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Brião JA, Vannuci-Silva M, Santos-Neto EB, Manhães BMR, Oliveira-Ferreira N, Machado L, Vidal LG, Guari EB, Flach L, Bisi TL, Azevedo AF, Lailson-Brito J. Back on top: Resuspended by dredging and other environmental disturbances, organochlorine compounds may affect the health of a dolphin population in a tropical estuary, Sepetiba Bay. Environ Pollut 2024; 348:123788. [PMID: 38508370 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Organochlorine compounds (OCs) are persistent organic pollutants linked to damaging the immune and endocrine systems, leading to a greater susceptibility to infectious diseases at high concentrations. Sepetiba Bay, in the Southeastern Brazilian coast, historically presents anthropogenic activities and environmental contamination that could negatively impact resident populations. In this context, this study aimed to investigate the temporal trends in the accumulation of organochlorine compounds over a 12-year database in the Guiana dolphins' (Sotalia guianensis) resident population from Sepetiba Bay, including individuals collected before, during, and after an unusual mortality event triggered by morbillivirus (n = 85). The influence of biological parameters was also evaluated. The OCs concentrations in the blubber ranged from 0.98 to 739 μg/g of ΣPCB; 0.08-130 μg/g of ΣDDT; <0.002-4.56 μg/g of mirex; <0.002-1.84 μg/g of ΣHCH and <0.001-0.16 μg/g of HCB in lipid weight. Increased temporal trends were found for OCs in Guiana dolphins coinciding with periods of large events of dredging in the region. In this way, our findings suggest that the constant high OCs concentrations throughout the years in this Guiana dolphin population are a result of the constant environmental disturbance in the area, such as dredging. These elevated OCs levels, e.g., ΣPCB concentrations found above the known thresholds, may impair the response of the immune system during outbreak periods, which could lead the population to a progressive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Brião
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores ''Prof(a). Izabel Gurgel'' (MAQUA), Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, sala 4002, CEP 20550-013, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia, Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ. Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524 - sala 4018/bloco E, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20550-013, RJ, Brazil
| | - M Vannuci-Silva
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores ''Prof(a). Izabel Gurgel'' (MAQUA), Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, sala 4002, CEP 20550-013, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia, Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ. Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524 - sala 4018/bloco E, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20550-013, RJ, Brazil
| | - E B Santos-Neto
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores ''Prof(a). Izabel Gurgel'' (MAQUA), Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, sala 4002, CEP 20550-013, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - B M R Manhães
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores ''Prof(a). Izabel Gurgel'' (MAQUA), Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, sala 4002, CEP 20550-013, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - N Oliveira-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores ''Prof(a). Izabel Gurgel'' (MAQUA), Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, sala 4002, CEP 20550-013, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - L Machado
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores ''Prof(a). Izabel Gurgel'' (MAQUA), Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, sala 4002, CEP 20550-013, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - L G Vidal
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores ''Prof(a). Izabel Gurgel'' (MAQUA), Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, sala 4002, CEP 20550-013, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - E B Guari
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores ''Prof(a). Izabel Gurgel'' (MAQUA), Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, sala 4002, CEP 20550-013, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - L Flach
- Instituto Boto Cinza, Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Av. do Canal, 141, Brasilinha, CEP 23860-000, Itacuruçá, Mangaratiba, RJ, Brazil
| | - T L Bisi
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores ''Prof(a). Izabel Gurgel'' (MAQUA), Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, sala 4002, CEP 20550-013, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia, Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ. Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524 - sala 4018/bloco E, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20550-013, RJ, Brazil
| | - A F Azevedo
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores ''Prof(a). Izabel Gurgel'' (MAQUA), Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, sala 4002, CEP 20550-013, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia, Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ. Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524 - sala 4018/bloco E, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20550-013, RJ, Brazil
| | - J Lailson-Brito
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores ''Prof(a). Izabel Gurgel'' (MAQUA), Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, sala 4002, CEP 20550-013, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia, Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ. Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524 - sala 4018/bloco E, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20550-013, RJ, Brazil.
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Nambirajan K, Muralidharan S, Ashimkumar AR, Jadhav S. Assessment of chlorinated pesticide exposure to white-rumped vulture Gyps bengalensis in India. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:12422-12430. [PMID: 38231334 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31997-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Populations of the critically endangered white-rumped vulture (WRV) Gyps bengalensis have declined drastically due to the use of diclofenac for veterinary purposes in Indian subcontinent. Thirty-two dead WRVs collected from three states, namely Gujarat, Assam and Tamil Nadu in India between 2011 and 2014 were investigated to understand the role of diclofenac in the death, and the results were published. Furthermore, since organochlorine pesticides have been linked to long-term impact on populations in many species of birds across the globe, available tissues of 21 WRVs were tested also for six organochlorine pesticides (DDT, HCH, endosulfan, heptachlor, dieldrin and dicofol) and chlorpyrifos. All vultures were found to have had one or more detectable levels of pesticides in their tissues except one. Similarly, all the pesticides included in the study were detected in at least one of the vultures analysed. DDT (95.2%) was the most frequently detected pesticide followed by HCH (90.5%), and DDT (73.6%) contributed the most to the total pesticide load. Total pesticide load ranged between below detection limit (BDL) and 8753.4 ng/g. High levels of total pesticide load recorded in gut contents showed recent exposure to these legacy pesticides even long after their ban. However, it is perceived that studied pesticides' exposure to birds and their presence in the environment is in decreasing trend in India. Although, varying levels of pesticides were detected, all of which were below the levels reported to be toxic, and also reported earlier in the same species in India. Recorded levels may not create a problem to vultures unlike diclofenac; nevertheless, as continued exposure to the pesticides studied may lead to sub lethal effects in birds, it is prudent to monitor these pesticides along with new generation pesticides and NSAIDs in the critically endangered white-rumped vulture in India, towards its conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanthan Nambirajan
- Division of Ecotoxicology, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (South India Centre of Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun), Coimbatore, 641108, India.
| | - Subramanian Muralidharan
- Division of Ecotoxicology, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (South India Centre of Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun), Coimbatore, 641108, India
| | - Aditya Roy Ashimkumar
- Division of Ecotoxicology, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (South India Centre of Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun), Coimbatore, 641108, India
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Zheng Q, Xu Y, Cao Z, Zhao S, Bing H, Li J, Luo C, Zhang G. Spatial redistribution and enantiomeric signatures of hexachlorocyclohexanes in Chinese forest soils: Implications to environmental behavior and influencing factors. Sci Total Environ 2023; 894:165024. [PMID: 37343885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) are a group of highly persistent pesticides. The concentrations of HCHs and the enantiomeric fractions of α-HCH in the O- and A-horizons from 30 mountains across China were analyzed in this study. The concentrations of total HCHs ranged from 0.061 to 46.9 ng/g (mean 2.12 ng/g) and 0.046 to 16.1 ng/g (mean 0.792 ng/g) in the O- and A-horizons, respectively. The HCH residues were mainly derived from the historical applications of technical HCH and lindane. Higher concentrations of HCHs were typically found in northern China, and no significant correlations were found between historical technical HCH usage and HCH isomer concentrations in either the O- or A-horizons (p > 0.05). Conversely, the concentrations of HCH isomers were significantly correlated with the environmental parameters (temperature and precipitation), thus indicating a typical secondary distribution pattern. Some HCH isomers tended to be transported northward under the long-term effect of monsoon. Chiral α-HCH was non-racemic in soils and showed preferential degradation of (-) α-HCH in both the O- and A-horizons. The transformation from γ-HCH to α-HCH might alter the enantiomeric signatures of α-HCH in soils. Moreover, the deviation from racemic of α-HCH was positively correlated with the C/N ratio in the A-horizon (p < 0.01), thus suggesting that the C/N ratio could alter the microbial activity and significantly affect the enantioselective degradation extent of α-HCH in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Haijian Bing
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chunling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Frankel L, Maurente D, Ardeljan AD, Divesh M, Rashid AM, Takabe K, Rashid OM. Improving Gastrointestinal Cancer Care by Enhanced Recovery Protocol Implementation. World J Oncol 2023; 14:135-144. [PMID: 37188038 PMCID: PMC10181426 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enhanced recovery protocols (ERPs) have become the standard of care for patients undergoing elective small bowel surgeries but have not yet been adequately studied in community hospitals. In this study, a multidisciplinary ERP was developed and implemented at a community hospital to include minimal anesthesia, early ambulation and enteral alimentation, and multimodal analgesia. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the ERP on postoperative length of stay (LOS), readmission (RA) rates following bowel surgery, and postoperative outcomes. Methods The study design was a retrospective review of patients undergoing major bowel resection at Holy Cross Hospital (HCH) from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. Patient charts for diagnostic-related group (DRG) 329, 330, and 331 were retrospectively reviewed at HCH in 2017 to compare outcomes in ERP versus non-ERP cases. The Medicare claims database (CMS) was also retrospectively reviewed to compare HCH data to the national average LOS and RA for the same DRG codes. Mean values for LOS and RA were statistically compared to determine significant differences between ERP versus non-ERP patients at HCH and national CMS data versus HCH patients. Results LOS was analyzed for each DRG at HCH. At HCH, for DRG 329, the mean LOS for non-ERP was 13.0833 days (n = 12) versus 3.375 days (n = 8) (P ≤ 0.001) for ERP. For DRG 330, the mean LOS for non-ERP was 10.861 days (n = 36) versus 4.583 days (n = 24) (P ≤ 0.001) for ERP. For DRG 331, the mean LOS for non-ERP was 7.272 days (n = 11) versus 3.348 days (n = 23) (P = 0.004) for ERP. LOS was also compared to national CMS data. The LOS at HCH for DRG 329 improved from the 10th to 90th percentile (n = 238,907); DRG 330 improved from the 10th to the 72nd percentile (n = 285,423); DRG 331 improved from 10th to 54th percentile (n = 126,941) (P < 0.001). The RA at HCH in ERP and non-ERP cases was 3% at 30 and 90 days. CMS RA for DRG 329 was 25.1% at 90 days and 9.9% at 30 days; DRG 330 RA was 18.3% at 90 days and 6.6% at 30 days; DRG 331 RA was 11% at 90 days and 3.9% at 30 days. Conclusion Implementation of ERP following bowel surgery at HCH significantly improved outcomes, in comparison to non-ERP cases, national CMS data, and Humana data. Further research on ERP for other fields and its impact on outcomes in other community settings is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexi Frankel
- Nova Southeastern University, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Diego Maurente
- Michael and Dianne Biennes Comprehensive Cancer Center, Holy Cross Health, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Amalia D. Ardeljan
- Michael and Dianne Biennes Comprehensive Cancer Center, Holy Cross Health, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Manjani Divesh
- Michael and Dianne Biennes Comprehensive Cancer Center, Holy Cross Health, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Ali M. Rashid
- Michael and Dianne Biennes Comprehensive Cancer Center, Holy Cross Health, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Omar M. Rashid
- Nova Southeastern University, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Michael and Dianne Biennes Comprehensive Cancer Center, Holy Cross Health, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- University of Miami, Leonard Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broward Health, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- TopLine MD Alliance, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Memorial Health, Pembroke Pines, FL, USA
- Delray Medical Center, Delray, FL, USA
- Corresponding Author: Omar M. Rashid, Complex General Surgical Oncology, General & Robotic Surgery, TopLine MD Alliance, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33308, USA.
