
| | - Stéphanie Ferreira
- Service Recherche, Développement et Innovation-Communautés Microbiennes, GenoScreen, Lille, France
| | - Jérémie Denonfoux
- Service Recherche, Développement et Innovation-Communautés Microbiennes, GenoScreen, Lille, France
| | - Louis Hermon
- BRGM, Geomicrobiology and Environmental Monitoring Unit, FR-45060 Orléans, France; Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM UMR 7156, Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Vuilleumier
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM UMR 7156, Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/EOST, LHyGeS UMR 7517, Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Whiteman JP, Newsome SD, Bustamante P, Cherel Y, Hobson KA. Quantifying capital versus income breeding: New promise with stable isotope measurements of individual amino acids. J Anim Ecol 2020; 90:1408-1418. [PMID: 33300602 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Capital breeders accumulate nutrients prior to egg development, then use these stores to support offspring development. In contrast, income breeders rely on local nutrients consumed contemporaneously with offspring development. Understanding such nutrient allocations is critical to assessing life-history strategies and habitat use. Despite the contrast between these strategies, it remains challenging to trace nutrients from endogenous stores or exogenous food intake into offspring. Here, we tested a new solution to this problem. Using tissue samples collected opportunistically from wild emperor penguins Aptenodytes forsteri, which exemplify capital breeding, we hypothesized that the stable carbon (δ13 C) and nitrogen (δ15 N) isotope values of individual amino acids (AAs) in endogenous stores (e.g. muscle) and in egg yolk and albumen reflect the nutrient sourcing that distinguishes capital versus income breeding. Unlike other methods, this approach does not require untested assumptions or diet sampling. We found that over half of essential AAs had δ13 C values that did not differ between muscle and yolk or albumen, suggesting that most of these AAs were directly routed from muscle into eggs. In contrast, almost all non-essential AAs differed in δ13 C values between muscle and yolk or between muscle and albumen, suggesting de novo synthesis. Over half of AAs that have labile nitrogen atoms (i.e. 'trophic' AA) had higher δ15 N values in yolk and albumen than in muscle, suggesting that they were transaminated during their routing into egg tissue. This effect was smaller for AAs with less labile nitrogen atoms (i.e. 'source' AA). Our results indicate that the δ15 N offset between trophic-source AAs (Δ15 Ntrophic-source ) may provide an index of the extent of capital breeding. The value of emperor penguin Δ15 NPro-Phe was higher in yolk and albumen than in muscle, reflecting the mobilization of endogenous stores; in comparison, the value of Δ15 NPro-Phe was similar across muscle and egg tissue in previously published data for income-breeding herring gulls Larus argentatus smithsonianus. Our results provide a quantitative basis for using AA δ13 C and δ15 N, and isotopic offsets among AAs (e.g. Δ15 NPro-Phe ), to explore the allocation of endogenous versus exogenous nutrients across the capital versus income spectrum of avian reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Whiteman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.,Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Seth D Newsome
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Paco Bustamante
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 du CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Yves Cherel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 du CNRS-La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Keith A Hobson
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Liu Y, Kümmel S, Yao J, Nijenhuis I, Richnow HH. Dual C-Cl isotope analysis for characterizing the anaerobic transformation of α, β, γ, and δ-hexachlorocyclohexane in contaminated aquifers. Water Res 2020; 184:116128. [PMID: 32777634 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) are widespread and persistent environmental pollutants, which cause heavy contamination in soil, sediment and groundwater. An anaerobic consortium, which was enriched on β-HCH using a soil sample from a contaminated area of a former pesticide factory, was capable to transform α, β, γ, and δ-HCH via tetrachlorocyclohexene isomers stoichiometrically to benzene and chlorobenzene. The carbon and chlorine isotope enrichment factors (εC and εCl) of the dehalogenation of the four isomers ranged from -1.9 ± 0.3 to -6.4 ± 0.7‰ and from -1.6 ± 0.2 to -3.2 ± 0.6‰, respectively, and the correlation of δ37Cl and δ13C (Λ values) of the four isomers ranged from 1.1 ± 0.1 to 2.4 ± 0.2. The evaluation of Λ and the apparent kinetic isotope effects (AKIE) for carbon and chlorine may lead to the hypothesis that the two eliminated chlorine atoms of α- and γ-HCH were in axial positions, the same as for the β-HCH conformer which has six chlorine atoms in axial positions after ring flip. The dichloroelimination of δ-HCH resulted in distinct AKIE and Λ values as one chlorine atom is in axial whereas the other chlorine atoms are in the equatorial positions. Significant chlorine and carbon isotope fractionations of HCH isomers were observed in the samples from a contaminated aquifer (Bitterfeld, Germany). The 37Cl/35Cl and 13C/12C isotope fractionation patterns of HCH isomers from laboratory experiments were used diagnostically in a model to characterize microbial dichloroelimination in the field study. The comparison of isotope fractionation patterns indicates that the transformation of HCH isomers at the field was mainly governed by microbial dichloroelimination transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ivonne Nijenhuis