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Mehlhorn P, Humphries M, Gensel J, Buah-Kwofie A, Tyohemba RL, Haberzettl T. Organochlorine pesticide contamination in sediments from Richards Bay, South Africa: spatial trends and ecotoxicological risks. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:2247-2259. [PMID: 35931841 PMCID: PMC9813156 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in aquatic systems is a matter of global concern and poses significant toxicological threats to both organisms and human health. Despite the extensive use of OCPs for pest and disease control in southern Africa, relatively few studies have examined the occurrence and toxicological risks of OCP residues in the region. This study investigates the composition, distribution, and potential sources of OCP contamination in sediments from Richards Bay, a rapidly developing industrial port on the northeast coast of South Africa. Surface sediments collected from Richards Bay Harbour and surrounding areas indicate that OCP contamination in the region is widespread. Total concentrations (∑OCP) in surface samples ranged from 135 to 1020 ng g-1, with hexachlorocyclohexanes (∑HCH; 35-230 ng g-1) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (∑DDT; 12-350 ng g-1) the dominant contaminant groups detected. Metabolite isomeric compositions indicate that the presence of aldrin and endosulfan likely result from historical agricultural usage, while recent input of γ-HCH, heptachlor, and endrin may be linked to the illegal use of old pesticide stockpiles. Total DDT concentrations were dominated by p,p'-DDT (80 ± 64 ng g-1), which was attributed to its ongoing use in malaria vector control in the region. A 210Pb-dated sediment core revealed that OCP input to the local environment increased dramatically from relatively low concentrations in the mid-1940s (∑OCP, 355 ng g-1) to peak levels (∑OCP, 781 ng g-1) in the 1980s/1990s. An overall decrease in ∑OCP concentration from the mid-2000s is likely related to restrictions on use following the Stockholm Convention in 2004. Despite current restrictions on use, OCP concentrations exceeded sediment quality guidelines in the vast majority of cases, raising concerns for protected estuarine and mangrove habitats in the area, as well as for local fishing and farming communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mehlhorn
- Institute for Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald, F.L.-Jahn Str. 16, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Marc Humphries
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Julia Gensel
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Archibold Buah-Kwofie
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Nuclear Power Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Torsten Haberzettl
- Institute for Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald, F.L.-Jahn Str. 16, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
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Košková S, Štochlová P, Novotná K, Amirbekov A, Hrabák P. Influence of delta-hexachlorocyclohexane (δ- HCH) to Phytophthora ×alni resistant Alnus glutinosa genotypes - Evaluation of physiological parameters and remediation potential. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 247:114235. [PMID: 36327782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) are persistent organochlorine pesticides with the adverse effects on human health and the environment. The effect of delta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane (δ-HCH) on germination, growth parameters and physiological parameters was studied in different Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. progeny of resistant genotypes to pathogen Phytophthora ×alni. Two experiments were performed: a short-term experiment to determine the effect of δ-HCH on total germination (GT), germination energy (GE), speed of germination (SG), shoot length and biomass of seedlings, and a long-term experiment devoted to remediation aspects. In addition, changes in the hormonal system of alders were monitored in both cases. Significant differences were found between the treated and control group in most of the evaluated characteristics. Also, the content of studied phytohormones differs between groups. Furthermore, the obtained results indicate genetically determined variability in response to δ-HCH. Of the six tested, the Březové and Tuřany progeny seem to be suitable candidates for phytoremediation because of the adaptation to stress conditions or high remediation efficiency. The rest of tested progeny seems to be unsuitable due to higher mortality, lower remediation efficiency and higher levels of stress hormones resulting in significant decrease in biomass and plant height. Moreover, results indicate the role of the plant as a remediation accelerator, probably through released exudates, and a positive effect on the soil microbiome as the presence of plants increased the remediation efficiency by 20.85 - 35.89%. The obtained research findings may be helpful in better understanding the processes involved in removing these pesticides from the soil. Further research should be focused on rhizosphere microbiome, mechanism of in-plant isomerization and metabolites identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislava Košková
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CXI), Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 2, 460 01 Liberec, Czech Republic; Faculty of Mechatronics, Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Štochlová
- Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Public Research Institute, Květnové náměstí 391, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Novotná
- Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Public Research Institute, Květnové náměstí 391, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Aday Amirbekov
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CXI), Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 2, 460 01 Liberec, Czech Republic; Faculty of Mechatronics, Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hrabák
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CXI), Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 2, 460 01 Liberec, Czech Republic.
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Combi T, Montone RC, Corada-Fernández C, Lara-Martín PA, Gusmao JB, de Oliveira Santos MC. Persistent organic pollutants and contaminants of emerging concern in spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) from the Western Atlantic Ocean. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 174:113263. [PMID: 34952404 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence and distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) were evaluated in spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) from the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (Western Atlantic Ocean). Blubber samples (n = 37) were Soxhlet extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The levels of POPs reported in this study are far below those previously reported in spinner dolphins from the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Despite relatively low levels of contaminants, the presence of chemicals represents an additional stressor to these marine mammals, which are subject to increasing anthropogenic pressures, especially regarding tourism activities, in Fernando de Noronha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Combi
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Geociências, Departamento de Oceanografia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, Salvador, BA 40170-020, Brazil.
| | - Rosalinda Carmela Montone
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica Marinha, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Carmen Corada-Fernández
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus of International Excellence of the Sea (CEI.MAR), Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, Cadiz 11510, Spain
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus of International Excellence of the Sea (CEI.MAR), Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, Cadiz 11510, Spain
| | - Joao Bosco Gusmao
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica: Petróleo e Meio Ambiente (POSPETRO), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-020, Brazil
| | - Marcos César de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação de Mamíferos Aquáticos, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-120, Brazil
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Badea SL, Stegarus DI, Niculescu VC, Enache S, Soare A, Ionete RE, Gori D, Höhener P. Dehalogenation of α-hexachlorocyclohexane by iron sulfide nanoparticles: Study of reaction mechanism with stable carbon isotopes and pH variations. Sci Total Environ 2021; 801:149672. [PMID: 34438148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) is known to be accompanied by isotope fractionation of carbon (13C/12C), but no systematic studies were performed on abiotic degradation of HCH isomers by iron (II) minerals. In this study, we explored the carbon isotope fractionation of α-HCH during dechlorination by FeS nanoparticles at different pH values. The results of three different experiments showed that the apparent rate constants during dehalogenation of α-HCH by FeS increased with pH. The lowest apparent rate constant value α-HCH during dehalogenation by FeS was 0.009 d-1 at pH value of 2.4, while the highest was 1.098 d-1 at pH 11.8. α-HCH was completely dechlorinated by FeS only at pH values 9.9 and 11.8, while the corresponding apparent rate constants were 0.253 d-1 and 1.098 d-1, respectively. Regardless of the pH used, the 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB), 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB), and benzene were the dominant degradation products of α-HCH. An enrichment factor (εC) of -4.7 ± 1.3‰ was obtained for α-HCH using Rayleigh model, which is equivalent to an apparent kinetic isotope effect (AKIEC) value of 1.029 ± 0.008 for dehydrohalogenation, and of 1.014 ± 0.004 for dihaloelimination, respectively. The magnitude of isotope fractionation from this study suggests that abiotic isotope fractionation by FeS must be taken into account in anoxic sediments and aquifers contaminated with HCH isomers, when high concentrations of FeS are present in the above-mentioned anoxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviu-Laurentiu Badea
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Vâlcea, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Ramnicu Vâlcea, Romania.
| | - Diana-Ionela Stegarus
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Vâlcea, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Ramnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Violeta-Carolina Niculescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Vâlcea, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Ramnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Stanica Enache
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Vâlcea, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Ramnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Amalia Soare
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory (LCE), Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS UMR 7376, 3 place Victor Hugo - Case 29, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France
| | - Roxana-Elena Ionete
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Vâlcea, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Ramnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Didier Gori
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory (LCE), Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS UMR 7376, 3 place Victor Hugo - Case 29, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France
| | - Patrick Höhener
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory (LCE), Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS UMR 7376, 3 place Victor Hugo - Case 29, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France
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9
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Ivanova A, Wiberg K, Ahrens L, Zubcov E, Dahlberg AK. Spatial distribution of legacy pesticides in river sediment from the Republic of Moldova. Chemosphere 2021; 279:130923. [PMID: 34134442 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Historical use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the Republic of Moldova could pose a potential risk for the aquatic environment due to the persistence, bioaccumulation and toxic properties of these environmental pollutants. However, knowledge on environmental concentrations of legacy OCPs in Moldova is limited. In this study, surface sediment from the two main rivers; Dniester (8 sites, n = 15) and Prut (6 sites, n = 12), and two tributary rivers; Bîc (11 sites, n = 11) and Răut (6 sites, n = 6), were collected during 2017-2018 and analyzed for hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and their transformation products (DDDs and DDEs) using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Sediment concentrations of Ʃ6DDX (1.9-140 ng g-1 dry weight (dw)) and Ʃ4HCHs (n.d-2.5 ng g-1 dw) were found. In the big rivers, the average Ʃ6DDX concentration (18 ng g-1 dw) were 35 times higher than Ʃ4HCHs (0.51 ng g-1 dw). Whereas, in the small rivers the average Ʃ6DDX concentration (32 ng g-1 dw) was approximately 41 times higher than Ʃ4HCHs (0.77 ng g-1 dw). Compared to previous studies from Eastern Europe, the sediment levels were generally similar as found in Moldova's neighboring countries (Romania and Ukraine). Overall, the contamination profile indicates long-term ageing of OCPs used in the past in the agricultural sector. Less than half of the sites (45%) had levels that pose a potential risk for benthic organisms. Hence, further work is needed to determine the bioaccumulation of OCPs in the aquatic food web in this region and the associated risks to ecosystems and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Ivanova
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Zoology, Academiei 1 str., MD, 2028, Chișinău, Moldavia
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elena Zubcov
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Zoology, Academiei 1 str., MD, 2028, Chișinău, Moldavia
| | - Anna-Karin Dahlberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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10
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Donets MM, Yu Tsygankov V, Boyarova MD, Gumovskiy AN, Kulshova VI, Elkhoury JA, Gumovskaya YP, Lyakh VA, Khristoforova NK. Flounders as indicators of environmental contamination by persistent organic pollutants and health risk. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 164:111977. [PMID: 33589318 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.111977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the potential of using flounders as bioindicators of accumulation and transformation of POPs and to assess the possible environmental risk to the health of the population of the Russian coastal regions. The mean levels of HCH, DDT, and PCBs in the flounders were as follows: in the eastern Sea of Okhotsk, 49 ± 51, 62 ± 89, and 106 ± 83 ng/g lipid weight; in the southern Sea of Okhotsk, 36 ± 37, 15 ± 16, and 97 ± 41 ng/g lipid wt; in the Sea of Japan/East Sea, 62 ± 36, 39 ± 28, and 1616 ± 1177 ng/g lipid wt, respectively. In the Tatar Strait, OCPs were represented mainly by β-HCH with a concentration of 221 ± 182 ng/g lipid wt; the PCB level was 455 ± 317 ng/g lipid wt. Values of ILCR = 2.1·10-5 due to the consumption of flounder from the Sea of Japan/East Sea at a rate of 29 kg/yr indicate a probability of developing cancer during a lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim M Donets
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, ul. Sukhanova 8, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Vasiliy Yu Tsygankov
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, ul. Sukhanova 8, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia; School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, ul. Sukhanova 8, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia.