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hans-Hermann Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
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Teramoto EH, Vogt C, Martins Baessa MP, Polese L, Soriano AU, Chang HK, Richnow HH. Dynamics of hydrocarbon mineralization characterized by isotopic analysis at a jet-fuel-contaminated site in subtropical climate. J Contam Hydrol 2020; 234:103684. [PMID: 32711211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2020.103684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Release of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) as components of the light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) contaminates soil and groundwater. Assessing the mechanisms of degradation and mineralization of BTEX in groundwater helps understand the migration of the dissolved plume, enabling the reduction of risks to humans. Here, we studied the fate of ethylbezene, m,p-xylenes and o-xylenes and the accompanying formation of methane in a Cenozoic lateritic aquifer in Brazil by compound-specific carbon stable isotope analysis (CSIA), to gain insights into the complex dynamics of release and biodegradation of BTEX in the LNAPL source zone. The enrichment of ∂13C in aromatic compounds dissolved in groundwater compared to the corresponding compounds in LNAPL indicate that CSIA can provide valuable information regarding biodegradation. The isotopic analysis of methane provides direct indication of oxidation mediated by aquifer oxygenation. The ∂13C-CO2 values indicate methanogenesis prevailing at the border and aerobic biodegradation in the center of the LNAPL source zone. Importantly, the isotopic results allowed major improvements in the previously developed conceptual model, supporting the existence of oxic and anoxic environments within the LNAPL source zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Hideo Teramoto
- São Paulo State University, UNESP, Environmental Studies Center (CEA) and Basin Studies Laboratory (LEBAC), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Carsten Vogt
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Luciana Polese
- São Paulo State University, UNESP, Environmental Studies Center (CEA) and Basin Studies Laboratory (LEBAC), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | | | - Hung Kiang Chang
- São Paulo State University, UNESP, Environmental Studies Center (CEA) and Basin Studies Laboratory (LEBAC), Rio Claro, Brazil; São Paulo State University, UNESP, Dept. of Applied Geology, Rio Claro, Brazil.
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Potočnik D, Strojnik L, Eftimov T, Levart A, Ogrinc N. Fatty Acid and Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of Slovenian Milk: Year, Season, and Regional Variability. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122892. [PMID: 32586041 PMCID: PMC7356875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the percentage and stable isotope ratios of fatty acids in milk to study seasonal, year, and regional variability. A total of 231 raw cow milk samples were analyzed. Samples were taken twice per year in 2012, 2013, and 2014, in winter and summer, covering four distinct geographical regions in Slovenia: Mediterranean, Alpine, Dinaric, and Pannonian. A discriminant analysis model based on fatty acid composition was effective in discriminating milk according to the year/season of production (86.9%), while geographical origin discrimination was less successful (64.1%). The stable isotope composition of fatty acids also proved to be a better biomarker of metabolic transformation processes in ruminants than discriminating against the origin of milk. Further, it was observed that milk from Alpine and Mediterranean regions was healthier due to its higher percentage of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Potočnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.P.); (L.S.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Lidija Strojnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.P.); (L.S.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Tome Eftimov
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Computer Systems, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Levart
- Department of Animal Science, Chair of Nutrition, Biotechnical Faculty, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia;
| | - Nives Ogrinc
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.P.); (L.S.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-15885387
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Graeve M, Boissonnot L, Niehoff B, Hagen W, Kattner G. Assimilation and turnover rates of lipid compounds in dominant Antarctic copepods fed with 13C-enriched diatoms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190647. [PMID: 32536301 PMCID: PMC7333956 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study revealed species- and stage-specific differences in lipid accumulation of the dominant Antarctic copepods, the primarily herbivorous Calanoides acutus (copepodite stage V (CV), females) and the more omnivorous Calanus propinquus (females) storing wax esters and triacylglycerols, respectively, which were collected in summer (end of December). Feeding carbon-labelled diatoms to these copepods, 13C elucidated assimilation and turnover rates of copepod total lipids as well as specific fatty acids and alcohols. The 13C incorporation was monitored by compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA). CV stages of C. acutus exhibited an intense total lipid turnover and 55% of total lipids were labelled after 9 days of feeding. By contrast, total lipid assimilation of female C. acutus and C. propinquus was lower with 29% and 32%, respectively. The major dietary fatty acids 16:0, 16:1(n − 7) and 20:5(n − 3) had high turnover rates in all specimens. In C. acutus CV, the high rates of the de novo synthesized long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids and alcohols 20:1(n − 9) and 22:1(n − 11) indicate intense lipid deposition, whereas these rates were low in females. The differences in lipid assimilation and turnover clearly show that the copepod species exhibit a high variability and plasticity to adapt their lipid production to their various life phases. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The next horizons for lipids as ‘trophic biomarkers': evidence and significance of consumer modification of dietary fatty acids'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Graeve
- Ecological Chemistry Department, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Lauris Boissonnot
- Ecological Chemistry Department, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.,Aqua Kompetanse AS, R&D Department, N-7770 Flatanger, Norway
| | - Barbara Niehoff
- Ecological Chemistry Department, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Hagen
- Marine Zoology, BreMarE Bremen Marine Ecology, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Kattner
- Ecological Chemistry Department, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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Yankelzon I, Englman T, Bernstein A, Siebner H, Ronen Z, Gelman F. Multi-elemental C-Br-Cl isotope analysis for characterizing biotic and abiotic transformations of 1-bromo-2-chloroethane (BCE). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:22749-22757. [PMID: 32323238 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multi-elemental C-Br-Cl compound-specific isotope analysis was applied for characterizing abiotic and biotic degradation of the environmental pollutant 1-bromo-2-chloroethane (BCE). Isotope effects were determined in the model processes following hydrolytic dehalogenation and dihaloelimination pathways as well as in a microcosm experiment by the microbial culture from the contaminated site. Hydrolytic dehalogenation of BCE under alkaline conditions and by DhaA enzyme resulted in similar dual isotope slopes (ɅC/Br 21.9 ± 4.7 and 19.4 ± 1.8, respectively, and ɅC/Cl ~ ∞). BCE transformation by cyanocobalamin (B12) and by Sulfurospirillum multivorans followed dihaloelimination and was accompanied by identical, within the uncertainty range, dual isotope slopes (ɅC/Br 8.4 ± 1.7 and 7.9 ± 4.2, respectively, and ɅC/Cl 2.4 ± 0.3 and 1.5 ± 0.6, respectively). Changes over time in the isotope composition of BCE from the contaminated groundwater showed only a slight variation in δ13C values and were not sufficient for the elucidation of the BCE degradation pathway in situ. However, an anaerobic microcosm experiment with the enrichment cultures from the contaminated groundwater presented dual isotope slopes similar to the hydrolytic pathway, suggesting that the potential for BCE degradation in situ by the hydrolytic dehalogenation pathway exists in the contaminated site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Yankelzon
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tzofia Englman
- Geological Survey of Israel, 32 Yesha'ayahu Leibowitz St., 9692100, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anat Bernstein
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hagar Siebner
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Zeev Ronen
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Faina Gelman
- Geological Survey of Israel, 32 Yesha'ayahu Leibowitz St., 9692100, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Knossow N, Siebner H, Bernstein A. Isotope analysis method for the herbicide bromoxynil and its application to study photo-degradation processes. J Hazard Mater 2020; 388:122036. [PMID: 31951995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bromoxynil is an increasingly applied nitrile herbicide used for post-emergent control of annual broadleaved weeds. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of the compound is of interest for studying its environmental fate, yet is challenging following its polar nature. We present a CSIA method for bromoxynil that includes offline thin-layer chromatography purification followed by an elemental analyzer isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS). This method was shown to be accurate and precise for δ13C and δ15N analysis of the compound (standard deviation of replicate standards <0.5‰). The method was applied to photodegraded samples, either radiated under laboratory condition with a UV lamp, or exposed to sunlight under environmental conditions. Dominating degradation products were similar in both cases. Nevertheless, isotope effects differed, presenting a strong inverse carbon isotope effect (εC = 4.74 ± 0.82‰) and a weak inverse nitrogen isotope effect (εN = 0.76 ± 0.12‰) for the laboratory experiment, and an insignificant carbon isotope effect (εC = 0.34 ± 0.44‰) and a normal nitrogen isotope effect (εN = -3.70 ± 0.30‰) for the natural conditions experiment. The differences in δ13C vs. δ15N enrichment trends suggest different mechanism for the two processes. Finally, the obtained dual isotope trend for natural conditions provide the basis for studying the dominance of photodegradation as a degradation route in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Knossow
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
| | - Hagar Siebner
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
| | - Anat Bernstein
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel.
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Gafni A, Siebner H, Bernstein A. Potential for co-metabolic oxidation of TCE and evidence for its occurrence in a large-scale aquifer survey. Water Res 2020; 171:115431. [PMID: 31893553 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a groundwater pollutant that is prevalent worldwide. In contaminated groundwater, TCE can be biodegraded following either reductive dechlorination or aerobic co-metabolic oxidation. However, since the co-metabolic process is not accompanied by indicative and easily detectable transformation products, little is known about its prominence in the environment. To estimate the environmental importance of the oxidative process, a regional groundwater survey was conducted. In this survey, polluted water from 100 wells along the Israeli Coastal Aquifer was sampled. Geochemical data indicated oxic conditions prevailing in most sites. The sampled groundwater was used for microcosm experiments, functional gene analysis, and TCE compound-specific isotope analysis (δ13C and δ37Cl). Enrichments of methane and toluene oxidizers in microcosms indicated the high potential of the indigenous microbial community to co-metabolically oxidize TCE. This was further reinforced by the high abundance of mmoX and PHE functional genes quantified in some of the sites (yet lower abundance of TOD functional gene was found). Finally, compound-specific isotope analysis was used to assess the magnitude of TCE oxidation in practice. Applying the isotopic tool for scattered points on a regional scale demanded the consideration of a wide δ13C range of source TCE, hampering the ability to detect small shifts of a single permil. Thus, despite the high potential for the oxidation process, no evidence was attained for the natural occurrence of the process, and significant isotopic shifts were restricted to actively treated sites only. This limitation should be considered in future regional scale studies, in which no single source is defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almog Gafni
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
| | - Hagar Siebner
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
| | - Anat Bernstein
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel.
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Gafni A, Gelman F, Ronen Z, Bernstein A. Variable carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation in TCE co-metabolic oxidation. Chemosphere 2020; 242:125130. [PMID: 31669996 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Identifying co-metabolic TCE oxidation in polluted groundwater is challenging due to lack of indicative by-products. This challenge may theoretically be resolved if the oxidation process can be characterized by a distinct dual isotope enrichment. In this work, we aimed to explore the carbon and chlorine isotope effects associated with TCE oxidation by a variety of oxygenases. These included pure strains and enrichment cultures of methane, toluene and ammonia oxidizers, as well as experiments with crude extracts. Isotope effects determined for TCE oxidation by toluene and ammonia oxidizers were mostly in line with expected values for epoxidation mechanism (ϵ13C -11.0 ± 0.7 to -24.8 ± 0.2‰ and ϵ37Cl +0.9 ± 0.5 to +1.0 ± 0.4‰), whereas, the methanotrophs resulted in distinctively different isotope effects (ϵ13C -2.4 ± 0.4 to -3.4 ± 0.8‰ and ϵ37Cl -1.8 ± 0.2 to -2.9 ± 0.9‰). It is suggested that in TCE oxidation by methanotrophs, substrate binding rather than bond cleavage is rate limiting, leading to this unexpected isotope effect. On the environmental level, our results imply that the oxidative process can be differentiated if catalyzed by toluene and ammonia oxidizers or by methanotrophs. Additionally, the oxidative process can be distinguished from the reductive one. However, using dual isotope analysis in the field may result in an under-estimation of the overall co-metabolic process if methanotrophs are to be excluded due to low isotope effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almog Gafni
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
| | - Faina Gelman
- Geological Survey of Israel, 32 Yesha'ayahu Leibowitz St, Jerusalem, 9692100, Israel
| | - Zeev Ronen
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
| | - Anat Bernstein
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel.
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Lou Y, Liu Y, Li N, Liu Y, Wang G, Zhao X, Wang H. The influence of carbon limitation on growth of Heterosigma akashiwo: A case study in fatty acids composition. Sci Total Environ 2020; 706:135700. [PMID: 31818562 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterosigma akashiwo is an algal blooms species, and thus selected as the target microalgae in this work. This study attempted to investigate the influence of carbon limitation on the growth of H. akashiwo. Experiments were carried out in CO2-unlimited and CO2-limited systems (both include three nutritional groups). The stable isotope signatures and compound-specific stable three nutritional groups carbon isotopic composition of fatty acids were measured. Here we hypothesized that the carbon limitation could lead to the enriched of stable isotope ratios in the H. akashiwo. The results showed that carbon limitation made δ13C and δ13CFAs values more and more enriched in H. akashiwo. δ13C values were enriched in normal group of H. akashiwo within CO2-limited. δ15N values were enriched in nitrogen deficiency of H. akashiwo within both CO2-unlimited and CO2-limited. Furthermore, compared with the exponential phase, the enriched in δ13C was detected during the stationary phase in H. akashiwo within CO2-limited. A total of 8 major FAs were detected in H. akashiwo. Within CO2-unlimited, nitrogen deficiency promoted the synthesis of 4 FAs (14:1n-5c, 16:0, 18:0 and 18:3n-6c) in exponential phase. Within CO2-limited, nitrogen deficiency promoted the synthesis of FAs 14:0, 16:0 and 18:3n-3c, while phosphorus deficiency promoted the synthesis of all 6 FAs in exponential phase. δ13CFAs of H. akashiwo within CO2-limited showed the valley values and were significantly greater than those within CO2-unlimited. Furthermore, δ13CFAs of stationary phase were greater than those of exponential phase. δ13C14:1n-5c in nitrogen deficiency were the highest of the three nutrient groups within CO2-unlimited. This may point out that δ13CFAs could become an indicator of marine phytoplankton blooms. Overall, the present study may provide a novel approach to investigate the physiology and lipid metabolism of H. akashiwo blooms by using stable isotope ratios coupled with FAs profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Lou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China; Environmental Information Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China.