| | - Margarita D Boyarova
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, ul. Sukhanova 8, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alexandr N Gumovskiy
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, ul. Sukhanova 8, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Veronika I Kulshova
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, ul. Sukhanova 8, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Joseph A Elkhoury
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, ul. Sukhanova 8, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Yulia P Gumovskaya
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, ul. Sukhanova 8, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Lyakh
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, ul. Sukhanova 8, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Nadezhda K Khristoforova
- School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, ul. Sukhanova 8, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia; Pacific Geographical Institute, ul. Radio 7, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
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11
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Ma Y, Yun X, Ruan Z, Lu C, Shi Y, Qin Q, Men Z, Zou D, Du X, Xing B, Xie Y. Review of hexachlorocyclohexane ( HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) contamination in Chinese soils. Sci Total Environ 2020; 749:141212. [PMID: 32827819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite a ban on the production and use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) after 1983, serious OCP pollution still exists in the soil in certain areas of China because OCPs degrade very slowly. Based on a systematic review, we identified 136 relevant papers focusing on soil contamination from hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in China (published from 2001 to 2019). We compiled scientific data, extracted and analyzed relevant information, and summarized the pollution characteristics of HCH and DDT in Chinese soils found in two land use types: agricultural land and land for construction. Related studies on HCH and DDT in Chinese soils focus on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and the Yangtze and Pearl River Deltas, where agricultural soils are predominant. The average concentrations of both HCH and DDT in agricultural soils were generally lower than the risk screening value (100 μg/kg) in most provinces in China, except for DDT concentrations in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region. However, in certain central and eastern regions, mean or maximum recorded DDT concentrations approaching or exceeding 100 μg/kg were recorded. Regarding land for construction, soils with excessive concentrations of HCH and DDT were primarily observed at sites of operational or defunct pesticide factories. According to isomer and metabolite compositions, HCH and DDT at most sites originated from historical residues, but others may have been new inputs after 1983. Since 2015, the concentrations of HCH and DDT in agricultural soils in China have been decreasing, and those in the soils of land for construction (except for sites of operational or defunct pesticide factories) have not exceeded the standard after 2005. This indicates that the measures to prohibit the production and use of OCPs in China have been effective. However, the management of operational or defunct pesticide factories polluted by OCPs requires further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Yun
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyuan Ruan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaojun Lu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shi
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiang Qin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuming Men
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhi Zou
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Du
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yunfeng Xie
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Gotelli MJ, Lo Balbo A, Caballero GM, Gotelli CA. Hexachlorocyclohexane phytoremediation using Eucalyptus dunnii of a contaminated site in Argentina. Int J Phytoremediation 2020; 22:1129-1136. [PMID: 32186400 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2020.1736511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In 1996, a diagnostic study performed in a 16-ha field located in Buenos Aires Province (Argentina), where a chemical industry produced 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) from 1960 to 1978, showed contamination with HCH ranging from 10 to 20,000 mg kg-1 dry soil (706.4 mg kg-1 average). For remediation purposes, a forestation plan was put into practice in 1997 employing approximately 12,300 Eucalyptus dunnii seedlings which by 2016 where fully grown into trees that formed a forest where local fauna can be found. Midterm analysis done in 2005, when E. dunnii trees had developed into 8-10 m high trees, indicated that HCH was incorporated into leaves and logs and soil phytoremediation was progressing. Final quantitation analysis of HCH in soil performed in 2016 demonstrated that the 97.2% of the field area was effectively decontaminated with 98.1% overall average efficiency. Thus, this work is the first global example of a successful employment of E. dunnii trees for HCH phytoremediation purposes at field scale. These results may encourage other researchers to test the ability of E. dunnii to phytoremediate soils contaminated with other chlorinated compounds like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs).
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gotelli
- Centro de Investigaciones Toxicológicas S.A., Juan Bautista Alberdi 2986, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Lo Balbo
- Centro de Investigaciones Toxicológicas S.A., Juan Bautista Alberdi 2986, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G M Caballero
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C A Gotelli
- Centro de Investigaciones Toxicológicas S.A., Juan Bautista Alberdi 2986, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Trukhin AM, Boyarova MD. Organochlorine pesticides ( HCH and DDT) in blubber of spotted seals (Phoca largha) from the western Sea of Japan. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 150:110738. [PMID: 31759636 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In 2014-2019, a total of 31 blubber samples were collected from spotted seals (Phoca largha) in the western Sea of Japan. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography to determine level of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The concentration of hexachlorocyclohexane and its isomers (∑HCH) ranged from 389 to 50,070 ng/g lipid weght; the concentration of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (∑DDT), ranged from 62,720 to 1,110,930 ng/g lipid wt. Transfer of HCH and DDT from mother to pup during pregnancy and lactation was documented. The OCP concentration in blubber of spotted seals from the western Sea of Japan is one to two orders of magnitude higher than in spotted seals inhabiting waters off the Japan coast. Organochlorines detected in the western Sea of Japan likely come from some countries of Southeast Asia still using OCPs in the agriculture sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey M Trukhin
- V.I. Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI), Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, ul. Baltiyskaya 41, 690043 Vladivostok, Russia.
| | - Margarita D Boyarova
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, ul. Sukhanova 8, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
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14
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Adeleye AO, Sosan MB, Oyekunle JAO. Occurrence and Human Health Risk of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Hexachlorocyclohexane ( HCH) Pesticide Residues in Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Southwestern Nigeria. J Health Pollut 2019; 9:190909. [PMID: 31497372 PMCID: PMC6711335 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-9.23.190909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) and amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) are common leafy vegetables produced and consumed in southwestern Nigeria. These vegetables attract insect pests which are controlled by pesticides that may have adverse impacts on human health. OBJECTIVES To determine the levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) pesticide residues in the two vegetables and evaluate the potential health risks associated with their consumption. METHODS The pesticide residue levels were quantitatively and qualitatively determined using a gas chromatograph coupled with electron capture detector. Health risk assessment were performed using estimated average daily intake and hazard indices for two weight categories: children (16.7 kg) and adults (60 kg). RESULTS The results showed that delta-HCH, DDT and methoxychlor were predominantly detected in the two vegetables from both farms and markets. In amaranth, the mean concentration of methoxychlor, DDT and delta-HCH were 4.590 ± 2.774 mg/kg (dry weight (dw)), 0.757 ± 0.457 mg/kg (dw) and 0.577 ± 0.390 mg/kg (dw), respectively, while fluted pumpkin levels were 6.223 ± 2.489 mg/kg dw (methoxychlor), 0.504 ± 0.056 mg/kg dw (delta-HCH) and 0.486 ± 0.123 mg/kg dw (DDT). The levels of HCH and DDT residues were generally above the United Kingdom/European Commission maximum residue limit. The analysis of health risk estimates for non-carcinogenic risk revealed that for both vegetables, the hazard quotient for p, p' DDT and methoxychlor was >1 for both children and adults. The health risk estimates for carcinogenic risk revealed that hazard indices values were >1 for children for both vegetables and alpha-HCH had a hazard index >1 for adults for amaranth. This means the residue exceeds acceptable standard and present potential risk to consumers of these vegetables. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained from the present study indicate that consumption of amaranth contaminated with alpha-HCH could pose a carcinogenic risk for adult consumers. The consumption of the two vegetables could pose both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks to children and adults. Therefore, there is need for strict enforcement of regulations on pesticide usage to minimize human health risks. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mosudi Babatunde Sosan
- Department of Crop Production and Protection, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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15
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Russo F, Ceci A, Maggi O, Siciliano A, Guida M, Petrangeli Papini M, Černík M, Persiani AM. Understanding fungal potential in the mitigation of contaminated areas in the Czech Republic: tolerance, biotransformation of hexachlorocyclohexane ( HCH) and oxidative stress analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:24445-24461. [PMID: 31228071 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05679-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study of the soil microbial community represents an important step in better understanding the environmental context. Therefore, biological characterisation and physicochemical integration are keys when defining contaminated sites. Fungi play a fundamental role in the soil, by providing and supporting ecological services for ecosystems and human wellbeing. In this research, 52 soil fungal taxa were isolated from in situ pilot reactors installed to a contaminated site in Czech Republic with a high concentration of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH). Among the identified isolates, 12 strains were selected to evaluate their tolerance to different isomers of HCH by using specific indices (Rt:Rc; T.I.) and to test their potential in xenobiotic biotransformation. Most of the selected taxa was not significantly affected by exposure to HCH, underlining the elevated tolerance of all the tested fungal taxa, and different metabolic intermediates of HCH dechlorination were observed. The oxidative stress responses to HCH for two selected species, Penicillium simplicissimum and Trichoderma harzianum, were investigated in order to explore their toxic responses and to evaluate their potential functioning in bioremediation of contaminated environments. This research suggests that the isolated fungal species may provide opportunities for new eco-friendly, integrated and cost-effective solutions for environmental management and remediation, considering their efficient adaptation to stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Russo
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Ceci
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Oriana Maggi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta Siciliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Petrangeli Papini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Miroslav Černík
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Sciences, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Maria Persiani