| | - Na Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Guoguang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinda Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
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Knossow N, Siebner H, Bernstein A. Isotope Fractionation (δ 13C, δ 15N) in the Microbial Degradation of Bromoxynil by Aerobic and Anaerobic Soil Enrichment Cultures. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:1546-1554. [PMID: 31986047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bromoxynil is an increasingly applied nitrile herbicide. Under aerobic conditions, hydration, nitrilation, or hydroxylation of the nitrile group commonly occurs, whereas under anaerobic conditions reductive dehalogenation is common. This work studied the isotope effects associated with these processes by soil cultures. The aerobic soil enrichment culture presented a significant increase in Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Chryseobacterium, Achromobacter, Azospirillum, and Arcticibacter, and degradation products indicated that nitrile hydratase was the dominant degradation route. The anaerobic culture was dominated by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla with a significant increase in Dethiosulfatibacter, and degradation products indicated reductive debromination as a major degradation route. Distinct dual-isotope trends (δ13C, δ15N) were determined for the two routes: a strong inverse nitrogen isotope effect (εN = 10.56 ± 0.36‰) and an insignificant carbon isotope effect (εC = 0.37 ± 0.36‰) for the aerobic process versus a negligible effect for both elements in the anaerobic process. These trends differ from formerly reported trends for the photodegradation of bromoxynil and enable one to distinguish between the processes in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Knossow
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Sede Boqer Campus , Sede Boqer 8499000 , Israel
| | - Hagar Siebner
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Sede Boqer Campus , Sede Boqer 8499000 , Israel
| | - Anat Bernstein
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Sede Boqer Campus , Sede Boqer 8499000 , Israel
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Martin PR, Buchner D, Jochmann MA, Haderlein SB. Stable carbon isotope analysis of polyphosphonate complexing agents by anion chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry: method development and application. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:4827-4835. [PMID: 31813019 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02251-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Compound-specific carbon isotope analysis (carbon CSIA) by liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC-IRMS) is a novel and promising tool to elucidate the environmental fate of polar organic compounds such as polyphosphonates, strong complexing agents for di- and trivalent cations with growing commercial importance over the last decades. Here, we present a LC-IRMS method for the three widely used polyphosphonates 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonate (HEDP), amino tris(methylenephosphonate) (ATMP), and ethylenediamine tetra(methylenephosphonate) (EDTMP). Separation of the analytes, as well as ATMP and its degradation products, was carried out on an anion exchange column under acidic conditions. Quantitative wet chemical oxidation inside the LC-IRMS interface to CO2 was achieved for all three investigated polyphosphonates at a comparatively low sodium persulfate concentration despite the described resilience of HEDP towards oxidative breakdown. The developed method has proven to be suitable for the determination of carbon isotope fractionation of ATMP transformation due to manganese-catalyzed reaction with molecular oxygen, as well as for equilibrium sorption of ATMP to goethite. A kinetic isotope effect was associated with the investigated reaction pathway, whereas no detectable isotope fractionation could be observed during sorption. Thus, CSIA is an appropriate technique to distinguish between sorption and degradation processes that contribute to a concentration decrease of ATMP in laboratory batch experiments. Our study highlights the potential of carbon CSIA by LC-IRMS to gain a process-based understanding of the fate of polyphosphonate complexing agents in environmental as well as technical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp R Martin
- Center for Applied Geoscience (ZAG), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Buchner
- Center for Applied Geoscience (ZAG), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Maik A Jochmann
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan B Haderlein
- Center for Applied Geoscience (ZAG), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
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Jahnke LL, Des Marais DJ. Carbon isotopic composition of lipid biomarkers from an endoevaporitic gypsum crust microbial mat reveals cycling of mineralized organic carbon. Geobiology 2019; 17:643-659. [PMID: 31361088 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial mats that inhabit gypsum deposits in ponds at Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur, Mexico, developed distinct pigmented horizons that provided an opportunity to examine the fixation and flow of carbon through a trophic structure and, in conjunction with previous phylogenetic analyses, to assess the diagenetic fates of molecular δ13 C biosignatures. The δ13 C values of individual biomarker lipids, total carbon, and total organic carbon (TOC) were determined for each of the following horizons: tan-orange (TO) at the surface, green (G), purple (P), and olive-black (OB) at the bottom. δ13 C of individual fatty acids from intact polar lipids (IPFA) in TO were similar to δ13 C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the overlying water column, indicating limited discrimination by cyanobacteria during CO2 fixation. δ13 CTOC of the underlying G was 3‰ greater than that of TO. The most δ13 C-depleted acetogenic lipids in the upper horizons were the cyanobacterial biomarkers C17 n-alkanes and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Bishomohopanol was 4 to 7‰ enriched, relative to alkanes and intact polar fatty acids (IPFA), respectively. Acyclic C20 isoprenoids were depleted by 14‰ relative to bishomohopanol. Significantly, ∆[δ13 CTOC - δ13 C∑IPFA ] increased from 6.9‰ in TO to 14.7‰ in OB. This major trend might indicate that 13 C-enriched residual organic matter accumulated at depth. The permanently anoxic P horizon was dominated by anoxygenic phototrophs and sulfate-reducing bacteria. P hosted an active sulfur-dependent microbial community. IPFA and bishomohopanol were 13 C-depleted relative to upper crust by 7 and 4‰, respectively, and C20 isoprenoids were somewhat 13 C-enriched. Synthesis of alkanes in P was evidenced only by 13 C-depleted n-octadecane and 8-methylhexadecane. In OB, the marked increase of total inorganic carbon δ13 C (δ13 CTIC ) of >6‰ perhaps indicated terminal mineralization. This δ13 CTIC increase is consistent with degradation of the osmolyte glycine betaine by methylotrophic methanogens and loss of 13 C-depleted methane from the mat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Jahnke
- Exobiology Branch, Space Science & Astrobiology Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - David J Des Marais
- Exobiology Branch, Space Science & Astrobiology Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
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Saccò M, Blyth A, Bateman PW, Hua Q, Mazumder D, White N, Humphreys WF, Laini A, Griebler C, Grice K. New light in the dark - a proposed multidisciplinary framework for studying functional ecology of groundwater fauna. Sci Total Environ 2019; 662:963-977. [PMID: 30795483 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Groundwaters provide the vast majority of unfrozen freshwater resources on the planet, but our knowledge of subsurface ecosystems is surprisingly limited. Stygofauna, or stygobionts -subterranean obligate aquatic animals - provide ecosystem services such as grazing biofilms and maintaining water quality, but we know little about how their ecosystems function. The cryptic nature of groundwaters, together with the high degree of local endemism and stygofaunal site-specific adaptations, represent major obstacles for the field. To overcome these challenges, and integrate biodiversity and ecosystem function, requires a holistic design drawing on classical ecology, taxonomy, molecular ecology and geochemistry. This study presents an approach based on the integration of existing concepts in groundwater ecology with three more novel scientific techniques: compound specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of amino acids, radiocarbon analysis (14C) and DNA analyses of environmental samples, stygofauna and gut contents. The combination of these techniques allows elucidation of aspects of ecosystem function that are often obscured in small invertebrates and cryptic systems. Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) CSIA provides a linkage between biogeochemical patterns and ecological dynamics. It allows the identification of stygofaunal food web structures and energy flows based on the metabolic pathway of specific amino groups. Concurrently, 14C provides complementary data on the carbon recycling and incorporation within the stygobiotic trophic webs. Changes in groundwater environmental conditions (e.g. aquifer recharge), and subsequent community adaptations, can be pinpointed via the measurementof the radiocarbon fingerprint of water, sediment and specimens. DNA analyses are a rapidly expanding approach in ecology. eDNA is mainly employed as a biomonitoring tool, while metabarcoding of individuals and/or gut contents provides insight into diet regimes. In all cases, the application of the approaches in combination provides more powerful data than any one alone. By combining quantitative (CSIA and 14C) and qualitative (eDNA and DNA metabarcoding) approaches via Bayesian Mixing Models (BMM), linkages can be made between community composition, energy and nutrient sources in the system, and trophic function. This suggested multidisciplinary design will contribute to a more thorough comprehension of the biogeochemical and ecological patterns within these undervalued but essential ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Saccò
- WA-Organic Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, 6102, WA, Australia.