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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16
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Navarro I, de la Torre A, Sanz P, Arjol MA, Fernández J, Martínez MA. Organochlorine pesticides air monitoring near a historical lindane production site in Spain. Sci Total Environ 2019; 670:1001-1007. [PMID: 31018415 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The landfilling and dumping of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and other persistent hazardous chemicals, such as hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers can have significantly adverse environmental consequences and cause contamination in soil, water, and atmosphere systems. Approximately 115,000 t of HCH wastes were generated by INQUINOSA Factory located in Sabiñánigo (Aragón, Spain) from 1975 to 1992, and were mainly dumped at Bailín and Sardas landfills. Under the frame of the project plan approved by the Government of Aragón, remediation and containment measures were implemented at the derelict production facility and landfill sites. To protect and assess the local environment, the concentrations of HCH isomers, pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in air were periodically monitored in the Sardas landfills and surroundings by passive sampling devices. The influence of meteorological parameters was evaluated, showing positive correlations between temperature and HCH and HCB concentrations. The highest HCH levels were detected in Sardas landfill and INQUINOSA Factory sites. PeCB values were statistically higher in Sardas landfill than in Sabiñánigo urban core, nevertheless, HCB concentrations were similar in both sampling points. Statistically positive correlations were found among HCH isomers in all sampling points, showing a major common source. The chlorobenzenes also correlated positively with each other. The α-/γ-HCH ratios were calculated (1.46 ± 1.25; mean ± S.D.), corroborating that concentrations detected were mainly originated from the historical production, storage and waste disposal of technical HCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Navarro
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - A de la Torre
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P Sanz
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Arjol
- Sociedad Aragonesa de Gestión Agroambiental SARGA, Av. Ranillas 5 Edificio A, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J Fernández
- Department of Rural Development and Sustainability, Government of Aragón, Pza. San Pedro Nolasco, 50071 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M A Martínez
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Vijgen J, de Borst B, Weber R, Stobiecki T, Forter M. HCH and lindane contaminated sites: European and global need for a permanent solution for a long-time neglected issue. Environ Pollut 2019; 248:696-705. [PMID: 30849587 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During the last 70 years 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) has been one of the most extensively used pesticides. Only the gamma-isomer has insecticidal properties. For the marketing of gamma-HCH (lindane) the other 85% HCH isomers which are formed as by-products during HCH production had to be separated and became finally hazardous waste. For each tonne of lindane 8-12 tonnes of waste HCH isomers were produced and production of the approximately 600,000 t of lindane has therefore generated 4.8 to 7.2 million tonnes of HCH/POPs waste. These waste isomers were mostly buried in uncontrolled dumps at many sites around the world. The stockpiles and the large contaminated sites can be categorized as "mega-sites". Countries with HCH legacy problems include Albania, Argentina, Austria, Azerbaijan, Brazil, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Macedonia, Nigeria, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, The Netherlands, UK, Ukraine and the USA. As lindane and alpha- and beta-HCH have been listed as POPs in the Stockholm Convention since August 2010, the problem of stockpiles of HCH waste is now documented and globally acknowledged. This article describes briefly the legacy of HCH and lindane that has been created. Three of the mega-sites are being discussed and demonstrate the increase in pollution footprint over time. Recent developments in the EU (including the Sabinanigo project in Aragon/Spain) and on a global level are presented. A short overview is given on lack of activities and on actions of countries within their obligations as Parties of the Stockholm Convention. Furthermore, current country activities supported by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the "financing mechanism" of the convention, are listed. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are formulated that will contribute to the solution of this problem over the next 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Vijgen
- International HCH & Pesticides Association (IHPA), Elmevej 14, Holte, Denmark.
| | - Bram de Borst
- International HCH & Pesticides Association (IHPA), the Netherlands.
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Lindenfirststrasse 23, 73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany.
| | - Tomasz Stobiecki
- Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, Sośnicowice, Poland.
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Kumar B, Mishra M, Verma VK, Rai P, Kumar S. Organochlorines in urban soils from Central India: probabilistic health hazard and risk implications to human population. Environ Geochem Health 2018; 40:2465-2480. [PMID: 29681023 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study presents distribution of organochlorines (OCs) including HCH, DDT and PCBs in urban soils, and their environmental and human health risk. Forty-eight soil samples were extracted using ultrasonication, cleaned with modified silica gel chromatography and analyzed by GC-ECD. The observed concentrations of ∑HCH, ∑DDT and ∑PCBs in soils ranged between < 0.01-2.54, 1.30-27.41 and < 0.01-62.8 µg kg-1, respectively, which were lower than the recommended soil quality guidelines. Human health risk was estimated following recommended guidelines. Lifetime average daily dose (LADD), non-cancer risk or hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for humans due to individual and total OCs were estimated and presented. Estimated LADD were lower than acceptable daily intake and reference dose. Human health risk estimates were lower than safe limit of non-cancer risk (HQ < 1.0) and the acceptable distribution range of ILCR (10-6-10-4). Therefore, this study concluded that present levels of OCs (HCH, DDT and PCBs) in studied soils were low, and subsequently posed low health risk to human population in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupander Kumar
- Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, New Delhi, 10032, India.
| | - Meenu Mishra
- Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, New Delhi, 10032, India
| | - V K Verma
- Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, New Delhi, 10032, India
| | - Premanjali Rai
- Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, New Delhi, 10032, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, New Delhi, 10032, India
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19
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Wolmarans NJ, Du Preez LH, Yohannes YB, Ikenaka Y, Ishizuka M, Smit NJ, Wepener V. Linking organochlorine exposure to biomarker response patterns in Anurans: a case study of Müller's clawed frog (Xenopus muelleri) from a tropical malaria vector control region. Ecotoxicology 2018; 27:1203-1216. [PMID: 30173332 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides are highly persistent in aquatic ecosystems. Amphibians, specifically anurans, play an intricate part in the aquatic food web, and have very permeable skin which makes them prone to bioaccumulation of persistent pollutants. In this study the bioaccumulation of various legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)-including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), currently used for malaria vector control (MVC)-was assessed along with a set of biomarker responses in Müller's clawed frog Xenopus muelleri collected from the lower Phongolo River floodplain in South Africa. Possible relationships between bioaccumulation and biomarkers (of exposure, oxidative stress biomarkers, and cellular energy allocation) alongside their temporal changes were investigated. The OCP concentrations showed a significant increase over time for the duration of the study. The increase correlated negatively with rainfall from the region. DDT levels were well below expected effects levels with p,p-DDE being the main contributing metabolite. The results of this study indicate OCPs actively accumulate at sub-lethal levels in aquatic frogs from the study area, while showing possible relations towards some of the biochemical stress responses measured. Most notable were negative relationships indicated between p,p-DDE and acetylcholinesterase, malondialdehyde, and carbohydrates and protein energy availability. Levels of DDT were not found to be significantly higher than other legacy pesticides in the frog tissue, although evidence of newly introduced DDT in the frog tissue was found. Further investigation about sub-lethal effects of these pesticides on anurans is required to gain better insight into their full impact on animal livelihood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J Wolmarans
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Louis H Du Preez
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Somerset Street, Grahamstown, 6139, South Africa
| | - Yared Beyene Yohannes
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Audy O, Melymuk L, Venier M, Vojta S, Becanova J, Romanak K, Vykoukalova M, Prokes R, Kukucka P, Diamond ML, Klanova J. PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in indoor environments - A comparison of indoor contamination in Canada and Czech Republic. Chemosphere 2018; 206:622-631. [PMID: 29778940 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are restricted compounds that are ubiquitously detected in the environment, including indoor matrices such as air and residential dust. We report concentrations of PCBs and selected OCPs in indoor air and dust from homes in Canada (23 homes) and Czech Republic (20 homes). Indoor air concentrations of PCBs and OCPs were ∼10 times higher than that outdoors. PCB concentrations of ∼450 ng/m3 were similar in both countries, higher in homes built before the restrictions on PCBs, and had congener profiles consistent with PCB mixtures manufactured or used in each country. All OCP air concentrations were higher in the Czech Republic than in the Canadian samples, suggesting greater indoor use of, for example, DDT and HCH. These data emphasize the persistence of these organochlorine compounds indoors and their presence in homes even decades after new usage was prohibited. Indoor levels of these legacy POPs remain at similar concentrations to compounds of current concern, such as brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated alkyl substances, emphasizing that they deserve ongoing attention in view of knowledge of PCB and OCP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Audy
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Marta Venier
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 702 Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Simon Vojta
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Becanova
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kevin Romanak
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 702 Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Martina Vykoukalova
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokes
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukucka
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Jana Klanova
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
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De la Torre A, Navarro I, Sanz P, Arjol MA, Fernández J, Martínez MA. HCH air levels derived from Bailín dumpsite dismantling (Sabiñánigo, Spain). Sci Total Environ 2018; 626:1367-1372. [PMID: 29898543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Remediation and management of dumpsites is a worldwide problem that must be addressed to protect human health and the environment. Aragon Government long-term objective is the control of air quality related to landfills used to dump organochlorine waste. The present study evaluated the influence of dismantling works performed in Bailín landfill, an hexachlorocyclohexane (1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaclorohexane; HCH) dumpsite located in the city of Sabiñánigo, Spain. A total of 65,000 t of HCH solid waste and 342,000 t of polluted soil were transferred to a new cell with additional isolating measures going beyond the Spanish legal requirements. To evaluate influence of excavation of the old cell, transfer of waste and the state once the works in Bailín area had finished, levels of α-, β-, γ-, δ- and ɛ- HCH isomers were analyzed in 112 air samples obtained from summer 2014 to autumn 2016 by using passive air samplers. Results showed that: i) the existence of the old landfill and/or the works performed during its dismantling were a source of HCH air contamination, ii) old landfill represented an HCH source even after dismantling work was completed, iii) other sources, tentatively associated to Sardas dumpsite and HCH production site (INQUINOSA Factory) were identified in the surroundings, where management should be addressed. Data comparison reflected a heavier contamination caused by the production, storage, and waste disposal than the corresponding to application of lindane and/or technical HCH in Spain. Meteorological dependence (temperature, solar radiation and relative humidity), α-/γ-HCH ratios and isomer profiles of HCH air concentrations were evaluated for temporal trends and geographic distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De la Torre