| | - Alison Blyth
- WA-Organic Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, 6102, WA, Australia
| | - Philip W Bateman
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, 6102, WA, Australia
| | - Quan Hua
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Debashish Mazumder
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Nicole White
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, 6102, WA, Australia
| | - William F Humphreys
- Collections and Research Centre, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WA 6986, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Alex Laini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 33/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Christian Griebler
- Helmholtz Center Munich, Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Vienna, Dept of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kliti Grice
- WA-Organic Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, 6102, WA, Australia
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Benjamin M, Yik S. Precision Livestock Farming in Swine Welfare: A Review for Swine Practitioners. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E133. [PMID: 30935123 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The increasing implementation of technological advances originally developed for video gaming (PlayStation, Xbox) is helping to progress livestock production so that it is both more efficient and more focused on the welfare of the animals. Such advances are necessary to ensure that innovations can emerge from applications using cameras, microphones and sensors to enhance the farmers’ eyes, ears and nose in everyday farming. This technology for remote monitoring of livestock, termed precision livestock farming, is the ability to automatically track individual livestock in real time. The goal of this review is to apprise swine veterinarians and their clientele on precision livestock farming with a general introduction to the technology available, a review of research and commercially available technology and the implications and opportunities for swine practitioners and farmers. Drawing from pig welfare criteria in the Common Swine Industry Audit, this review explains how these applications can be used to improve swine welfare within current pork production stakeholder expectations. Swine veterinarians and specialists, by virtue of their animal advocacy role, interpretation of benchmarking data, and stewardship in regulatory and commodity programs, can play a broader role in facilitating the transfer of precision livestock farming and technology to their clients. Abstract The burgeoning research and applications of technological advances are launching the development of precision livestock farming. Through sensors (cameras, microphones and accelerometers), images, sounds and movements are combined with algorithms to non-invasively monitor animals to detect their welfare and predict productivity. In turn, this remote monitoring of livestock can provide quantitative and early alerts to situations of poor welfare requiring the stockperson’s attention. While swine practitioners’ skills include translation of pig data entry into pig health and well-being indices, many do not yet have enough familiarity to advise their clients on the adoption of precision livestock farming practices. This review, intended for swine veterinarians and specialists, (1) includes an introduction to algorithms and machine learning, (2) summarizes current literature on relevant sensors and sensor network systems, and drawing from industry pig welfare audit criteria, (3) explains how these applications can be used to improve swine welfare and meet current pork production stakeholder expectations. Swine practitioners, by virtue of their animal and client advocacy roles, interpretation of benchmarking data, and stewardship in regulatory and traceability programs, can play a broader role as advisors in the transfer of precision livestock farming technology, and its implications to their clients.
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BenIsrael M, Wanner P, Aravena R, Parker BL, Haack EA, Tsao DT, Dunfield KE. Toluene biodegradation in the vadose zone of a poplar phytoremediation system identified using metagenomics and toluene-specific stable carbon isotope analysis. Int J Phytoremediation 2019; 21:60-69. [PMID: 30648419 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2018.1523873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation is an important mechanism of action of phytoremediation systems, but performance evaluation is challenging. We applied metagenomic molecular approaches and compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis to assess biodegradation of toluene in the vadose zone at an urban pilot field system where hybrid poplars were planted to remediate legacy impacts to an underlying shallow fractured bedrock aquifer. Carbon isotope ratios were compared spatio-temporally between toluene dissolved in groundwater and in the vapor phase. Enrichment of 13C from toluene in the vapor phase compared to groundwater provided evidence for biodegradation in the vadose zone. Total bacterial abundance (16S rRNA) and abundance and expression of degradation genes were determined in rhizosphere soil (DNA and RNA) and roots (DNA) using quantitative PCR. Relative abundances of degraders in the rhizosphere were on average higher at greater depths, except for enrichment of PHE-encoding communities that more strongly followed patterns of toluene concentrations detected. Quantification of RMO and PHE gene transcripts supported observations of active aerobic toluene degradation. Finally, spatially-variable numbers of toluene degraders were detected in poplar roots. We present multiple lines of evidence for biodegradation in the vadose zone at this site, contributing to our understanding of mechanisms of action of the phytoremediation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael BenIsrael
- a School of Environmental Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , Canada
| | - Philipp Wanner
- b G360 Institute for Groundwater Research , University of Guelph , Guelph , Canada
| | - Ramon Aravena
- b G360 Institute for Groundwater Research , University of Guelph , Guelph , Canada
- c Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Canada
| | - Beth L Parker
- b G360 Institute for Groundwater Research , University of Guelph , Guelph , Canada
| | | | - David T Tsao
- e BP Corporation North America Inc , Naperville , USA
| | - Kari E Dunfield
- a School of Environmental Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , Canada
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Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis encompasses a variety of methods for examining the naturally occurring isotope ratios of individual organic molecules. In marine environments, these methods have revealed heterogeneous sources and alteration processes that underlie the more commonly measured isotope ratios of bulk materials, as well as revealing signatures of marine metabolisms that may otherwise be impossible to isolate. Recently, compound-specific isotopic techniques have improved the reconstruction of metazoan diets and revealed a new potential of metazoan biomass as an archive of paleoecological information. Despite six decades of practice and a diversity of applications, the use of compound-specific isotopic techniques remains uncommon in marine studies. This review examines broad theoretical motivations behind compound-specific isotopic approaches, some applications to studies of marine carbon cycling and trophic relationships, and methodological limitations. In coming years, improvements in analytical efficiency and molecular or intramolecular specificity may transform compound-specific isotope analysis into a tool that can be applied more broadly and help to build global oceanographic data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary G Close
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149, USA;
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Masbou J, Drouin G, Payraudeau S, Imfeld G. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope fractionation during abiotic hydrolysis of pesticides. Chemosphere 2018; 213:368-376. [PMID: 30241081 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific Stable Isotope Analysis (CSIA) has been recently established as a tool to study pesticide degradation in the environment. Among degradative processes, hydrolysis is environmentally relevant as it can be chemically or enzymatically mediated. Here, CSIA was used to examine stable carbon and nitrogen isotope fractionation during abiotic hydrolysis of legacy or currently used pesticides (chloroacetanilide herbicides: Acetochlor, Alachlor, S-Metolachlor and Butachlor, acylalanine fungicide: Metalaxyl, and triazine herbicide: Atrazine). Degradation products analysis and CN dual-CSIA allowed to infer hydrolytic degradation pathways from carbon and nitrogen isotopic fractionation. Carbon isotopic fractionation for alkaline hydrolysis revealed similar apparent kinetic isotope effects (AKIEC = 1.03-1.07) for the 6 pesticides, which were consistent with SN2 type nucleophilic substitutions. Neither enantio-selectivity (EF ≈ 0.5) nor enantio-specific isotope fractionation occurred during hydrolysis of R (AKIEC = 1.04 ± 0.01) and S (AKIEC = 1.04 ± 0.02) enantiomers of a racemic mixture of Metalaxyl. Dual element isotope plots enabled to tease apart CCl bond breaking of alkane (Λ ≈ εN/εC ≈ 0, Acetochlor, Butachlor) and aromatic π-system (Λ ≈ 0.2, Atrazine) from CO bond breaking by dealkylation (Λ ≈ 0.9, Metalaxyl). Reference values for abiotic versus biotic SN2 reactions derived from carbon and nitrogen CSIA may be used to untangle pesticide degradation pathways and evaluate in situ degradation during natural and engineered remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Masbou
- Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie de Strasbourg (LHyGeS), Université de Strasbourg/ENGEES, CNRS, 1 rue Blessig, 67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Drouin
- Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie de Strasbourg (LHyGeS), Université de Strasbourg/ENGEES, CNRS, 1 rue Blessig, 67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Sylvain Payraudeau
- Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie de Strasbourg (LHyGeS), Université de Strasbourg/ENGEES, CNRS, 1 rue Blessig, 67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie de Strasbourg (LHyGeS), Université de Strasbourg/ENGEES, CNRS, 1 rue Blessig, 67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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50
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Filippini M, Nijenhuis I, Kümmel S, Chiarini V, Crosta G, Richnow HH, Gargini A. Multi-element compound specific stable isotope analysis of chlorinated aliphatic contaminants derived from chlorinated pitches. Sci Total Environ 2018; 640-641:153-162. [PMID: 29859433 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene are typical by-products of the industrial production of chloromethanes. These by-products are known as "chlorinated pitches" and were often dumped in un-contained waste disposal sites causing groundwater contaminations. Previous research showed that a strongly depleted stable carbon isotope signature characterizes chlorinated compounds associated with chlorinated pitches whereas manufactured commercial compounds have more enriched carbon isotope ratios. The findings were restricted to a single case study and one element (i.e. carbon). This paper presents a multi-element Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analysis (CSIA, including carbon, chlorine and hydrogen) of chlorinated aliphatic contaminants originated from chlorinated pitches at two sites with different hydrogeology and different producers of chloromethanes. The results show strongly depleted carbon signatures at both sites whereas the chlorine and the hydrogen signatures are comparable to those presented in the literature for manufactured commercial compounds. Multi-element CSIA allowed the identification of sources and site-specific processes affecting chloroethene transformation in groundwater as a result of emergency remediation measures. CSIA turned out to be an effective forensic tool to address the liability for the contamination, leading to a conviction for the crimes of unintentional aggravated public water supply poisoning and environmental disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Filippini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Ivonne Nijenhuis
- Department for Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department for Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Veronica Chiarini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Crosta
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Hans H Richnow
- Department for Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alessandro Gargini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy.
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