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - I Navarro
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P Sanz
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Arjol
- Sociedad Aragonesa de Gestión Agroambiental SARGA, Av. Ranillas 5 Edificio A, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J Fernández
- Department of Rural Development and Sustainability, Government of Aragón, Pza. San Pedro Nolasco, 50071 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M A Martínez
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Cruz-González G, Julcour C, Chaumat H, Bourdon V, Ramon-Portugal F, Gaspard S, Jáuregui-Haza UJ, Delmas H. Degradation of chlordecone and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane by photolysis, (photo-)fenton oxidation and ozonation. J Environ Sci Health B 2018; 53:121-125. [PMID: 29148925 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1388682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Intensive use of chlorinated pesticides from the 1960s to the 1990s has resulted in a diffuse contamination of soils and surface waters in the banana-producing areas of the French West Indies. The purpose of this research was, for the first time, to examine the degradation of two of these persistent pollutants - chlordecone (CLD) and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) in 1 mg L-1 synthetic aqueous solutions by means of photolysis, (photo-) Fenton oxidation and ozonation processes. Fenton oxidation is not efficient for CLD and yields less than 15% reduction of β-HCH concentration in 5 h. Conversely, both molecules can be quantitatively converted under UV-Vis irradiation reaching 100% of degradation in 5 h, while combination with hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron does not show any significant improvement except in high wavelength range (>280 nm). Ozonation exhibits comparable but lower degradation rates than UV processes. Preliminary identification of degradation products indicated that hydrochlordecone was formed during photo-Fenton oxidation of CLD, while for β-HCH the major product peak exhibited C3H3Cl2 as most abundant fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Cruz-González
- a Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS , Toulouse , France
- b Instituto Superior de Tecnologías y Ciencias Aplicadas (InSTEC)- Universidad de La Habana , Avenida Salvador Allende No 1110 entre Infanta y Avenida Rancho Boyeros, Quinta de los Molinos, A.P. 6163, La Habana , Cuba
| | - Carine Julcour
- a Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS , Toulouse , France
| | - Hélène Chaumat
- a Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS , Toulouse , France
| | - Valérie Bourdon
- c Service Commun de Spectrométrie de Masse, Université Paul Sabatier , Porte 157, Bâtiment 2R1, 118, route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex 09 , France
| | - Felipe Ramon-Portugal
- d UMR CNRS/UPS/ENFA 5174 "Evolution et Diversité Biologique", École National de Formation Agronomique , 2, Route de Narbonne, BP 22687, Auzeville Tolosane, Castanet Cedex , France
| | - Sarra Gaspard
- e Laboratoire COVACHIM M2E, EA 3592, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane , BP 250, Pointe à Pitre Cedex , Guadeloupe
| | - Ulises J Jáuregui-Haza
- b Instituto Superior de Tecnologías y Ciencias Aplicadas (InSTEC)- Universidad de La Habana , Avenida Salvador Allende No 1110 entre Infanta y Avenida Rancho Boyeros, Quinta de los Molinos, A.P. 6163, La Habana , Cuba
| | - Henri Delmas
- a Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS , Toulouse , France
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Yang R, Xie T, Yang H, Turner S, Wu G. Historical trends of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) recorded in sediments across the Tibetan Plateau. Environ Geochem Health 2018; 40:303-312. [PMID: 28097496 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sediment cores from four lakes across the Tibetan Plateau were used as natural archives to study the time trends of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The total concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ΣDDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (ΣHCH) were in the range of 0.04-1.61 and 0.08-1.88 ng/g based on dry weight (dw), while the input fluxes were in the range of 0.3-236 and 0.7-295 pg/cm2/y in the core sediments, respectively. The input fluxes of ΣDDT and ΣHCH generally peaked in sediment layers corresponding to the 1970s-1990s and peaked in top sediment layers. The ratio of α/γ-HCH decreased in the top layer sediments, implying that the contribution of lindane (pure γ-HCH) has been increasing in recent years. In addition, the ratio of o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT increased significantly over the last 15-20 years, suggesting that dicofol (characterized by high ratio of o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT about 7.0) has recently become a relatively more important source of DDT compared to technical DDT itself. The time trends of OCPs recorded in lake sediments examined the impact on such remote alpine regions by human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Ting Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Handong Yang
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Pearson Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Simon Turner
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Pearson Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Guangjian Wu
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Zhu S, Niu L, Aamir M, Zhou Y, Xu C, Liu W. Spatial and seasonal variations in air-soil exchange, enantiomeric signatures and associated health risks of hexachlorocyclohexanes ( HCHs) in a megacity Hangzhou in the Yangtze River Delta region, China. Sci Total Environ 2017; 599-600:264-272. [PMID: 28477483 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) have been historically applied in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, China. Estimating the air-soil exchange of HCHs after >30years of restricted use is important for understanding their cycling in the environment. In this study, air and soil samples were concurrently collected in two seasons at agricultural and industrial sites from a megacity in the YRD region. The concentrations of HCH isomers and the enantiomeric fractions of chiral α-HCH were determined. The mean concentrations of ∑HCHs in soils from an agricultural area (AA) and an eco-industrial park (EIP) were 1.74ng/g and 0.652ng/g, respectively, in winter, and 0.723ng/g and 0.350ng/g, respectively, in summer. The mean concentrations of ∑HCHs in the air from the AA and the EIP were 31.2pg/m3 and 47.7pg/m3, respectively, in winter, and 45.0pg/m3 and 50.0pg/m3, respectively, in summer. The variations in spatial and seasonal distributions might be related to diverse geographical factors, soil properties and meteorological conditions. Source identification demonstrated that HCHs in most samples were residues from past use, which was further evidenced by the enantiomeric signatures of chiral α-HCH. A preferential degradation of (-)-α-HCH was showed in soils and summer air, while a preferential depletion of (+)-α-HCH was displayed in winter air. The values of the fugacity fraction (ff) of HCHs suggest a net volatilization from soils to air, but long-range transport may also partly contribute to the atmospheric HCHs according to the results from enantiomeric analysis. The human health risk assessments indicated an absence of noncarcinogenic risks and very low carcinogenic risks for HCHs in both soils and air to human health. Results from this study provide valuable data for assessing the fate and health risks of HCHs in the YRD region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lili Niu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Cuozzo SA, Sineli PE, Davila Costa J, Tortella G. Streptomyces sp. is a powerful biotechnological tool for the biodegradation of HCH isomers: biochemical and molecular basis. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:719-728. [PMID: 29124958 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1398133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacteria are well-known degraders of toxic materials that have the ability to tolerate and remove organochloride pesticides; thus, they are used for bioremediation. The biodegradation of organochlorines by actinobacteria has been demonstrated in pure and mixed cultures with the concomitant production of metabolic intermediates including γ-pentachlorocyclohexene (γ-PCCH); 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-1,4-cyclohexadiene (1,4-TCDN); 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB), 1,3-dichlorobenzene (1,3-DCB), or 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB); 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene (1,2,3-TCB), 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB), or 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene (1,3,5-TCB); 1,3-DCB; and 1,2-DCB. Chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric detection, especially GC-MS, is typically used to determine HCH-isomer metabolites. The important enzymes involved in HCH isomer degradation metabolic pathways include hexachlorocyclohexane dehydrochlorinase (LinA), haloalkane dehalogenase (LinB), and alcohol dehydrogenase (LinC). The metabolic versatility of these enzymes is known. Advances have been made in the identification of actinobacterial haloalkane dehydrogenase, which is encoded by linB. This knowledge will permit future improvements in biodegradation processes using Actinobacteria. The enzymatic and genetic characterizations of the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes have not been fully elucidated, necessitating further studies. New advances in this area suggest promising results. The scope of this paper encompasses the following: (i) the aerobic degradation pathways of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers; (ii) the important genes and enzymes involved in the metabolic pathways of HCH isomer degradation; and (iii) the identification and quantification of intermediate metabolites through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Cuozzo
- a Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI-CONICET) , Tucumán , Argentina.,b Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo , Universidad Nacional de Tucumán , Tucumán , Argentina
| | - P E Sineli
- a Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI-CONICET) , Tucumán , Argentina
| | - J Davila Costa
- a Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI-CONICET) , Tucumán , Argentina
| | - G Tortella
- c Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA) , Universidad de La Frontera , Temuco , Chile.,d Departamento de Ingeniería Química , Universidad de La Frontera , Temuco , Chile
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Battisti S, Boselli C, Ubaldi A, Roffi Isabelli C, Mauti T, Della Marta U, Scaramozzino P. Measurements of β and α hexachlorocyclohexane in Juglans regia and Prunus spinosa trees in a contaminated area, central Italy. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:20876-20882. [PMID: 28721619 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Vegetables play an important role in the human diet, and the transfer of toxic contaminants from the soil to plants has been little studied for most tree species and their edible portions. In an area affected by hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) contamination, in the Sacco River Valley (central Italy), measurements of β- and α-HCH isomers were made on different parts of two tree species: Juglans regia and Prunus spinosa. Concentrations were analysed in roots, branches, leaves, fruits, and seeds. A spatial evaluation of the results highlighted an inverse association of contamination with distance from the river, which is the main route of transport in the environment. Results in J. regia showed decreasing values in this order: branches > leaves > husks > nutmeat. Results in P. spinosa showed decreasing values in the following order: branches > leaves > fruits. In J. regia, nutmeat values were all below limit of detection (LOD, 0.0005 mg/kg), except in one case in which a very low concentration of β-HCH was found (0.006 mg/Kg), compliant with maximum residue limits (MRLs). The ability of J. regia to store large quantities of β-HCH in wooden and leafy parts but not in edible kernels makes this plant a potential and precious tool in remediation and economical reconversion of polluted areas. It is also valuable for food and wood manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Battisti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Boselli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ubaldi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Roffi Isabelli
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale Roma 5, Area Dipartimentale Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Via degli Esplosivi 9, 00034 Colleferro, Rome, Italy
| | - Tabita Mauti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Della Marta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Scaramozzino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
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Botwe BO, Kelderman P, Nyarko E, Lens PNL. Assessment of DDT, HCH and PAH contamination and associated ecotoxicological risks in surface sediments of coastal Tema Harbour (Ghana). Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 115:480-488. [PMID: 27916245 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed DDTs, HCHs and PAHs contamination in sediments from the Tema Harbour (Ghana) and the associated ecotoxicological risks. The results showed widespread DDTs, HCHs and PAHs contamination in the harbour sediments with mean concentrations ranging from 6.0-12.8, 2.8-12.7 and 2750-5130μg·kg-1d·w, respectively. The silt-clay and total organic carbon contents of the sediments poorly correlated with the pollutant concentrations. DDTs and HCHs contamination relate to past use of DDT and lindane, which under the anoxic harbour conditions resulted in disproportionately higher concentrations of p,p'-DDD and γ-HCH in the sediments. No conclusion could be drawn on the sources of PAHs as either petrogenic or pyrogenic. The pollutant concentrations in the harbour sediments, particularly γ-HCH, may pose high ecotoxicological risks. In comparison to a previous study, this study indicates there has been a considerable reduction in PAH contamination in the Tema Harbour since the last major oil spill in 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin O Botwe
- UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands; Department of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 99, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Peter Kelderman
- UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Elvis Nyarko
- Department of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 99, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Piet N L Lens
- UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands
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Zhang J, Gong JL, Zeng GM, Yang HC, Zhang P. Carbon nanotube amendment for treating dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and hexachlorocyclohexane remaining in Dong-ting Lake sediment - An implication for in-situ remediation. Sci Total Environ 2017; 579:283-291. [PMID: 27889216 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were largely sprayed on the floodplain soils before the project of Returning Farmland to Lake in China, which caused contamination of sediment in Dong-ting Lake with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and posed threats to human health and other organisms. In this study, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) at different concentrations of 0.058, 0.145 and 0.29wt% were used to manage residual DDTs and HCHs in Dong-ting Lake sediment. The efficacy was assessed by DDTs and HCHs deriving from the aqueous equilibrium experiment and uptake in semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). Desorption experiment and the quiescent flux experiment were conducted as well. The results showed that DDTs and HCHs were released from sediment. The p, p'-DDT was desorbed less readily than its metabolites and similarly α-HCH was desorbed less easily than other HCH isomers from sediment. Carbon nanotubes had great effects on treating DDTs and HCHs. The effectiveness of carbon nanotube amendment was dependent on type, dose and sediment-sorbent contact time In addition, carbon nanotubes being sprinkled on the surface of sediment as a cap and being injected into sediment as a mixture were considered as two effective ways to prevent DDTs and HCHs being released from sediment. Carbon nanotubes can be potentially useful as sorbents in in-situ remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Ji-Lai Gong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Guang-Ming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Hu-Cheng Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
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Abraham M, Theobald N, Schulz-Bull D. Hexachlorocyclohexane - Long term variability and spatial distribution in the Baltic Sea. Chemosphere 2017; 168:1356-1364. [PMID: 27919538 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In response to the HELCOM commitment the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemuende conducts a monitoring program on listed substances of concern for the Baltic Sea environment which comprises the isomers of technical hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH). After World War II the HCH compounds were applied globally in huge amounts as insecticidal formulation in which only γ-HCH is the effective agent. Monitoring was conducted in water samples from a large Baltic Sea area. Mostly, the HCH compounds were evenly distributed in the Baltic Sea. Data from 1975 to 2015 from the Arkona Basin depict a substantial reduction of the HCH pressure (12,500 to < 400 pg/L). Longest residence is shown for β-HCH, which is currently the predominant HCH isomer in the Baltic Sea (α/β/γ:1/2/1). Half lives were determined to be 4-8 years for α- and γ-HCH and 5-20 years for β-HCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Abraham
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemuende, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Norbert Theobald
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 78, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Detlef Schulz-Bull
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemuende, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany.
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Le DQ, Takada H, Yamashita R, Mizukawa K, Hosoda J, Tuyet DA. Temporal and spatial changes in persistent organic pollutants in Vietnamese coastal waters detected from plastic resin pellets. Mar Pollut Bull 2016; 109:320-324. [PMID: 27262498 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plastic resin pellets collected at Minh Chau island and Ba Lat estuary between 2007 and 2014 in Vietnam were analyzed for dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs). The study was carried out as part of the International Pellet Watch program for monitoring the global distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Higher levels of DDTs compared to PCBs indicated agricultural inputs rather than industrial discharges in the region. Most POP concentrations on both beaches decreased over the period, with the exception of HCH isomers. Though the concentration of DDTs showed a drastic decline on both beaches between 2007/2008 and 2014, DDTs accounted for 60-80% of total DDTs, suggesting that there is still a fresh input of these chemicals in the region. This study strongly recommends further investigations to track temporal and spatial patterns of POP levels in the marine environment using plastic resin pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Quang Le
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia; School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University HCM, Quarter 6, Linh Trung, Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Hideshige Takada
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Rei Yamashita
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kaoruko Mizukawa
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Junki Hosoda
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Dao Anh Tuyet
- Institute of Marine Environment and Resources, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, 246 Danang, Haiphong, Vietnam
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Gerber R, Smit NJ, Van Vuren JHJ, Nakayama SMM, Yohannes YB, Ikenaka Y, Ishizuka M, Wepener V. Bioaccumulation and human health risk assessment of DDT and other organochlorine pesticides in an apex aquatic predator from a premier conservation area. Sci Total Environ 2016; 550:522-533. [PMID: 26845188 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With the second highest gross domestic product in Africa, South Africa is known to have a high pesticide usage, including the highly persistent and banned group of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). South Africa is also one of few countries to still actively spray DDT as malaria vector control. The aim of the study was to determine the degree to which aquatic biota in selected rivers of the world renowned Kruger National Park (KNP) are exposed to by use of OCPs in the catchments outside the KNP and how this exposure relates to human health. Tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus) are economically important apex predators and was selected as bioindicator for this study. Fish were sampled from the KNP sections of the Luvuvhu, Letaba and Olifants rivers during the high and low flow periods from 2010 to 2011 within the KNP and 19 OCPs were determined in muscle tissue using GC-ECD techniques. Significant flow related and spatial OCP bioaccumulation was observed. Tigerfish from the Luvuvhu River displayed the highest OCP bioaccumulation. Concentrations of the majority of the OCPs including the DDTs were the highest levels ever recorded from South African freshwater systems and in many cases the concentrations were higher than most contaminated areas from around the world. The concentrations found in H. vittatus muscle also exceeded maximum residue levels in edible fat as set by the European Union. The health risk assessment also demonstrated that the levels of OCPs pose very high cancer risks to the local populations consuming tigerfish, as high as 2 in 10 increased risk factor. This is of concern not only when managing the water resources of the conservation area but also for surrounding communities consuming freshwater fish. Contaminants enter the park from outside the borders and pose potential risks to the mandated conservation of aquatic biota within the KNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Gerber
- Department of Zoology, Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Johan H J Van Vuren
- Department of Zoology, Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate school of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yared B Yohannes
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate school of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate school of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate school of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Wacławek S, Antoš V, Hrabák P, Černík M, Elliott D. Remediation of hexachlorocyclohexanes by electrochemically activated persulfates. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:765-773. [PMID: 26336848 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers represent a family of formerly widely utilized pesticides that are persistent, capable of undergoing long-range transport and tend to bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue. Their widespread global utilization coupled with a propensity to adversely impact human health and the environment translates into an urgent need to develop feasible methodologies by which to treat HCH-impacted groundwater and soil. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of two persulfate-based oxidants: peroxydisulfate (S2O8 (2-), PDS) and peroxymonosulfate (HSO5 (-), PMS) activated by electrochemical processes (EC) to treat HCH-impacted environmental media. This research demonstrated that the optimal experimental conditions (oxidant dose and electrical current) were 2 mM PDS and 20 mA for an aqueous solution of 4 μM of summed HCHs (ΣHCH). GC/MS full scan analysis revealed the presence of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol as the only detectable intermediate formed during electro-activated PDS treatment of ΣHCH. The investigated method was tested on leachate from a known HCHs-impacted site in Hajek, Czech Republic which contained 106 μg/l of ΣHCH and 129 μg/l of chlorobenzenes. Results from batch treatment showed positive results for electro-activated PDS but only negligible effectiveness for electro-activated PMS. In addition to explaining the efficacy of the electro-activated PDS, this research also explored the basis for the differing reactivities of these two persulfates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Wacławek
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic.
| | - Vojtech Antoš
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hrabák
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Černík
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Elliott
- Geosyntec Consultants Inc., 7 Graphics Drive, Suite 106, Ewing, NJ, USA
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Grung M, Lin Y, Zhang H, Steen AO, Huang J, Zhang G, Larssen T. Pesticide levels and environmental risk in aquatic environments in China--A review. Environ Int 2015; 81:87-97. [PMID: 25968893 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
China is one of the largest producers and consumers of pesticides in the world today. Along with the widespread use of pesticides and industrialization, there is a growing concern for water quality. The present review aims to provide an overview of studies on pesticides in aquatic environments in China. The levels in the water, sediment and biota were scored according to a detailed environmental classification system based on ecotoxicological effect, which is therefore a useful tool for assessing the risk these compounds pose to the aquatic ecosystem. Our review reveals that the most studied areas in China are the most populated and the most developed economically and that the most frequently studied pesticides are DDT and HCH. We show maps of where studies have been conducted and show the ecotoxicological risk the pesticides pose in each of the matrices. Our review pinpoints the need for biota samples to assess the risk. A large fraction of the results from the studies are given an environmental classification of "very bad" based on levels in biota. In general, the risk is higher for DDT than HCH. A few food web studies have also been conducted, and we encourage further study of this important information from this region. The review reveals that many of the most important agricultural provinces (e.g., Henan, Hubei and Hunan) with the largest pesticide use have been the subject of few studies on the environmental levels of pesticides. We consider this to be a major knowledge gap for understanding the status of pesticide contamination and related risk in China. Furthermore, there is also a lack of studies in remote Chinese environments, which is also an important knowledge gap. The compounds analyzed and reported in the studies represent a serious bias because a great deal of attention is given to DDT and HCH, whereas the organophosphate insecticides dominating current use are less frequently investigated. For the future, we point to the need for an organized monitoring plan designed according to the knowledge gaps in terms of geographical distribution, compounds included, and risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merete Grung
- NIVA (Norwegian Institute for Water Research), Gaustadalléen 21, 0342 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Yan Lin
- NIVA (Norwegian Institute for Water Research), Gaustadalléen 21, 0342 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hua Zhang
- NIVA (Norwegian Institute for Water Research), Gaustadalléen 21, 0342 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jun Huang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute for Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Thorjørn Larssen
- NIVA (Norwegian Institute for Water Research), Gaustadalléen 21, 0342 Oslo, Norway
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Yasunaga G, Fujise Y, Zenitani R, Tanabe S, Kato H. Spatial and temporal variation of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in the Antarctic minke whales, Balaenoptera bonaerensis, in the period 1987-2005. Chemosphere 2015; 126:11-17. [PMID: 25637712 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and chlordane compounds (CHLs) were determined in the blubber of males (20-25 years old) of Antarctic minke whales, Balaenoptera bonaerensis, from the International Whaling Commission (IWC) management Areas IV (70°-130°E) and V (130°E-170°W), south 60°S. The ranges of concentrations (ng g(-1) lipid wt.) for each compound were, PCBs: 7.7-89; DDTs: 29-340; HCHs: 0.20-4.3; HCB: 75-430; CHLs: 10-120, which were much lower than those in common minke whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, from the northern hemisphere. The levels of PCBs, HCHs, HCB and CHLs in Area IV were significantly higher than those in Area V, while the levels of DDTs in both areas were similar. For comparing the fate among four pesticides in the Antarctic Ocean avoiding the effect of variance due to food intake, the ratios of the pesticides to PCBs, which has an extremely high chemical stability and environmental persistence, were examined. The HCHs/PCBs ratio decreased by a factor of about 20 in a span of 16 years in both Areas IV and V, while temporal trends of DDTs/PCBs, HCB/PCBs and CHLs/PCBs ratios were not observed. These results indicate that PCBs, DDTs, HCB and CHLs levels did not vary or slightly decreased in Areas IV and V during the study period. However HCHs levels clearly decreased. Spatial differences seems to be related to differences in food intake among whales, and temporal differences seems to be related to the length stay of OCs in the Antarctic Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Yasunaga
- Institute of Cetacean Research, 4-5 Toyomi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0055, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Fujise
- Institute of Cetacean Research, 4-5 Toyomi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0055, Japan
| | - Ryoko Zenitani
- Institute of Cetacean Research, 4-5 Toyomi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0055, Japan; Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kato
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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Eng ML, Williams TD, Letcher RJ, Elliott JE. Assessment of concentrations and effects of organohalogen contaminants in a terrestrial passerine, the European starling. Sci Total Environ 2014; 473-474:589-96. [PMID: 24394368 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) are a valuable model species for the assessment of concentrations and effects of environmental contaminants in terrestrial birds. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are found in birds throughout the world, but relatively little is known of their concentrations or effects in free-living terrestrial passerines. We used a nest box population of European starlings to 1) measure the variation in egg concentrations of persistent organohalogen contaminants at an agricultural site, and 2) assess whether individual variation in PBDE concentrations in eggs was related to reproductive parameters, as well as maternal or nestling characteristics including body condition, thyroid hormones, oxidative stress, and hematocrit. As PBDEs were the main contaminant class of interest, we only assessed a subset of eggs for other organohalogen contaminants to establish background concentrations. Exposure to organohalogen contaminants was extremely variable over this relatively small study area. Geometric mean wet weight concentrations (range in brackets) of the major contaminants were 36.5 (12-174) ng/g ΣDDT (n=6 eggs) and 10.9 (2-307) ng/g ΣPBDEs (n=14). ΣPCBs at 3.58 (1.5-6.4) ng/g (n=6) were lower and less variable. There were low levels of other organochlorine (OC) pesticides such as dieldrin (2.02 ng/g), chlordanes (1.11 ng/g) and chlorobenzenes (0.23 ng/g). The only form of DDT detected was p,p'-DDE. The congener profiles of PBDEs and PCBs reflect those of industrial mixtures (i.e. DE-71, Aroclors 1254, 1260 and 1262). For all of the contaminant classes, concentrations detected in eggs at our study site were below levels previously reported to cause effects. Due to small sample sizes, we did not assess the relationship between ΣPCBs or ΣOCs and adult or chick condition. We observed no correlative relationships between individual variation in PBDE concentrations in starling eggs and reproductive success, maternal condition, or nestling condition in the corresponding nests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Eng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Tony D Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - John E Elliott
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada.
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Fang H, Cai L, Yang Y, Ju F, Li X, Yu Y, Zhang T. Metagenomic analysis reveals potential biodegradation pathways of persistent pesticides in freshwater and marine sediments. Sci Total Environ 2014; 470-471:983-992. [PMID: 24239819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The abundance and diversity of biodegradation genes (BDGs) and potential degradation pathways of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), and atrazine (ATZ) in freshwater and marine sediments were investigated by metagenomic analysis using 6 datasets (16Gb in total). The datasets were derived using Illumina high-throughput sequencing and were based on BLAST against self-established databases of BDGs, DDT degradation genes (DDGs), HCH degradation genes (HDGs), and ATZ degradation genes (ADGs). The results showed that the abundance and diversity of BDGs, DDGs, HDGs, and ADGs varied with sample source and locations. The lip and mnp genes, which encode for peroxidase, and the carA gene, which encodes for laccase, were detected as the dominant genes for degradation of organic pollutants. The hdt, hdg, and atzB genes, which encode for hydratase, dehalogenase, and ethylaminohydrolase, were found to be the most abundant genes involved in DDT, HCH, and ATZ degradation, respectively. The identified 69 genera capable of degrading organic pollutants were mostly affiliated with Proteobacteria (49.3%) and Actinobacteria (21.7%). Four genera, including Plesiocystis, Anaerolinea, Jannaschia, and Mycobacterium, were the major biodegradation populations in all sediments. In this study, the nearly complete biodegradation pathways of DDT and ATZ were found, and the partial degradation pathway of HCH was detected in all sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fang
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong; Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin Cai
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Ying Yang
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Feng Ju
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yunlong Yu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.
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Da C, Liu G, Yuan Z. Analysis of HCHs and DDTs in a sediment core from the Old Yellow River Estuary, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2014; 100:171-177. [PMID: 24268742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study analyzed the distribution of HCHs and DDTs in a sediment core from the Old Yellow River Estuary, China. The OCP levels were detected by Soxhlet extraction followed by gas chromatography (GC) using a mass-selective detector. Sediment age was analyzed for (210)Pb using an Ortec GWL HPGe gamma spectrometer. The results indicated that the concentrations of ∑DDT in the sediment core were much lower than those of ∑HCH. Compared with the other estuarine and coastal regions in Chinese rivers, HCHs levels in this area were higher or similar, while DDTs levels were lower. The compositional analysis indicated that β-HCH and p, p'-DDD were the predominant species. The temporal trends indicated that levels of HCHs and DDTs were related with their historical usage, emission and soil residues. According to the analysis of the ratio, HCHs in this area was mainly due to the technical historical residue and recent lindane. DDTs was mainly due to historical residue. The biodegradation conditions for DDTs were anaerobic. The dicofol-type DDTs application occurred in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunnian Da
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Department of Biology & Environment Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Zijiao Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
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Siddarth M, Datta SK, Mustafa M, Ahmed RS, Banerjee BD, Kalra OP, Tripathi AK. Increased level of organochlorine pesticides in chronic kidney disease patients of unknown etiology: role of GSTM1/GSTT1 polymorphism. Chemosphere 2014; 96:174-9. [PMID: 24216264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) of unknown etiology represents about 16% of CKD patients in Indian subcontinents and 10% worldwide. The aetiology of CKD of unknown etiology remains unclear though epidemiological studies indicate the involvement of the environmental toxins. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been detected in general population in India. It is possible that polymorphism of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) may play an important role in this process. In this we intend to find out blood levels of OCPs in CKD patients of unknown etiology and to evaluate the consequence of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene polymorphism on the same. We have assessed 270 CKD patients and 270 age-sex-matched healthy controls for this study. The blood OCP levels were analyzed by gas chromatograph. GSTM1, GSTT1 genotyping were carried out by multiplex PCR. Blood levels of HCH, endosulfan and total pesticides were significantly higher in CKD patients and negatively correlated with eGFR. The combined frequency of GSTM1(-)/GSTT1(-) genotype increased the risk of CKD by 1.8-fold as compared to healthy controls. To find out the dependence of blood OCPs level on genotype, we carried out logistic regression analysis and results revealed that GSTM1(-)/GSTT1(-) genotype associated significantly with a number of OCPs namely γ-HCH, p,p'-DDT and total pesticides. Polymorphism of XMEs not only increased accumulation of pesticides but also aggravates kidney dysfunction as evident from significant decrease in eGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manushi Siddarth
- Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and G.T.B. Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, India.
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Wu C, Luo Y, Gui T, Huang Y. Concentrations and potential health hazards of organochlorine pesticides in (shallow) groundwater of Taihu Lake region, China. Sci Total Environ 2014; 470-471:1047-1055. [PMID: 24239826 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A total of 27 shallow groundwater samples were collected from the Taihu Lake region (TLR), to determine the concentrations of 14 organochlorine pesticide (OCP) species, identify their possible sources, and estimate health risk of drinking the shallow groundwater. All OCP species occurred in the shallow groundwater of TLR with high detection frequency except p, p'-dichlorodiphenyldichlorothane (p, p'-DDD) and p, p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p, p'-DDT). DDTs and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were the dominant OCP contaminants in the shallow groundwater of TLR, and they account for 44.2% total OCPs. The low α-HCH/γ-HCH ratio, high β-HCH/(α+γ)-HCH ratio and β-HCH being the dominant HCH isomers for the majority of samples suggest that the HCHs were mainly from the historical use of lindane after a period of degradation. p, p'-DDE being the dominant DDT metabolite for all the samples indicated that the DDTs were mainly from the historical residues. Compositional analysis also suggested that there were fresh input sources of heptachlors, aldrins and endrins in addition to the historical residues. Correlation analysis indicated the hexachlorobenzene (HCB) impurity in the shallow groundwater of TLR was likely from the historical application of lindane and technical HCH (a mixture of HCH isomers that is produced by photochlorination of benzene). Carcinogenic risk values for α-HCH, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrins and dieldrin in the shallow groundwater in majority area of TLR were found to be >10(-6), posing a potentially serious cancer risk to those dependant on shallow groundwater for drinking water.
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Key Words
- AT
- Aldrins
- BW
- C
- CDI
- CV
- Cancer risk
- Composition
- DDT
- DDTs
- ED
- EF
- Endrins
- GC-μECD
- HCB
- HCH
- HCHs
- HPLC
- HQ
- Heptachlors
- IR
- MDL
- OCP
- Organochlorine pesticides
- POPs
- PTFE
- PVC
- R
- R(f)D
- S/N
- SF
- SPE
- Shallow groundwater
- Source identification
- TLR
- Taihu Lake region
- US EPA
- United State Environmental Protection Agency
- aldrin and dieldrin
- average lifespan
- body weight
- carcinogenic risk
- chemical concentration in water
- chronic daily intake
- coefficient of variation
- dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
- endrin and endrin aldehyde
- exposure duration
- gas chromatography equipped with a (63)Ni electron capture detector
- hazard quotient
- heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide
- hexachlorobenzene
- hexachlorocyclohexane
- high performance liquid chromatography
- method detection limit
- organochlorine pesticide
- p, p′-DDD
- p, p′-DDE
- p, p′-DDE, p, p′-DDD and p, p′-DDT
- p, p′-dichlorodiphenyldichlorothane
- p, p′-dichlorodiphenylethane
- persistent organic pollutants
- polytetrafluoroethylene
- polyvinyl chloride
- reference dose of the contaminant via oral exposure
- signal versus noise value
- slope factor of the contaminant via oral exposure route
- solid phase extraction
- the exposure frequency
- water ingestion rate
- α-, β-, γ-, δ-isomers
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfa Wu
- Department of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yongming Luo
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Tong Gui
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Yujuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Decalepis hamiltonii roots are traditionally consumed as general vitalizer and used in ayurvedic medicine preparations. We have isolated/characterized potent antioxidants from the aqueous extract of the root of this plant. In this study, we examined the antioxidant potential of the aqueous extract of the roots of D. hamiltonii (DHAE) against hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-induced oxidative stress in four major regions of the rat brain. METHODS The antioxidant activity of the standardized DHAE with known antioxidant constituents was tested against HCH-induced oxidative stress in the major brain regions of 60-day-old adult male Wistar rats. RESULTS Pretreatment of rats with multiple doses of DHAE, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), for 7 consecutive days significantly prevented the HCH-induced (single dose -500 mg/kg b.w.) increase in lipid peroxidation, reduction in glutathione, and altered antioxidant enzyme activities viz. superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase in major rat brain regions viz. cortex, cerebellum, midbrain, and brain stem. DHAE, per se, elevated the antioxidant status of the rat brain. DISCUSSION DHAE shows protective action against HCH-induced oxidative stress in rat brain regions. The protective effect of DHAE could be ascribed to the isolated/characterized antioxidant compounds which could be prospective novel nutraceuticals.
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Xu Y, Wang Y, Li J, Liu X, Zhang R, Guo S, Huang W, Zhang G. Distributions, possible sources and biological risk of DDTs, HCHs and chlordanes in sediments of Beibu Gulf and its tributary rivers, China. Mar Pollut Bull 2013; 76:52-60. [PMID: 24103096 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-five surface sediment samples collected from Beibu Gulf and its tributary rivers, China were analyzed for DDTs, HCHs and chlordanes. Total concentrations of DDTs, HCHs and chlordanes in sediments ranged from 0.59 to 126 ng g(-)(1), ND to 2.65 ng g(-)(1) and 0.27 to 3.41 ng g(-)(1) based on dry weight (dw), respectively. Concentrations of DDTs were higher than those reported in the sediments from other regions of the world, while concentrations of HCHs and chlordanes were relatively low. High concentrations of DDTs were observed in the harbor region and aquaculture bases and high concentrations of HCHs were found in the Qin River Estuary. The ratios of (DDE+DDD)/DDTs reflected a mixed input of weathered and fresh DDTs. The predominant β-HCH indicated that HCHs in the study area mainly originated from the historical usage of technical HCH. The residues of DDTs would pose adverse biological effects on the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyin Xu
- School of Environment Studies, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Gasull M, Pumarega J, Rovira G, López T, Alguacil J, Porta M. Relative effects of educational level and occupational social class on body concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in a representative sample of the general population of Catalonia, Spain. Environ Int 2013; 60:190-201. [PMID: 24064380 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Scant evidence is available worldwide on the relative influence of occupational social class and educational level on body concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the general population. The objective was to analyse such influence in a representative sample of the general population of Catalonia, Spain. Participants in the Catalan Health Interview Survey aged 18-74 were interviewed face-to-face, gave blood, and underwent a physical exam. The role of age, body mass index (BMI), and parity was analysed with General Linear Models, and adjusted geometric means (GMs) were obtained. Crude (unadjusted) concentrations were higher in women and men with lower education, and in women, but not men, in the less affluent social class. After adjusting for age, in women there were no associations between POP levels and social class or education. After adjusting for age and BMI, men in the less affluent class had higher p,p'-DDE concentrations than men in class I (p-value=0.016), while men in class IV had lower HCB than men in the upper class (p-value<0.03). Also in contrast with some expectations, positive associations between education and POP levels were observed after adjusting for age and BMI in men; e.g., men with university studies had higher HCB concentrations than men with first stage of primary schooling (adjusted GM 153.9 and 80.5ng/g, respectively) (p-value<0.001). When education and social class were co-adjusted for, some positive associations with education in men remained statistically significant, whereas class remained associated only with p,p'-DDE. Educational level influenced blood concentrations of POPs more than occupational social class, especially in men. In women, POP concentrations were mainly explained by age/birth cohort, parity and BMI. In men, while concentrations were also mainly explained by age/birth cohort and BMI, both social class and education showed positive associations. Important characteristics of socioeconomic groups as age and BMI may largely explain crude differences among such groups in internal contamination by POPs. The absence of clear patterns of relationships between blood concentrations of POPs and indicators of socioeconomic position may fundamentally be due to the widespread, lifelong, and generally invisible contamination of human food webs. Decreasing historical trends would also partly explain crude socioeconomic differences apparently due to birth cohort effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Gasull
- Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research-IMIM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
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Mishra K, Sharma RC, Kumar S. Contamination profile of DDT and HCH in surface sediments and their spatial distribution from North-East India. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2013; 95:113-122. [PMID: 23810211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Contamination status and spatial distribution of DDTs and HCHs were investigated in sediments collected from ponds and riverine system from districts Nagaon and Dibrugarh, North East India. A total of 113 surface sediment samples were collected from both the districts including 43 from ponds/wetlands and 70 from rivers/streams. Based on dry weight (dw), the mean concentration of ∑HCH and ∑DDT in sediments were found to be 287 ng/g (71.2-834 ng/g) and 321 ng/g (30.1-918 ng/g) for district Dibrugarh while 330 ng/g (39.2-743 ng/g) and 378 ng/g (72.5-932 ng/g) for district Nagaon, respectively. DDTs and HCHs in sediments were well influenced by total organic carbon, clay and silt content of sediments. Source identification revealed that sediment residue levels have originated from long and recent mixed source of technical HCH and Lindane for HCHs and mainly technical DDT for DDTs. Majority of samples exceeded the sediment quality guidelines (SQG) for γ-HCH, p,p'-DDT and ∑DDT indicating potential environmental risk. This baseline data can be used as reference for regular ecological and future POPs monitoring program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumkum Mishra
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal-246174, Uttarakhand, India.
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Isaacs RJ, Debelak K, Norris PR, Jenkins JM, Rooks JC, Young TR, May AK, Boczko EM. Non-invasive detection of pulmonary pathogens in ventilator-circuit filters by PCR. Am J Transl Res 2012; 4:72-82. [PMID: 22347523 PMCID: PMC3276378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ventilator associated pneumonia is a common and costly complication in critically ill and injured surgical patients. The diagnosis of pneumonia remains problematic and non-specific. Using clinical criteria, a diagnosis of pneumonia is typically not made until an infection is well established. Semi-quantitative cultures of endotracheal aspirate and broncho-alveolar lavage are employed to improve the accuracy of diagnosis but are invasive and require time for culture results to become available. We report data that show that an inexpensive, rapid and non-invasive alternative may exist. In particular we show that: 1). Bio-aerosols evolved in the breath of ventilated patients and captured in the hygroscopic condenser humidifier filter of the ventilator circuit contain pathogenic micro-organisms. 2). The number (CFU/ml) and identity (Genus, species) of the pathogens in the aerosol samples can rapidly and inexpensively be determined by PCR. 3). Data from a convenience sample of filters correlate with clinical findings from standard microbiological methods such as broncho-alveolar lavage. The evaluation of the bacterial load evolved in exhaled breath by PCR is amenable to repeated sampling. Since increasing bacterial burden is believed to correlate with the establishment of infection, the use of quantitative PCR may provide a method to rapidly, inexpensively, and effectively detect and diagnose the early onset of pneumonia and identify pathogens involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Isaacs
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Ken Debelak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Patrick R Norris
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care Vanderbilt University NashvilleTN, USA
| | - Judith M Jenkins
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care Vanderbilt University NashvilleTN, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rooks
- Department of Respiratory Care Vanderbilt University NashvilleTN USA
| | - Todd R Young
- Depatment of Mathematics Ohio University AthensOH, USA
| | - Addison K May
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care Vanderbilt University NashvilleTN, USA
| | - Erik M Boczko
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
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Gilleron J, Carette D, Fiorini C, Benkdane M, Segretain D, Pointis G. Connexin 43 gap junction plaque endocytosis implies molecular remodelling of ZO-1 and c-Src partners. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 2:104-6. [PMID: 19704902 DOI: 10.4161/cib.7626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions, through their constitutive proteins, connexins (Cx), are involved in several processes including regulation of cellular proliferation, tissue differentiation, homeostasis and neoplasic transformation. Internalization of the gap junction plaque to form annular gap junction is a dynamic process, which present similarities with endocytosis, and participates in the control of gap junction coupling. Cx43 exhibits dynamic trafficking that needs sequential implication of a large number of protein partners. We have recently shown that ZO-1 localized in both sides of the gap junction plaque was restricted to one side during internalization. The dissociation between ZO-1 and Cx43 particularly occurred on the face where c-Src specifically associated with Cx43 and was abnormally accelerated in response to a carcinogen. In this addendum we summarize and further discuss these results.
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Lal R, Dadhwal M, Kumari K, Sharma P, Singh A, Kumari H, Jit S, Gupta SK, Nigam A, Lal D, Verma M, Kaur J, Bala K, Jindal S. Pseudomonas sp. to Sphingobium indicum: a journey of microbial degradation and bioremediation of Hexachlorocyclohexane. Indian J Microbiol 2008; 48:3-18. [PMID: 23100696 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-008-0002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 09/08/2007] [Accepted: 09/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The unusual process of production of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and extensive use of technical HCH and lindane has created a very serious problem of HCH contamination. While the use of technical HCH and lindane has been banned all over the world, India still continues producing lindane. Bacteria, especially Sphingomonads have been isolated that can degrade HCH isomers. Among all the bacterial strains isolated so far, Sphingobium indicum B90A that was isolated from HCH treated rhizosphere soil appears to have a better potential for HCH degradation. This conclusion is based on studies on the organization of lin genes and degradation ability of B90A. This strain perhaps can be used for HCH decontamination through bioaugmentation.
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